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Geology, Petrology and Geochemical Characteristics of Alteration Zones Within the Seridune Prospect, Kerman, Iran

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Geology, Petrology and Geochemical Characteristics of Alteration Zones Within the Seridune Prospect, Kerman, Iran Geology, petrology and geochemical characteristics of alteration zones within the Seridune prospect, Kerman, Iran Von der Fakultät für Georessourcen und Materialtechnik der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von M.Sc. Hassan Barzegar aus Shiraz, Iran Berichter: Univ.-Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Franz Michael Meyer Univ.-Prof. Dr.rer.nat. Ulrich Kramm Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 27. August 2007 Diese Dissertation ist auf den Internetseiten der Hochschulbibliothek online verfügbar For Melika and Mojan FOREWORD This research project was fully facilitated by the Institute of Mineralogy and Economic Geology, Rheinisch Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule (RWTH) Aachen University and supported by the Research Department of National Iranian Copper Industries Company (NICICO). The Institute of Mineralogy and Economic Geology, RWTH Aachen University sponsored sample preparations and geochemical analyses. First, I would like to thank my supervisor, Prof. Dr. F. Michael Meyer, Head of the Department of Mineralogy and Economic Geology, RWTH Aachen University, for his worthy support, guidance, continued interest, encouragement during this work, and for many hours of his time spent in discussions; Dr. Jochen Kolb who gave me guidance and encouragement through each stage of the work, for his interest, time spent in discussions and proof-reading this thesis; Annika Dziggel, Ph.D for her assistance and discussion and Dr. Sven Sindern for his support and assistance in XRF analyses. This thesis is also benefited by the suggestions and guidance of Prof. Dr. Ulrich Kramm and Prof. Dr. Helge Stanjek. Their interests are highly appreciated. My sincere thanks go to manager of Exploration Office, Dr. Karimi and head of Research Department, Mr. Salajegheh, both have given me permission to do investigations at the Seridune prospect. Mr. Kargar (former manager of Research Department) and his senior staff, Mr. Atashpanjeh are thanked for organizing my visits to the area, assistance and kind hospitality. My genuine gratitude goes to Mr. Esfahanipour (chief geologist of Exploration office), who gave me support, permission to access reports of the area and his assistants during the project. I am also indebted to Mrs. Ghayouri (senior staff of Exploration office), Mr. Babaei (manager of mine geology) and Mr. Taghizadeh (exploration geologist), for their guidance and discussions during the fieldworks. Special thanks are addressed to all former crew in the Research Department, particularly former manager, Mrs. Partoazar and senior staff, Mrs. Zeidabady. My thanks are extended to Prof. Dr. Lentz (Department of Geology, University of Utah, USA), who sent me his papers related to porphyry copper deposit and breccia zones. I also appreciated Prof. Dr. Hansgeorg Förster (Department of Mineralogy and Economic Geology, RWTH Aachen University) who permits me to access to his reports, papers and maps related to metallogeny in Iran. I also wish to express my honest gratitude for the technical support at the Department of Institute of Mineralogy and Economic Geology: Martin Brand (Electronic/Computer Technician); Thomas Derichs (Thin and Polished Section Laboratory); Rudolf Neef (Geochemical Laboratory); Getrud Siebel (X-Ray Diffraction Laboratory); Monika Wiechert (Photography Laboratory); Dr. Annemarie Wiechowski and Roman Klinghardt (Electron Micro Probe Analysis); Gudrun Günther, M.A. (Library) and Hildegard Breuers (Secretarial Office). I will never forget the tremendous support, discussion and friendship of all my colleagues in the Institute of Mineralogy and Economic Geology; my 413-room buddies Dr. Amanda, Dr. Arif, and Greg; as well as, Seongje, Alex, Christian, Katharina, Markus, Fotios, Maria, Dr. Thomas, Dr. Jens and other institute members. I would like to thank them for all and everything. Last but not least, my sincere thanks and appreciation go to my wife for her patience during this work. This study would never have been completed without her love and encouragement. I CONTENTS FIGURES VI TABLES XI ZUSAMMENFASSUNG XIII ABSTRACT XVI 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Porphyry copper deposits in Iran 1 1.2 Seridune prospect 1 1.2.1 Location and access 1 1.2.2 Previous works 1 1.3 Objectives 3 1.4 Work accomplished and methods 4 1.4.1 Fieldwork and mapping 4 1.4.2 Laboratory works 4 1.5 Porphyry copper deposit 5 1.5.1 Definition, grades and tonnages 5 1.5.2 Geotectonic framework 6 1.5.3 Lithological associations 7 1.5.3.1 Wall rocks 7 1.5.3.2 Intrusive rocks 7 1.5.4 Hydrothermal alteration and mineralization 8 1.5.5 Age relationship 9 2. REGIONAL GEOLOGY 10 2.1 Structural and general geology of Iran 10 2.2 Geology of the magmatic arc (Urumieh-Dokhtar belt) in central Iran 10 2.3 Metallogenic implications of the magmatic arc 11 2.4 Geology