Seleç˜Ao De Candidatos a Sistemas Planetários Jovens

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Seleç˜Ao De Candidatos a Sistemas Planetários Jovens Universidade de S˜aoPaulo Instituto de Astronomia, Geof´ısicae CiˆenciasAtmosf´ericas Departamento de Astronomia Thiago Matheus Sele¸c˜aode Candidatos a Sistemas Planet´arios Jovens S˜aoPaulo 2010 Thiago Matheus Sele¸c˜aode Candidatos a Sistemas Planet´arios Jovens Disserta¸c˜ao apresentada ao Departamento de Astronomia do Instituto de Astronomia, Geof´ısicae CiˆenciasAtmosf´ericas da Universidade de S˜ao Paulo como parte dos requisitos para a obten¸c˜aodo t´ıtulode Mestre em Ciˆencias. Area´ de Concentra¸c˜ao: Astronomia Orientador: Prof. Dr. Eduardo Janot Pacheco S˜aoPaulo 2010 A` minha fam´ılia Agradecimentos A` minha fam´ıliapor todo suporte e ajuda nas horas dif´ıceis em toda minha carreira acadˆemica; A` minha futura mulher Cl´audiapelo apoio e compreens˜aonas horas dif´ıceis; Ao meu orientador Eduardo Janot Pacheco pela assistˆenciaacadˆemicadesde os tempos de inicia¸c˜aocient´ıficaat´ehoje; Ao pesquisador Carlos Alberto Torres pela paciˆencia ao transmitir o conhecimento pr´evionecess´ario no in´ıcio do projeto, e pela colabora¸c˜ao com a base de dados deste trabalho; Ao Professor Roberto Costa pela ajuda em momentos importantes na an´alise dos dados, conselhos nas horas dif´ıcies, boas prozas que tivemos ao longo do curso, pelo excelente curso de observacional, e principalmente pela amizade; A` Professora Silvia Rossi pelo ´otimo curso de estelar e, principalmente, por ter sido minha primeira orientadora e que me inseriu na pesquisa acadˆemica no come¸coda inicia¸c˜ao cient´ıfica; Aos Professores Marcos Diaz, Antonio M´ario Magalh˜aes, Laerte Sodr´eJr, Gast˜aoB. Lima Neto, e Ronaldo E. de Souza pelos excelentes cursos que tive no primeiro ano do mestrado. As` professoras Thais E.P. Idiart, Cl´audiaMendes de Oliveira, e Sandra dos Anjos pela oportunidade ao me escolherem como monitor PAE de suas disciplinas, fornecendo um aprendizado ´ımparna metodologia de ensino e na intera¸c˜aoda rela¸c˜aoprofessor-aluno. Aos colegas: Oscar Cavichia e Vinicius Placco pela elabora¸c˜aoe implementa¸c˜aoda classe iagtese que facilitou, e muito, a reda¸c˜ao deste trabalho. Aos colegas de sala Douglas Barros e Felipe Oliveira pela divertida convivˆencia. Ao colega Mairan Teodoro pela oportunidade que me foi dada quando me inseriu no grupo de atendimento ao p´ublico,e aos demais colegas desse grupo pelos divertid´ıssimos e proveitosos atendimentos que fizemos. Ao amigo Tiago Ricci pelas divertidas tira¸c˜oes de sarros m´utuasque fizemos ao longo dos campeonatos futebol´ısticos. Posso dizer que nesse quesito eu me sai um pouco mel- hor..... Aos t´ecnicose colegas: Ulisses Castelo, Marco dos Santos, Luiz Ricardo, e Jorge Raf- faelli pelas assitˆencias e manunten¸c˜ao dos computadores, equipamentos do atendimento e c´upula,sem os quais o atendimento ao p´ublicon˜ao teria funcionado direito. A` FAPESP, pelo apoio financeiro, sob o projeto no: 07/56851-8; Ao IAG e toda sua comunidade pelo excelente suporte, estrutura e aux´ıliosem os quais esse projeto de mestrado nunca sairia. Esta disserta¸c˜aofoi escrita em LATEX com a classe IAGTESE, para teses e disserta¸c˜oesdo IAG. “Amai para entendˆe-las! Pois s´oquem ama pode ter ouvido Capaz de ouvir e de entender as estrelas” Olavo Bilac “A Astronomia ´e´utilporque nos eleva acima de n´osmesmos; ´e´utilporque ´egrande, ´e ´util porque ´ebela; isso ´eo que se precisa dizer. E´ ela que nos mostra o quanto o homem ´epequeno no corpo e o quanto ´egrande no esp´ırito,j´aque nesta imensid˜ao resplandecente, onde seu corpo n˜aopassa de um ponto obscuro, sua inteligˆenciapode abarcar inteira, e dela fluir a silenciosa harmonia. Atingimos assim a consciˆenciade nossa for¸ca,e isso ´euma coisa pela qual jamais pagar´ıamoscaro demais, porque essa consciˆencianos torna mais fortes.” Henri Poincar´e Resumo Os modelos atuais sobre forma¸c˜ao planet´aria indicam que os planetas gasosos gigantes formam-se em escalas de tempo de ∼ 10 Manos, inferiores `ados pequenos, rochosos, de ∼ 30 Manos (Zuckerman e Song, 2004b). Um teste simples desses modelos de forma¸c˜ao seria procurar planetas em torno de estrelas jovens de v´arias idades: nos sistemas mais jovens n˜ao dever-se-ia detectar objetos tel´uricos, que s´oapareceriam em torno de estrelas relativamente mais velhas. Os sat´elitesCoRoT e Kepler, que se encontram em pleno regime de observa¸c˜oes,vˆemdescobrindo exoplanetas pelo m´etodo dos trˆansitos, sendo capaz de detectar corpos de dimens˜oes terrestres. O objetivo deste trabalho, ´eselecionar sistemas planet´arios jovens de v´arias idades para serem observados pelo dois sat´elites,a fim de testar as escalas de