The Scientific Authentification of Francisco Pizarro

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Scientific Authentification of Francisco Pizarro ~~,!\~: ~ ~~~~~ ~~~r~· Pact 29 - IV.6: Jonathan Ericson c~ Ludena 'J ~· The Scientific Authentification of Francisco Pizarro Abstract On 17 June 1977 the remains of the supposed Francisco Pizarro and family members, as well as artifacts, were unearthed near the center of the Cathedral of Lima, Peru. This began nearly a decade of research on the remains whose results are reported in this paper. On 10 January 1985, the remains of Francisco Pizarro were placed in state in the Cathedral having been formally authentificated. A series of 3 AMS radiocarbon dates performed by the NSF-Arizona Accelerator Facility (670 ± 70 years BP and 430 ± 60 BP results in an age range of 1400-1630 cal AD). The final results of different types of analyses of the remains are not inconsistent with the technology, resources, chronology and historical record of the culture, assassination and death of Francisco Pizarro. 1. Introduction The remains of Francisco Pizarro, conqueror and governor of Peru were lost after the Great Tsunami and Earthquake of Lima and Callao on 28 October 1746 which destroyed the Cathedral of Lima and exact location of his burial. In June of 1977 some workmen opened a plastered over niche in the crypt beneath the altar (Ludena, 1980, p. 20) and found the burial location of Francisco Pizarro and members of his family as well as several artifacts. These included a lead box with an inscription, « AQUI ESTA LA CABECA DEL SENOR MARQUES DON FRANCISCO PIZARRO QUE DESCU­ BRIO Y GANO LOS REYNOS DEL PIRV Y PUSO EN LA REAL CORONA DE CASTILLA » (translated as « Here is the skull of the Marques Don Francisco Pizarro who discovered and won Peru and placed it under the crown of Castille ») (Ludena, 1980), a wooden box with a rough­ cut rectangular hole covered with brown velvet and nail outline of the Cross of the Military Order of Santiago (Ludena, 1980), fragments of a sword, strips of hide from stirrups, and other fragmentary items. Samples of those 350 J. Ericson and H. Ludena The Scientific Authentification of Francisco Pizarro 351 items were conveyed in 1978 for analysis at Harvard University and at UCLA It is important to note that the above individuals were limited in the and form the basis for this report (Ericson, 1977). extent of their examination due to time and incomplete nature of the skeletal The difficulty with the authentification of the remains of Pizarro resides remains. A complete and definitive forensic anthropological examination was with the 1891 contender, a mummy which was placed in state in the conducted in March and April, 1984 by Drs. Benfer and Maples in two visits. Cathedral of Lima in 1891 on the occasion of the 350th anniversary of A third visit in July 1984 by Drs. Benfer, Maples and Goza focused on the Pizarro's death. A hastily-formed commission verified that these remains examination of the mummy. A complete and detailed forensic examination is were, in fact, those of Francisco Pizarro (McGee, 1894), having misinterpre­ presented by Maples et a/., 1989. The conclusions of their report are as ted the basic forensic and historical evidence (Maples et a/., 1989). follows. Both the mummy and the skeletal remains discovered in 1977 have been The mummy is typified as « dedicate and undamaged by marks of battle thoroughly examined by different groups of forensic anthropologists. The (other than a healed fractured nose) was more like the body of an ecclesiastic forensic results together with analyses presented herein form the basis for the rather than a conquistador » (Maples et a/., 1987). The commingled remains scientific authentification of Francisco Pizarro. discovered in the niche of the crypt below the altar were differentiated into individual skeletons. « The wooden box contained the remains of two 2. Forensic Analysis of the Skeletal Remains children, an elderly female, the skull and postcranial remains of an elderly male, and the postcranial skeleton of a second elderly male. The latter In May 1978 Dr. Ludena brought selected skeletal remains of Pizarro to skeleton (of Pizarro) articulated with the skull in the lead box with the Los Angeles for examination, including the right humerus, atlas, and several inscription » (Maples et a/., 1989). Radiographs of the left hand portion of vertebrae which had cut marks as well as the calcaneus. On 16 May a skull showed opacification due to contact of the skull with the lead box preliminary forensic examination on these bones was conducted by a forensic (Ludena, 1980) and conversion of apatite to lead salts. team of Dr. J.M. Suchey, Dr. D.V. Wisely, and Dr. R. Taylor of the Department of the Chief Medical Examiner/Coroner, Los Angeles County. The skeleton of Pizarro was typified as « a white male approximately 65- 69 inches (1.65 to 1. 