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Where Have All the Indians Gone? Native American Eastern Seaboard Dispersal, Genealogy and DNA in Relation to Sir Walter Raleigh’S Lost Colony of Roanoke
Where Have All the Indians Gone? Native American Eastern Seaboard Dispersal, Genealogy and DNA in Relation to Sir Walter Raleigh’s Lost Colony of Roanoke. Roberta Estes Copyright 2009, all rights reserved, submitted for publication [email protected] or [email protected] Abstract Within genealogy circles, family stories of Native American1 heritage exist in many families whose American ancestry is rooted in Colonial America and traverses Appalachia. The task of finding these ancestors either genealogically or using genetic genealogy is challenging. With the advent of DNA testing, surname and other special interest projects2, tools now exist to facilitate grouping participants in a way that allows one to view populations in historical fashions. This paper references and uses data from several of these public projects, but particularly the Melungeon, Lumbee, Waccamaw, North Carolina Roots and Lost Colony projects3. The Lumbee have long claimed descent from the Lost Colony via their oral history4. The Lumbee DNA Project shows significantly less Native American ancestry than would be expected with 96% European or African Y chromosomal DNA. The Melungeons, long held to be mixed European, African and Native show only one ancestral family with Native DNA5. Clearly more testing would be advantageous in all of these projects. This phenomenon is not limited to these groups, and has been reported by other researchers such as Bolnick (et al, 2006) where she reports finding in 16 Native American populations with northeast or southeast roots that 47% of the families who believe themselves to be full blooded or no less than 75% Native with no paternal European admixture find themselves carrying European or African y-line DNA. -
North Carolina Archaeology, Vol. 48
North Carolina Archaeology Volume 48 1999 1 North Carolina Archaeology (formerly Southern Indian Studies) Published jointly by The North Carolina Archaeological Society, Inc. 109 East Jones Street Raleigh, NC 27601-2807 and The Research Laboratories of Archaeology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3120 R. P. Stephen Davis, Jr., Editor Officers of the North Carolina Archaeological Society President: Robert V. Graham, 2140 Woodland Ave., Burlington, NC 27215. Vice President: Michelle Vacca, 125 N. Elm Street, Statesville, NC 28677. Secretary: Linda Carnes-McNaughton, Historic Sites Section, N.C. Division of Archives and History, 4621 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-4621. Treasurer: E. William Conen, 804 Kingswood Dr., Cary, NC 27513. Editor: R. P. Stephen Davis, Jr., Research Laboratories of Archaeology, CB 3120, Alumni Building, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3120. Associate Editor (Newsletter): Dee Nelms, Office of State Archaeology, N.C. Division of Archives and History, 4619 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-4619. At-Large Members: Thomas Beaman, Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858. Danny Bell, 903 Greenwood Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27514. Wayne Boyko, XVIII Airborne Corps and Fort Bragg, Public Works Business Center, Environmental Projects, Fort Bragg NC, 23807-5000 Jane Brown, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC 28723. Randy Daniel, Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858. Rick Langley, M.D., N.C. Department of Health and Human Services, Raleigh, NC. Information for Subscribers North Carolina Archaeology is published once a year in October. Subscription is by membership in the North Carolina Archaeological Society, Inc. -
US History- Sweeney
©Java Stitch Creations, 2015 Part 1: The Roanoke Colony-Background Information What is now known as the lost Roanoke Colony, was actually the third English attempt at colonizing the eastern shores of the United States. Following through with his family's thirst for exploration, Queen Elizabeth I of England granted Sir Walter Raleigh a royal charter in 1584. This charter gave him seven years to establish a settlement, and allowed him the power to explore, colonize and rnle, in return for one-fifth of all the gold and silver mined in the new lands. Raleigh immediately hired navigators Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to head an expedition to the intended destination of the Chesapeake Bay area. This area was sought due to it being far from the Spanish-dominated Florida colonies, and it had milder weather than the more northern regions. In July of that year, they landed on Roanoke Island. They explored the area, made contact with Native Americans, and then sailed back to England to prove their findings to Sir Walter Raleigh. Also sailing from Roanoke were two members oflocal tribes of Native Americans, Manteo (son of a Croatoan) and Wanchese (a Roanoke). Amadas' and Barlowe's positive report, and Native American assistance, earned the blessing of Sir Walter Raleigh to establish a colony. In 1585, a second expedition of seven ships of colonists and supplies, were sent to Roanoke. The settlement was somewhat successful, however, they had poor relations with the local Native Americans and repeatedly experienced food shortages. Only a year after arriving, most of the colonists left. -
