Age of Discovery (Ren-Ref)
Age of Discovery 1450-1550
Cantino World Map, 1502
Allegorical The New World engraving showing Vespucci "disembarking in the New World." The background shows the often-illustrated cannibal account; the foreground shows Vespucci, astrolabe in hand, confronting "America" in her hammock.
Theodore Galle after Jan van der Street, "The Arrival of Vespucci in the New World", c. 1600
The New World II
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Agenda: Europeans & the World • Pre-Columbian knowledge of the world – Classical sources, Muslim sources, Christian sources (cf. Wiesner, chap. 12) • Portuguese Exploration • Spanish Exploration – Columbus, Cortes, Pizzarro, et al.
• Primary Source Discussion: “Pagans, Muslims, & Christians in the World of Columbus”
European knowledge of the world very limited before c. 1300
• Trade with China dates back to the Roman Empire – Marco Polo traveled to China 1271-92 • Trade with India also ancient (via Venice) • Long connections with North Africa, but very little knowledge of Africa beyond the Sahara • Almost no knowledge of Scandinavian voyages to Iceland, Greenland, and Vinland (Canada)
The World Known by Europe, ca. 1490
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Ptolemaic World Map (1486)
Classical & Medieval Maps
• A stylized medieval map (T&O) • Jerusalem @ center, God above • Intended to display Scriptural understanding of the earth
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The World Beyond Christendom
• Sir John Mandeville • Marco Polo • Pliny and Ptolemy • Ibn Fadlan & Mohammed Idrisi
Portuguese Explorers 1350-1515 • Prince Henry “the Navigator” (d. 1460) • Africa, Azores, Madiera islands • Navigational innovations – Astrolabe, caravel, lateen sails
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Navigational Innovations
Caravel
The European Age of Exploration • The goal: get to the Indies and control the flow of trade goods from there – circumnavigate Africa – Cape of Good Hope rounded by Bartolomeo Diaz in 1487 under the sponsorship of the Portuguese crown – in 1497, Vasco da Gama reached the coast of India, and returned with cargo worth sixty times the cost of the voyage
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What’s the problem??
Vasco da Gama
• The first European to reach India by sea, da Gama established Portuguese naval and commercial power in the Indian Ocean.
The Pierpont Morgan Library /Art Resource, NY
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See Noble, p. 367, for map of early explorers’ travel
Portuguese in India
See also Noble, p. 369
• In the sixteenth century Portuguese men moved to the Indian Ocean basin to work as administrators and traders. This Indo-Portuguese drawing from about 1540 shows a Portuguese man speaking to an
Indian woman, perhaps making a proposal of marriage. Biblioteca Casanatense, Rome
Spanish Explorers 1492-1532 • Christopher Columbus
• Hernan Cortes
• Francisco Pizzarro
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Christopher • Although his legacy has been the focus Columbus • of great debate and contention, • Christopher Columbus remains the most • influential and recognizable explorer of • Europe's Age of Exploration.
Snark / Art Resource, NY
Columbus’ approach • Go to China and India by going west • geographical theory based on myth and faulty science – Medieval accounts • Polo & Mandeville – Renaissance rediscovery of ancient geographical treatises • Ptolemy and Pliny – Muslim accounts of geography
Pre-Columbian map of the world
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Genoese sea-map (portolano), 1457
Columbus’ (imagined) World
Columbus’ World, corrected
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The Americas and Early European Exploration
The Americas and Early European Exploration The several voyages across the Atlantic led by Columbus explored the Caribbean basin and set the stage for Spanish conquest of many American societies, most notably of the Aztec and Inca empires.
• ‘View Show' to view and zoom map
World Exploration, 1492-1521
• The voyages of Columbus, da Gama, and Magellan charted the major sea-lanes that became essential for communication, trade, and warfare for the next three hundred years.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.
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• ‘View Show' to view and zoom map
World Exploration, 1492-1575 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved.
Why 1492?
• Renaissance optimism & wealth • Humanist curiosity • Technology improvements in navigation & military hardware • Success of Reconquista vs. Moors • $$ now available • Divine right of conquest
Cantino Map (ca. 1502)
• The Cantino Map was named for the agent secretly commissioned to design it in Lisbon for the Duke of Ferrara, an avid Italian map collector. It reveals such a good knowledge of the African continent, of the islands of the West Indies, and of the shoreline of present-day Venezuela, Guiana, and Brazil that modern scholars suspect there may have been clandestine voyages to the Americas shortly after
Columbus's. Biblioteca Estense, Modena
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Waldseemuller’s map, 1507
Pierre Descaliers map, 1550
a map of the world, 1570
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Columbus’ successors
• Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1522) • 15,000 miles, 3 years, lost 96% of his crew • Straits of Magellan, & discovery of China
The conquest of the Americas
• Arawak peoples of Hispaniola – Approx. 3 million in 1492; none by 1555 • Aztec Empire – Defeated by Hernan Cortes and a few hundred Spanish soldiers, 1521 • Incan Empire – Defeated by Francesco Pizarro and 168 Spanish soldiers, 1532
Invasion of Hernan Cortes vs. Atzec Empire
See maps in Noble, pp. 445-446
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Tenochtitlan
Tlaxcalans receive Cortes
The battle for Tenochtitlan, 1521
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Francisco Pizarro’s invasion of the Incan Empire
Images of the New World
Why were the Europeans successful? • brutality • superior military technology (guns) • the horse • introduction of other livestock, which went wild and provided ready food stock • Disease (smallpox, measles, syphillis) • Different conceptions of warfare • Religious awe (initially)
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