75 m) in height. The age at death was at least 60 years » Cervical vertebrae (sample no. 1.3.2.17.7) was x-rayed by Dr. Wisely (Maple et a/., 1989). using high resolution x-ray film. The x-rays revealed opacification consistent with a rheumatic condition of the spine. On 26 June 1541 Pizarro was murdered by the supporters of the dead leader, Diego de Almagro. The details of the death of Pizarro were recorded The calcaneus had greenish stains which were examined with the (Prescott) and compared with forensic details of fresh cut marks registered on scanning electron microscope with EDAX attached. Chemical analysis of the the skeleton : « The great number of wounds, the damage under the surface stain showed major elements of soil (A1, Si, Fe, Ca) and (Ca, P) of mandible and in the skull base to dispatch an enemy, are consistent with an bone apatite and (Zn, Cu) of the green stain. The appearance of the green association by multiple assailants armed with thin, double-edged weapons. stain is consistent with the historical record which 1541 record reports that After a bitter fight, many or all, of the assassins plunged their weapons into Pizarro was buried with his spurs, most likely brass in composition. the dead, or dying man » (Maples, 1989). The team reported that the subject was old, robust, rheumatic and attacked violently with sharp implements. The subject received four blows to On 10 January 1985 the skeleton of 1977 was placed in the great glass the cervical vertebrae which were registered from the front to rear of the and marble sarcophagus with a massive bronze lion on top shown in a plate vertebrae on the right side. (Ludena, 1980). The mummy rested on plywood supported by sawhorses in the crypt (Maples et a/., 1989). There is little doubt remaining as to the On 17 May 1978 a second team of physical anthropologists examined identity of the remains discovered in 1977. the remains at UCLA Department of Anthropology including Professors B.J. Williams, E. Bates, M. West and a student, M. Waring. There was 3. Dating of the remains concurrence with the first group of examiners. Professor Sognnaes, Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, independently examined the remains and focused Although the location of the burial, forensic analysis of the skeletal on the blow received on the distal right humerus which would have cut remains and the historical records answer the questions « who », « where », radial and extender muscles for fingers during the assassination (Ericson, « how », and « why », the final question, « when », is squarely the domain 1978). of dating. 352 J. Ericson and H. Ludena The Scientific Authentification of Francisco Pizarro 353 Radiocarbon measurements were made at the NSF-Arizona Accelerator technology and culture in which they were created. Thereby, they embellish Facility on samples of the wood box, textile (cloth), and bone gelatin from a the historical record with tangible remains. There were a number of artifacts phalange prepared at the Center for Archaeological Research and Develop­ which were recovered in the accidental excavation of 1977. Ludena ( 1980) has ment, Harvard University in 1982 using the procedure of Krueger and studied the morphological attributes of the fragmentary sword relative to Sullivan (1984). The results of the radiocarbon measurements are listed in swords of that period and found it consistent. Table 1. The structure of the cloth (textile) which covered the wooden box was thoroughly examined by C.C. McClean and her colleagues at the Los Angeles TABLE 1. RADIOCARBON AGES OF THE SKELETON AND ASSOCIATED County Museum of Art. ARTIFACTS OF FRANCISC0 PIZARRO Unfortunatley, the velvet in her collection had not been diagrammed, so that she was not able to date the fragment based on its structure (McClean, Radiocarbon Age Calendar Date* Number Description 1985). (years BP) (cal AD) Also the Direct Sulfuric Acid test (after Saltzman, 1978) applied to the AA 1170 Wood from box 670 ± 70 1270-1400 brown dye of the textile was non-diagnostic as to class or origin of the AA 1171 Cloth (textile) 600 ± 70 1280-1420 colorant. AA 1172 Bone gelatin (phalange) 430 ± 60 1420-1500 A comparative analysis of lead isotopes by isotopic dilution mass • Conversion of radiocarbon ages to calendar dates using curves of Stuiver and Pearson (1986). spectrometry of a sample of the inscribed lead box with lead ores from the Spanish silver mines at Rio Tinto, Thoris, and Linares remains to be The radiocarbon dates are conventional radiocarbon ages. The radiocar­ performed (Ericson, 1986). bon ages to calendar data conversion was performed using curves of Stuiver and Pearson (1986). The ranges (« spreads ») in calendar dates are obtained 5. Conclusions using one standard deviation with the radiocarbon ages. The use of two The final results of the above and other published analyses of the standard deviations for the bone gelatin result in a range of 1400-1630 cal skeletal remains (Maples et a/., 1987) and artifacts (Ludena, 1980) are not AD which includes 1541 cal AD, the death date of Francisco Pizarro inconsistent with the technology, resources, chronology and historical record (Donahue, 1987).