The Import of European Livestock Into Virginia and Its Impact on Colonial Life
W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1987 Taking Stock: The Import of European Livestock into Virginia and its Impact on Colonial Life Louise Horowitz Tincher College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Agricultural Economics Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Tincher, Louise Horowitz, "Taking Stock: The Import of European Livestock into Virginia and its Impact on Colonial Life" (1987). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539625411. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-mwfs-8v87 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TAKING STOCK: THE IMPORTATION OF EUROPEAN LIVESTOCK INTO VIRGINIA AND ITS IMPACT ON COLONIAL LIFE A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Louise Horowitz Tincher 1987 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Approved, January 1987 James Axtell l/yr^lfaKJpi4r>‘ 'araes Whittenberg i i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT........................................ iv CHAPTER I....ENGLISH TRADITIONS . ........................ 2 CHAPTER II. INDIAN TRADITIONS ........................ 13 CHAPTER III. THE ENGLISH IN VIRGINIA...................... 24 CHAPTER IV. INDIANS AND LIVESTOCK ........................ 41 CONCLUSION ............................................ -
Information to Users
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI* Expedient Truths: Aspects of Nanative Representation in Elizabethan Voyage Literature. by Robert Gordon Griffiths B.A., University of Birmingham, 1983 M.A., University of York, 1992 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of English We accept this dissertation as conforming to the required standard Dr. -
Conserving Skeletal Material in Eroding Shorelines, Currituck
WEAPEMEOC SHORES: THE LOSS OF TRADITIONAL MARITIME CULTURE AMONG THE WEAPEMEOC INDIANS by Whitney R. Petrey April, 2014 Director of Thesis: Larry Tise, PhD Major Department: Maritime Studies The Weapemeoc were an Indian group of the Late Woodland Period through the Early Colonial Period (1400 A.D.-1780 A.D.) that went through significant cultural change as they were displaced from their traditional maritime subsistence resources. The Weapemeoc were located in what is today northeastern North Carolina. Their permanent villages were located along the northern shore of Albemarle Sound, with seasonal and temporary villages on the outer banks and upriver on the several tributaries that drain to the Albemarle Sound. Weapemeoc access to maritime resources would be altered significantly by European colonization and settlement in the area. The loss of maritime subsistence, maritime communication and maritime mentality resulted in the loss of the traditional culture of the Weapemeoc Indians and their seeming disappearance as a distinct group of people. Early historical records and maps illustrate the acculturation of the Weapemeoc and the loss of traditional maritime culture. As land was sold to settlers in prime areas along rivers and along the shore of the Albemarle Sound, Weapemeoc were displaced from their seasonal procurement sites and seasonal permanent villages. By 1704, a reservation was established by the colonial government for the Weapemeoc along Indiantown Creek. By 1780, the Weapemeoc lived in such a similar fashion as their neighbors of European descent that they are no longer distinguishable in the archaeological or historical record. WEAPEMEOC SHORES: THE LOSS OF TRADITIONAL MARITIME CULTURE AMONG THE WEAPEMEOC INDIANS A Thesis Presented To the Faculty of the Department of History East Carolina University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Arts In Maritime Studies by Whitney R. -
The Scuppernong River Project: Explorations of Tyrrell County Maritime History