tempo de forma¸c˜aode planetas rochosos e gasosos. Para atingir esse objetivo foi necess´ario entender como a idade pode ser estimada para um grupo de estrelas (aglomerado aberto ou associa¸c˜ao), utilizando-se, por exemplo, dados sobre abundˆancias qu´ımicas do l´ıtiodos objetos. Isso ´eposs´ıvel devido `afacilidade do l´ıtioem ser destru´ıdona fase pr´e-sequencia principal, a temperaturas superiores 2,5 106 K. Um levantamento amostral da abundˆanciado l´ıtioem fun¸c˜aoda temperatura, para estrelas pertecentes a um grupo, gera um padr˜ao de deple¸c˜aodo l´ıtio, que permite gerar um modelo (da Silva et al., 2009) qualitativo para se obter idades de associa¸c˜oes estelares. Para que o prop´ositodeste trabalho fosse alcan¸cado, foram utilizados os bancos de dados de objetos jovens existentes em associa¸c˜oes com idades bem determinadas de Torres et al. (2008), e o cat´alogo DAML de Dias et al. 2002 de aglomerados abertos. A sele¸c˜ao dos dados para cada sat´eliteproduziu resultados bem diferentes. Para o CoRoT, a an´alisedo banco de dados de associa¸c˜oesretornou resultados com uma associa¸c˜ao no centro gal´actico e outra de ∼ 70 Manos no anti-centro; por outro lado, no campo do Kepler, n˜ao se encontrou objetos jovens que possibilitassem atender os objetivos deste trabalho. Na an´alisedo cat´alogo DAML de aglomerados abertos, surgiram muitos candidatos- alvo para observa¸c˜oes. Para o CoRoT, foi poss´ıvel concluir que os aglomerados NGC 2244 de 7,87 Manos, NGC 2264 de 8,99 Manos, Collinder 107 de 10 Manos, Collinder 96 de 10,74 Manos, e NGC 2302 de 12,02 Manos contˆemalvos onde deve-se encontrar somente planetas gigantes gasosos em est´agio inicial e/ou final de forma¸c˜ao,de acordo com o cap´ıtulo1. Os aglomerados relativamente mais velhos, onde devem-se encontrar planetas rochosos e gasosos s˜ao: NGC 6755 de 52,36 Manos, Basel 1 de 78,16 Manos, NGC 6694 de 85,31 Manos, NGC 2186 de 54,70 Manos, NGC 2422 de 72,61 Manos e Bochum 3 de 77,62 Manos. Portanto a etapa de sele¸c˜ao de alvos a serem observados pelo CoRoT foi feita, e com isso, os eventuais resultados observacionais servir˜ao de teste para as escalas de tempo de forma¸c˜ao planet´aria propostos nos modelos correntes (Zuckerman e Song, 2004b). Para o Kepler, n˜ao foi encontrado nenhum membro de aglomerado jovem observ´avel em seu campo de visibilidade e seu intervalo de magnitudes. Abstract Current models of planetary formation suggest that the giant gaseous planets are formed in time scales of ∼ 10 Myr, less than the rocky ones, in time scales of ∼ 30 Myr (Zuckerman e Song, 2004b). A simple test of these models of formation it would look for planets around young stars of various ages: in younger systems it should not detect terrestrial objects, which only appear around stars relatively older. CoRoT and Kepler satellites, which are at full system of observations, have been discovering exoplanets by the method of transits, being able to detect Earth-size bodies. The goal of this work is to select young planetary systems of various ages to be observed by the two satellites, in order to test the time scales of formation of rocky and gaseous planets. To achieve this goal it was necessary to understand how age can be estimated for a group of stars (open cluster or association), using, for example, data on chemical abundances of lithium objects. This is possible because of the ease of lithium to be destroyed in the pre-main sequence, at temperatures above 2,5 106 K. A sample survey of the abundance of lithium as a function of temperature for stars belonging to a group, generates a lithium depletion pattern, which creates a qualitatively model (da Silva et al., 2009) to obtain ages of star associations. For the purpose of this study was reached, the databases of objects in youth associations with well-determined ages from Torres et al. (2008) was used, as well, the catalog DAML from Dias et al. 2002 of open clusters. The selection of data for each satellite has produced quite different results. For CoRoT, the analysis of the database of associations returned results with a association in the galactic center and another with ∼ 70 Myr in the anti- Galactic center, on the other hand, in the field of Kepler did not find young objects that would enable meet the goals of this work.. In the analysis of DAML catalog of open clusters have emerged many candidates tar- geted for observations. For the CoRoT was concluded that the clusters NGC 2244 of 7,87 Myr, NGC 2264 of 8,99 Myr, Collinder 107 of 10 Myr, Collinder 96 of 10,74 Myr, and NGC 2302 of 12,02 Myr contain targets where should be found only gas giant planets in the early stage and/or end of formation, in accordance with Chapter 1.
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