Recommended publications
  • Outline and Chart Lago Espanol.Ala.4.4.2015
    The Spanish Navigations in the SPANISH LAKE (Pacific Ocean) and their Precedents From the Discovery of the New World (Indies, later America) Spanish explorers threw themselves with “gusto” into further discoverings and expeditions. They carried in their crew not only the “conquerors” and explorers, but also priests, public administrators who would judge the area’s value for colonization, linguists, scientists, and artists. These complete set of crew members charted the coasts, the currents, the winds, the fauna and flora, to report back to the crown for future actions and references. A very important part of the Spanish explorations, is the extent and role of local peoples in Spain’s discoveries. It was the objective of the crown that friendly connections and integration be made. In fact there were “civil wars” among the crown and some “colonizers” to enforce the Laws of Indies which so specified. Today, some of this information has been lost, but most is kept in public and private Spanish Museums, Libraries, Archives and private collections not only in Spain but in the America’s, Phillipines, the Vatican, Germany, Holland, and other european countries, and of course the United States, which over its 200 year existence as a nation, also managed to collect important information of the early explorations. Following is a synopsis of the Spanish adventure in the Pacific Ocean (Lago Español) and its precedents. The Spanish Navigations in the SPANISH LAKE (Pacific Ocean) and their Precedents YEAR EXPLORER AREA EXPLORED OBSERVATIONS 1492 Cristobal
    [Show full text]
  • La Moneda: Investigación Numismática Y Fuentes Archivísticas
    La Moneda: Investigación numismática y fuentes archivísticas Mª Teresa Muñoz Serrulla (Coord. y Ed.) Madrid, 2012. UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE MADRID La publicación de este libro ha sido co-financiada por la Asociación de Amigos del Archivo Histórico Nacional y el Dpto. de Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas y de Arqueología, UCM. © De los textos sus autores. © De la presente edición, la Asociación de Amigos del Archivo Histórico Nacional. © De la presente edición, el Grupo de Investigación Numismática e Investigación Documental –Numisdoc – (Nº Ref. 941.301). © De las imágenes, sus autores o los respectivos propietarios del copyright. ISBN: 978-84-695-4325-2 Depósito Legal: M-28002-2012 Edita: Asociación de Amigos del Archivo Histórico Nacional y Dpto. de Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas y de Arqueología, UCM. Con la Colaboración de: La Moneda: Investigación numismática y fuentes archivísticas Mª Teresa Muñoz Serrulla (Coord. y Ed.) Madrid, 2012 Asociación de Amigos del Archivo Histórico Nacional Grupo de Investigación UCM: Numisdoc (Núm. Ref. 941.301) Dpto. de Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas y de Arqueología Facultad de Geografía e Historia Índice Presentación .................................................................................................................................................................... 7 La investigación numismática desde la Cátedra de “Epigrafía y Numismática” de la UCM. ............. 9 Numismatic research from the "epigraphy and numismatics" Chair of the UCM. Dra. María Ruiz Trapero Hallazgos de moneda andalusí y documentación ........................................................................................... 18 Discovery of Al-Andalus coins and documentation. Dr. Alberto J. Canto García La moneda medieval: fuentes documentales para su estudio ................................................................... 59 The medieval currency: documentary sources for research. Dr. José María de Francisco Olmos Reflexiones sobre la investigación y estudio de la moneda en la Edad Moderna .............................