THE SCUPPERNONG RIVER PROJECT: VOLUME 1 EXPLORATIONS OF TYRRELL COUNTY MARITIME HISTORY Nathan Richards, Daniel Bera, Saxon Bisbee, John Bright, Dan Brown, David Buttaro, Jeff O’Neill and William Schilling i Research Report No. 21 THE SCUPPERNONG RIVER PROJECT: VOLUME 1 EXPLORATIONS OF TYRRELL COUNTY MARITIME HISTORY By Nathan Richards Daniel Bera Saxon Bisbee John Bright Dan Brown David Buttaro Jeff O’Neill William Schilling 2012 © The PAST Foundation ISBN 978-1-939531-00-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2012955595 Series Editor: Nathan Richards, Program in Maritime Studies, East Carolina University, Admiral Ernest M. Eller House, Greenville, North Carolina, 27858. Cover: Portion of the James Wimble map of North Carolina (1738) showing location of the Scuppernong River (North Carolina State Archives). Cover design concept: Nadine Kopp. ii DEDICATION This publication is dedicated to the people of Columbia, for their unwavering hospitality during the 2011 Scuppernong River Project. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project and the products that have emerged from it would not have been possible without the assistance of a congregation of people from a host of institutions across eastern North Carolina. From the outset, this project was designed with collaboration at its core. In investigating the history and archaeology of Tyrrell County, we wanted this to be a project that left something for the people of the area to have once we packed up and returned from where we came. We hope that our work lives up to their expectations. At the UNC-Coastal Studies Institute, John McCord and David Sybert were involved in every facet of the project; not only did they coordinate local outreach and education events (in conjunction with Lauren Heesemann, NOAA) and film activities for a short documentary, but they also “took the plunge” when instrumentation disappeared into the tea-stained Scuppernong. -
Roberta Estes
Roberta Estes ect shows significantly less Native American ancestry than would be expected with 96% European or African Within genealogy circles, family stories of Native Y chromosomal DNA. The Melungeons, long held to be American1 heritage exist in many families whose Ameri- mixed European, African and Native show only one can ancestry is rooted in Colonial America and traverses ancestral family with Native DNA.4 Clearly more test- Appalachia. The task of finding these ancestors either ing would be advantageous in all of these projects. genealogically or using genetic genealogy is challenging. This phenomenon is not limited to these groups, and has With the advent of DNA testing, surname and other been reported by other researchers. For example, special interest projects, tools now exist to facilitate the Bolnick (2006) reports finding in 16 Native American tracing of patrilineal and matrilineal lines in present-day populations with northeast or southeast roots that 47% people, back to their origins in either Native Americans, of the families who believe themselves to be full-blooded Europeans, or Africans. This paper references and uses or no less than 75% Native with no paternal European data from several of these public projects, but particular- admixture, find themselves carrying European or ly the Melungeon, Lumbee, Waccamaw, North Carolina African Y chromosomes. Malhi et al. (2008) reported Roots and Lost Colony projects.2 that in 26 Native American populations, non-Native American Y chromosomes occurred at a frequency as The Lumbee have long claimed descent from the Lost high as 88% in the Canadian northeast, southwest of Colony via their oral history.3 The Lumbee DNA Proj- Hudson Bay. -
Birth of a Colony North Carolina Guide for Educators Act III—The Roanoke
Birth of a Colony North Carolina Guide for Educators Act III—The Roanoke Voyages, 1584–1590 Birth of a Colony Guide for Educators Birth of a Colony explores the history of North Carolina from the time of European exploration through the Tuscarora War. Presented in five acts, the video combines primary sources and expert commentary to bring this period of our history to life. Use this study guide to enhance students’ understanding of the ideas and information presented in the video. The guide is organized according to the video’s five acts. Included for each act are a synopsis, a vocabulary list, discussion questions, and lesson plans. Going over the vocabulary with students before watching the video will help them better understand the film’s content. Discussion questions will encourage students to think critically about what they have viewed. Lesson plans extend the subject matter, providing more information or opportunity for reflection. The lesson plans follow the new Standard Course of Study framework that takes effect with the 2012–2013 school year. With some adjustments, most of the questions and activities can be adapted for the viewing audience. Birth of a Colony was developed by the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, in collaboration with UNC-TV and Horizon Productions. More resources are available at the website http://www.unctv.org/birthofacolony/index.php. 2 Act III—The Roanoke Voyages, 1584–1590 Act III of Birth of a Colony presents the story of England’s attempts to settle in the New World. Queen Elizabeth enlisted Sir Walter Raleigh to launch an expedition “to inhabit and possess” any lands not already claimed by Spain or France. -
Fort Raleigh National Historic Site: Preservation and Recognition, C