of the Seridune region 12 2.5 Geology of the Sarcheshmeh copper deposit 13 3. GEOLOGY OF THE SERIDUNE PROSPECT 15 3.1 Lithology 15 3.1.1 Eocene volcanic complex 15 3.1.2 Plutonic complex 16 3.1.3 Pliocene volcanic complex 18 3.1.4 Cover 18 3.2 Quartz stockwork 18 3.3 Breccia dike 18 II 4. PETROLOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY 20 4.1 Eocene volcanic complex 20 4.1.1 Petrography 20 4.1.2 Mineral chemistry 20 4.1.3 Whole-rock geochemistry 21 4.2 Plutonic complex 22 4.2.1 Petrography 23 4.2.2 Mineral chemistry 24 4.2.3 Whole-rock geochemistry 25 4.3 Pliocene volcanic complex 28 4.3.1 Petrography 28 4.3.2 Whole-rock geochemistry 28 4.4 Summary 29 5. STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY 31 5.1 Major structural elements 31 5.1.1 Fracture density 31 5.1.2 Fracture distribution and orientations 33 5.1.3 Quartz veins and veinlets 34 5.2 Summary 35 6. ALTERATION MINERALOGY AND ZONATION 36 6.1 Introduction 36 6.2 Early hydrothermal alteration 38 6.2.1 Granodiorite porphyry 38 6.2.1.1 Chlorite-epidote (propylitic) alteration 38 6.2.1.1.1 Petrography 38 6.2.1.1.2 Mineral chemistry 39 6.2.1.1.3 Whole-rock geochemistry 40 6.2.2 Volcanic andesite 40 6.2.2.1 Chlorite-epidote (propylitic) alteration 40 6.2.2.1.1 Petrography 41 6.2.2.1.2 Whole-rock geochemistry 41 6.3 Transitional hydrothermal alteration 41 6.3.1 Granodiorite porphyry 42 6.3.1.1 Quartz-sericite (phyllic) alteration 42 6.3.1.1.1 Petrography 42 6.3.1.1.2 Mineral chemistry 43 III 6.3.1.1.3 Whole-rock geochemistry 44 6.3.1.2 Quartz-clay (argillic) alteration 45 6.3.1.2.1 Petrography 45 6.3.1.2.2 Mineral chemistry 46 6.3.1.2.3 Whole-rock geochemistry 46 6.4 Late hydrothermal alteration 47 6.4.1 Granodiorite porphyry 47 6.4.1.1 Quartz-alunite-pyrophyllite (advanced argillic) alteration 47 6.4.1.1.1 Petrography 48 6.4.1.1.2 Mineral chemistry 48 6.4.1.1.3 Whole-rock geochemistry 48 6.4.1.2 Quartz±pyrophyllite (silicic) alteration 49 6.4.1.2.1 Petrography 49 6.4.1.2.2 Whole-rock geochemistry 50 6.5 Supergene alteration 51 6.6 Metal zoning patterns 51 6.7 Summary 53 7. MASS BALANCE CACULATIONS 57 7.1 Methodology 57 7.2 Immobile elements 57 7.3 Isocon diagram 57 7.4 Mass balance calculation 59 7.4.1 Chlorite-epidote (propylitic) alteration 59 7.4.2 Quartz-sericite (phyllic) alteration 61 7.4.3 Quartz-clay (argillic) alteration 61 7.4.4 Quartz-alunite-pyrophyllite (advanced argillic) alteration 64 7.5 Summary 64 8. GEOTHERMOBAROMETRY 66 8.1 Amphibole-plagioclase thermometer 66 8.2 Al-in-hornblende barometer 67 8.3 Biotite barometer 69 8.4 Summary 70 9. FLUID INCLUSIONS 71 9.1 Introduction 71 9.2 Petrography of fluid inclusions 71 IV 9.3 Microthermometry 72 9.3.1 Transitional Quartz-sericite (phyllic) alteration 72 9.3.2 Late quartz-pyrophyllite-alunite (advanced argillic) alteration 73 9.4 Interpretation 74 9.4.1 Temperature and salinity 74 9.4.2 Fluid density 75 9.4.3 Pressure-depth estimates 76 9.5 Summary 77 10. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 78 10.1 Tectono-magmatic affinity of the granodiorite intrusion 78 10.2 Emplacement condition of the granodiorite intrusion 80 10.2.1 P-T condition and depth of emplacement 80 10.2.2 Crustal contamination 80 10.3 Seridune intrusions 82 10.4 Seridune hydrothermal alteration and mineralization 85 10.4.1 Early hydrothermal alteration 85 10.4.2 Transitional hydrothermal alteration 88 10.4.3 Late hydrothermal alteration 90 10.5 Supergene leached capping 92 10.6 Chemical discriminations between hydrothermal alteration zones 94 10.6.1 Major elements 94 10.6.2 Trace elements 96 10.6.3 Rare earth elements 96 10.7 Compositional variation of hydrothermal sericite: Implications for physicochemical condition of fluid involved 97 10.7.1 Hydrothermal sericite 97 10.8 Comparison of the Seridune prospect with the Sarcheshmeh Cu deposit 98 10.8.1 Mineral chemistry 101 10.8.2 Trace elements 103 10.8.3 Rare earth elements 103 10.8.4 Productivity 103 10.9 Genetic model for development of the Seridune prospect 105 10.10 Exploration Model 109 10.11 Recommendations for Future Studies 111 11. REFRENCES 113 V 12. APPENDICES 129 12.1 Abbreviations 129 12.1.1 Minerals abbreviations 129 12.1.2 Lithological terminology 129 12.2 Sample sections 129 12.2.1 Thin sections 130 12.2.2 Polished-thin sections 130 12.2.3 Doubly polished-thin sections 131 12.3 Sample location map 132 12.4 Fracture density 133 12.5 Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) 133 12.5.1 Silicate minerals from the Seridune prospect 136 12.5.2 Sericite solid solution and related Activity-composition 147 12.5.3 Oxide minerals 155 12.5.4 Sulphide minerals 157 12.5.5 Silicate minerals from Sarcheshmeh Cu deposit 160 12.6 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 165 12.7 Rock geochemistry 165 12.7.1 X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) 165 12.7.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) 166 12.8 Fluid inclusions 178 VI FIGURES Figure 1.1 Several major porphyry copper deposits developed within the Alpine orogenic belt between the Arabian and Eurasian plates, along a subduction zone from the northwest to southeast of Iran (modified after GSI Yu-53, 1973).
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