    [Show full text]
  • Reflections and Observations on Peru's Past and Present Ernesto Silva Kennesaw State University, [email protected]
    Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective Volume 7 Number 2 Pervuvian Trajectories of Sociocultural Article 13 Transformation December 2013 Epilogue: Reflections and Observations on Peru's Past and Present Ernesto Silva Kennesaw State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jgi Part of the International and Area Studies Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Silva, Ernesto (2013) "Epilogue: Reflections and Observations on Peru's Past and Present," Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective: Vol. 7 : No. 2 , Article 13. Available at: https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jgi/vol7/iss2/13 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective by an authorized editor of DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Emesto Silva Journal of Global Initiatives Volume 7, umber 2, 2012, pp. l83-197 Epilogue: Reflections and Observations on Peru's Past and Present Ernesto Silva 1 The aim of this essay is to provide a panoramic socio-historical overview of Peru by focusing on two periods: before and after independence from Spain. The approach emphasizes two cultural phenomena: how the indigenous peo­ ple related to the Conquistadors in forging a new society, as well as how im­ migration, particularly to Lima, has shaped contemporary Peru. This contribu­ tion also aims at providing a bibliographical resource to those who would like to conduct research on Peru.
    [Show full text]
  • Scenario Book 1
    Here I Stand SCENARIO BOOK 1 SCENARIO BOOK T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S ABOUT THIS BOOK ......................................................... 2 Controlling 2 Powers ........................................................... 6 GETTING STARTED ......................................................... 2 Domination Victory ............................................................. 6 SCENARIOS ....................................................................... 2 PLAY-BY-EMAIL TIPS ...................................................... 6 Setup Guidelines .................................................................. 2 Interruptions to Play ............................................................ 6 1517 Scenario ...................................................................... 3 Response Card Play ............................................................. 7 1532 Scenario ...................................................................... 4 DESIGNER’S NOTES ........................................................ 7 Tournament Scenario ........................................................... 5 EXTENDED EXAMPLE OF PLAY................................... 8 SETTING YOUR OWN TIME LIMIT ............................... 6 THE GAME AS HISTORY................................................. 11 GAMES WITH 3 TO 5 PLAYERS ..................................... 6 CHARACTERS OF THE REFORMATION ...................... 15 Configurations ..................................................................... 6 EVENTS OF THE REFORMATION
    [Show full text]
  • Valencians a La Recerca D'el Dorado ­ Levante­EMV
    12/2/2017 Valencians a la recerca d'El Dorado ­ Levante­EMV Servicios 12 de febrero de 2017 SUSCRÍBETE Francesc J. Her Valencia Castelló Alicante 14 / 12º 13 / 10º 14 / 12º Menú C.Valenciana Más noticias Deportes Economía Opinión Cultura Ocio Vida y Estilo Participación Multimedia PORTADA Consulta la portada del domingo 12 de febrero (PDF) Levante-EMV » Valencia » C. Valenciana » L'Horta » Manises Suscriptor Noticias de Manises Expedicions a Amèrica Valencians a la recerca d'El Dorado València manté un monument «A la raça», amb una imatge de Francisco Pizarro, ubicat entre el Palau de la Generalitat i el que ocupa la Diputació Suscriptor | Francesc J. Hernàndez 12.02.2017 | 02:49 Valencia Contenido exclusivo para suscriptores digitales El valencià Jaume Rasquí, nascut a l'any 1517, participà en l'expedició a Amèrica del Sud d'Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca. Anys després fou nomenat governador del Riu de la Plata. No té cap record en la seua ciutat nadiua, com sí que tenen Cortés o Pizarro. Un dels monuments més anacrònics que es poden Al rescate de murallas ´invisibles´ trobar a València és el dedicat «A la raza», ubicat a la plaça Manises, entre el Palau de la Generalitat i Valencians a la recerca d'El Dorado Al rescate de murallas el que ocupa la Diputació. Fou un projecte de Fotos de la noticia ´invisibles´ l'arquitecte municipal Emilio Rieta López, inaugurat El arqueólogo José Ferrandis pide un plan el 14 de juliol de 1969, que es composa d'un director que «ponga en valor» unos restos jardinet, una columna dòrica procedent de l'antic Hospital i una estàtua de bronze que representa desconocidos..