CONTENTS Figure Credits iv List of Figures V Foreword vii Acknowledgements ix Introduction 1 Chapter One: The Roanoke Colonies and Fort Raleigh, c. 1584-1590 9 Associated Properties 28 Registration Requirements/Integrity 29 Contributing Resources 30 Potentially Eligible Archeological Resources 30 Chapter Two: The Settlement and Development of Roanoke Island, c. 1650-1900 31 Associated Properties 54 Registration Requirements/Integrity 55 Noncontributing Resources 57 Potentially Eligible Archeological Resources 57 Chapter Three: Fort Raleigh National Historic Site: Preservation and Recognition, c. 1860-1953 59 Associated Properties 91 Registration Requirements/Integrity 93 Contributing Resources 97 Noncontributing Resources 97 Potentially Eligible Archeological Resources 97 Management Recommendations 99 Bibliography 101 Appendix A: Descriptions of Historic Resources A-l Appendix B: Property Map/Historical Base Map B-l Appendix C: National Register Documentation C-1 Index D-l iii FIGURE CREDITS Cover, 15, 17, 22: courtesy of Harpers Ferry Center, National Park Service; pp. 10, 12, 13, 16, 23: Charles W. Porter III, Adventurers to a New World; pp. 22, 27: Theodore De Bry, Thomas Hariot’s Virginia; pp. 35,39,41: courtesy of the Outer Banks History Center, Manteo, NC; pp. 37, 38: Samuel H. Putnam, The Story of Company A, Twenty-Fifth Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteers, in the War of the Rebellion; p. 43: Vincent Colyer, Report of the Services Rendered by the Freed People to the United States Army, in North Carolina; pp. 44, 46, 47: Joe A. Mobley, James City, A Black Community in North Carolina, 1863-1900; pp. 55, 67, 81: S. Bulter for the National Park Service; pp. 61, 66, 78: William S. -
Roanoke Voyages and Sir Walter Raleigh's “Virginia” (1584-1603)
Roanoke Voyages and Sir Walter Raleigh’s “Virginia” (1584-1603) Virginia History Series #4-09 © 2009 1 Gilbert’s Patent Sir Humphrey Gilbert (Left) was an older, ½ brother of Walter Raleigh and the son of a Devonshire gentleman, whose widow (Catherine Ashley - Right) afterward married the father of Sir Walter Raleigh. Gilbert served the Queen in Ireland and fought for the Netherlands against Spain. He urged the search for a northwest passage to Cathay, which led to Martin Frobisher's license for that exploration. In 1578, Sir Humphrey Gilbert got a Royal Charter (“Patent”) from Queen Elizabeth I to search for a NW passage to the far East and claim lands for England in North America. 2 On Gilbert’s first voyage intended for Newfoundland, his ½ brother Walter Raleigh captained the “Falcon” with Simon Fernandez as master. The Falcon was a tiny Elizabethean vessel less than seventy-five feet long, with a complement of gentlemen, soldiers and mariners, some seventy in all. Raleigh's cabin was on the poop deck in the stern, below was Fernandez with the charts and navigational instruments, below that was the cabin for the officers. At the forecastle were the quarters of the skilled mariners, the smith, the carpenter and the sail-maker. In the centre, dark and cramped, the deck painted blood red, were the rest of the practical crew. They slept on folded sails between the guns, in skin rotting damp. The less fortunate groaned with dysentery, typhus, beri-beri or scurvy. The food was mere gruel, salt beef, flat beer and weevil infested biscuits from the hold; but it was ruthlessly controlled by the ship’s boson mate. -
The Search for the Lost Colony of Roanoke: Hidden Maps, Hidden Cities
The Search for the Lost Colony of Roanoke: Hidden Maps, Hidden Cities By Philip McMullan and Fred Willard Assisted By Kathryn Sugg The Lost Colony Center for Science & Research, Inc. 9291 NC Hwy 171 Williamston, NC 27892 .uly 2010 1 T The Search for the Lost Colony of Roanoke: ncient Maps Hide Raleigh Secret The Roanoke voyages and colonizing experiments of the years 1584 to 1590 were the first to bring English men, women, and children to settle in any part of North America. Although these attempts failed, they lie at the very roots of English experience in North America and the beginnings of what was to become the thirteen colonies and the United States. 1 Reader1s Note: A thorough reading of the breadcrumbs in Appendix A is necessary to have a proper evaluation of the work below. Breadcrumbs will be added as Appendix A in the near future. Introduction Sir Walter Raleigh’s 1587 attempt to colonize Queen Elizabeth’s ‘Virginia’ resulted in the legend of the ‘Lost Colony’, a tale well known to North Carolinians. Colony Governor John White wrote that their intended destination was Chesapeake Bay, but his ship’s pilot, Simon Fernandes, forced him to unload his colony on Roanoke Island. Governor White went back to England 1587 to obtain relief supplies for the colony, but he was delayed by the arrival of the Spanish Armada. When he was finally able to return in 1590, he saw signs on Roanoke Island that suggested the colony went to Croatoan; but he failed to reach them. According to the legend, the 117 men, women and children 2 then simply disappeared.