    [Show full text]
  • EL ESCUDO DE ARMAS J)E FRANCISCO PIZARRO REFLEJO DE LA Conqljista DEL PERÚ
    REAL ACADEMIA MATRITENSE DE HERÁLDICA Y GENEALOGÍA EL ESCUDO DE ARMAS J)E FRANCISCO PIZARRO REFLEJO DE LA CONQlJISTA DEL PERÚ DISCURSO LEÍDO EL DÍA 17 DE JUNIO DE 1999 EN LA RECEPCIÓN PÚBLICA DEL ILMO. SR. DON PEDRO CORDERO ALVARADO y CONTESTACIÓN POR EL EXCMO. SR. DON JOSÉ MIGUEL DE MAYORALGO Y LODO Conde de los Accvedos • ,.-rr~" '•~·· PE ACADEMIA ASOCIADA MADRID MCMXCIX REAL ACADEMIA MATRITENSE DE HERÁLDICA Y GENEALOGÍA EL ESCUDO DE ARMAS DE FRANCISCO PIZARRO REFLEJO DE LA CONQUISTA DEL PERÚ DISCURSO LEÍDO EL DÍA 17 DE JUNIO DE 1999 EN LA RECEPCIÓN PÚBLICA DEL ILMO. SR. DON PEDRO CORDERO ALVARADO y CONTESTACIÓN POR EL EXCMO. SR. DON JOSÉ MIGUEL DE MAYORALGO Y LODO Conde de los Acevedos -'• .r{l"'\, ·....... , ~· ACADEMIA ASOCIADA MADRID MCMXCIX Es una publicación de: Quercus ©PEDRO CORDERO ALVARADO © FOTOGRAFÍAS DE ABELARDO MUÑOZ SÁNCHEZ Y ANTONIO BUENO FLORES D.L. BA- 276/99 Diseña e imprime CISAN Trav. de Carrión, 1 - Telf. 924 400 280. Fax. 924 400 051 E-mail: [email protected] Alburquerque (España-Spain) DISCURSO DEL ILMO. SR. DON PEDRO CORDERO ALVARADO (Qué sabia es nuestra sombra, pues nos permite calcular los límites de nuestra humana me-zguindad). Señores Académicos: «En el hombre no has de ver/ su hermosura o gentileza/ su hermosu­ ra es su nobleza/ su gentileza el saber» sentenciaba el dramaturgo español Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, nacido en la ciudad de Méjico hacia 1581, y muerto en Madrid, en 1639, en uno de sus conocidos dramas. Por mi natural poé­ tico no he podido resistir la tentación de utilizar la dulce tiranía de
    [Show full text]
  • FALL 2012 21 Isidora Aguirre Y La Renovación Del Teatro De Tema
    FALL 2012 21 Isidora Aguirre y la renovación del teatro de tema histórico en Chile Osvaldo Obregón El teatro de tema histórico en Hispanoamérica ocupa un lugar importante, desde México hasta Chile y Argentina, sobre todo a partir del nacimiento de las diferentes repúblicas a comienzos del siglo XIX. Es una manera, sin duda, de reconstruir el pasado y de establecer analogías con el presente histórico desde el cual se sitúan las sucesivas generaciones de autores. En el valioso legado dramatúrgico que dejó Isidora Aguirre (1919-2011) se puede hablar de un ciclo de obras que se inspira explícitamente en el pasado histórico de América y de Chile, compuesto según el orden cronológico de su creación por los siguientes textos: Lautaro (1982), Diálogos de fin de siglo (1989), Los libertadores Bolívar y Miranda (1993), Manuel Rodríguez (1999) y El adelantado don Diego de Almagro (2003). De este ciclo histórico en torno a grandes figuras del descubrimiento y conquista de América (Diego de Almagro, Pedro de Valdivia, Lautaro), así como de la lucha por la independencia frente a España (Miranda, Bolívar, San Martín, O’Higgins, Manuel Rodríguez), y el período republicano en Chile (el Presidente Balmaceda y su trágica muerte), sólo haremos referencia a las obras vinculadas a la historia de Chile, razón por la cual dejamos de lado el texto titulado Los libertadores Bolívar y Miranda. Con el fin de ceñirnos a la cronología histórica y hacer más clara la reconstrucción dramatúrgica elaborada por I. Aguirre, centraremos nuestro enfoque en El adelantado don Diego de Almagro, la última del ciclo, publicada en 2003, al parecer aún no estrenada.
    [Show full text]
  • The Age of Exploration (Also Called the Age of Discovery) Began in the 1400S and Continued Through the 1600S. It Was a Period Of
    Activity 1 of 3 for NTI May 18 - 22 - Introduction to Exploration of North America Go to: https://www.ducksters.com/history/renaissance/age_of_exploration_and_discovery.php ​ Click on the link above to read the article. There is a feature at the bottom that will allow you to have the text read to you, if you want. After you read the article, answer the questions below. You can highlight or bold your answers if completing electronically. I have copied the website ​ ​ ​ ​ text below if you need it. The Age of Exploration (also called the Age of Discovery) began in the 1400s and continued through the 1600s. It was a period of time when the European nations began exploring the world. They discovered new routes to India, much of the Far East, and the Americas. The Age of Exploration took place at the same time as the Renaissance. Why explore? Outfitting an expedition could be expensive and risky. Many ships never returned. So why did the Europeans want to explore? The simple answer is money. Although, some individual explorers wanted to gain fame or experience adventure, the main purpose of ​ ​ an expedition was to make money. How did expeditions make money? Expeditions made money primarily by discovering new trade routes for their nations. When the Ottoman Empire captured Constantinople in 1453, many existing trade routes ​ ​ to India and China were shut down. These trade routes were very valuable as they brought in expensive products such as spices and silk. New expeditions tried to discover oceangoing routes to India and the Far East. Some expeditions became rich by discovering gold and silver, such as the expeditions ​ ​ of the Spanish to the Americas.
    [Show full text]
  • Age of Exploration
    Age of Discovery (Ren-Ref) Age of Discovery 1450-1550 Cantino World Map, 1502 Allegorical The New World engraving showing Vespucci "disembarking in the New World." The background shows the often-illustrated cannibal account; the foreground shows Vespucci, astrolabe in hand, confronting "America" in her hammock. Theodore Galle after Jan van der Street, "The Arrival of Vespucci in the New World", c. 1600 The New World II 1 Age of Discovery (Ren-Ref) Agenda: Europeans & the World • Pre-Columbian knowledge of the world – Classical sources, Muslim sources, Christian sources (cf. Wiesner, chap. 12) • Portuguese Exploration • Spanish Exploration – Columbus, Cortes, Pizzarro, et al. • Primary Source Discussion: “Pagans, Muslims, & Christians in the World of Columbus” European knowledge of the world very limited before c. 1300 • Trade with China dates back to the Roman Empire – Marco Polo traveled to China 1271-92 • Trade with India also ancient (via Venice) • Long connections with North Africa, but very little knowledge of Africa beyond the Sahara • Almost no knowledge of Scandinavian voyages to Iceland, Greenland, and Vinland (Canada) The World Known by Europe, ca. 1490 2 Age of Discovery (Ren-Ref) Ptolemaic World Map (1486) Classical & Medieval Maps • A stylized medieval map (T&O) • Jerusalem @ center, God above • Intended to display Scriptural understanding of the earth 3 Age of Discovery (Ren-Ref) The World Beyond Christendom • Sir John Mandeville • Marco Polo • Pliny and Ptolemy • Ibn Fadlan & Mohammed Idrisi Portuguese Explorers 1350-1515
    [Show full text]
  • Pedro De Alvarado, Capitán De Hernán Cortés. Aproximaciones Y Diferencias
    Pedro de Alvarado, capitán de Hernán Cortés. Aproximaciones y diferencias J~sÚs MARk GARCíA AÑovmws Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana Era Cortés de «buena estatura y cuerpo bien proporcionada... y la color de la cara tiraba algo a cenicienta, y no muy alegre..., los ojos algo amorosos y suaves.., diestro de todas las armas... en todo daba señales de gran senor... de afable condición con todos... platicaba con muy buena retórica... limonesnero... en las batallas entraba juntamente con nosotros... con demasía dado a las mujeres». Era Alvarado de <muy buen cuerpo y bien propor- cionado, y tenía el rostro y cara muy alegre, y en el mirar muy amoroso, y por ser tan agraciado le pusieron por nombre los indios mexicanos Tonatio, que quiere decir sol, era muy alto y buen jinete, y sobre todo ser franco y de buena conversación, en vestirse era muy pulido, y con ropas costosas y ricas...». De esta manera nos describe Bernal Díaz del Castillo a ambos personajes, a quienes conocía y admiraba y con los que compartió tantas alegrías y sinsabores en la conquista de México. Las cartas de relación Las cartas de relación, escritas por Cortés y Alvarado, son sin duda uno de los mejores indicadores de las diferencias y contras- tes entre Cortés y Alvarado. A través de sus famosas cinco cartas, Cortés se muestra como un excelente narrador que cautiva al Quinto Centenario 9, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 1985 108 Jesús María García Añoveros lector, esparciendo hechos de todo tipo en una sucesión equili- brada y ordenada. Abunda en interesantes y profundas observa- ciones sicológicas.
    [Show full text]
  • PALMA Tradiciones Peruanas II
    PALMA, RICARDO (1833-1919) TRADICIONES PERUANA SEGUNDA SERIE ÍNDICE Carta tónico-biliosa a una amiga - Los caballeros de la capa. - Una carta de Indias. - La muerte del factor. - Las orejas del alcalde. - Un pronóstico cumplido. - El Peje chico. - La monja de la llave. - Las querellas de Santo Toribio. - Los malditos. - El virrey de los milagros. - El tamborcito del pirata. - Los duendes del Cuzco. - De potencia a potencia. - Los polvos de la condesa. - Una vida por una honra. - El encapuchado. - Un virrey hereje y un campanero bellaco. - La desolación de Castro-Virreyna. - El justicia mayor de Laycacota. - Beba, padre, que le da la vida. - Racimo de horca. - La emplazada. - Cortar el revesino. - Amor de madre. - Un proceso contra Dios. - La fundación de Santa Liberata. - Muerte en vida. - Pepe Bandos. - Lucas el Sacrílego. - Un virrey y un arzobispo. - Rudamente, pulidamente, mañosamente. - El resucitado. - El corregidor de Tinta. -La gatita de Mari-Ramos, que halaga con la cola y araña con las manos. - Pancho Sales el Verdugo. - ¡A la cárcel todo Cristo! - Nadie se muere hasta que Dios quiere. - El virrey de la adivinanza. - ¡Buenalaya de fraile! - Con días y ollas venceremos. - El fraile y la monja del Callao. Carta tónico-biliosa a una amiga Espíritu de otros días, en nuevas ropas envuelto, más que la imagen de un vivo soy la realidad de un muerto. ANTONIO HURTADO. Leyendo mis tradiciones me dicen que te complaces. ¡Gracias! ¡Gracias! Pues tal haces a ti van estos renglones. Charlemos en puridad un momento:-oye con calma- dar quiero expansión al alma en tu sincera amistad.
    [Show full text]
  • Una Aproximación Prosopográfica a Los Conquistadores Españoles Del Tucumán (1535-1600)
    Andes ISSN: 0327-1676 ISSN: 1668-8090 [email protected] Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades Argentina UNA APROXIMACIÓN PROSOPOGRÁFICA A LOS CONQUISTADORES ESPAÑOLES DEL TUCUMÁN (1535-1600) Plomer, Florencia UNA APROXIMACIÓN PROSOPOGRÁFICA A LOS CONQUISTADORES ESPAÑOLES DEL TUCUMÁN (1535-1600) Andes, vol. 29, núm. 2, 2018 Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Argentina Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=12759121005 Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional. PDF generado a partir de XML-JATS4R por Redalyc Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto DOSSIER UNA APROXIMACIÓN PROSOPOGRÁFICA A LOS CONQUISTADORES ESPAÑOLES DEL TUCUMÁN (1535-1600) A PROSOPOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO THE SPANISH CONQUERORS OF TUCUMAN (1535-1600) Florencia Plomer fl[email protected] Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades., Argentina Resumen: En el marco del proceso histórico de las primeras entradas y jornadas al Tucumán, y del posterior proceso de invasión y fundación de ciudades durante la Andes, vol. 29, núm. 2, 2018 segunda mitad del siglo XVI, definimos nuestro problema general de investigación como el proceso de transformación de los miembros de la hueste conquistadora en Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias vecinos encomenderos. Estos conquistadores presentan en algunos casos una peculiar Sociales y Humanidades, Argentina movilidad territorial en el derrotero de la conquista e invasión. Utilizando el método Recepción: 10/03/2018 prosopográfico proponemos reconstruir las trayectorias de quienes una vez instalados Aprobación: 31 Agosto 2018 en el Tucumán continúan en movimiento –participando de diferentes campañas a pesar de haber conseguido una encomienda de indios y vecindad-, tomando los casos Redalyc: https://www.redalyc.org/ principalmente de las Probanzas de Méritos y Servicios publicadas por Roberto Levillier.
    [Show full text]