Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone Proceedings of the IX ASMOSIA Conference (Tarragona 2009)

Interdisciplinary Studies on Ancient Stone Proceedings of the IX Association for the Study of Marbles and Other Stones in Antiquity (ASMOSIA) Conference (Tarragona 2009)

Edited by Anna Gutiérrez Garcia-M. Pilar Lapuente Mercadal Isabel Rodà de Llanza

23

INSTITUT CATALÀ D’ARQUEOLOGIA CLÀSSICA Tarragona, 2012 Biblioteca de Catalunya - Dades CIP

Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones used in Antiquity. International Symposium (9è : 2009 : Tarragona, Catalunya)

Interdisciplinary studies on ancient stone : proceedings of the IX Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity (ASMOSIA) Conference (Tarragona 2009). – (Documenta ; 23) Bibliografi a ISBN 9788493903381 I. Gutiérrez Garcia-Moreno, Anna, ed. II. Lapuente Mercadal, Pilar, ed. III. Rodà, Isabel, 1948- ed. IV. Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica V. Títol VI. Col·lecció: Documenta (Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica) ; 23 1. Escultura en marbre – Roma – Congressos 2. Construccions de marbre – Roma – Congressos 3. Marbre – Roma – Anàlisi – Congressos 4. Pedres de construcció – Roma – Anàlisi – Congressos 5. Pedreres – Roma – Història – Congressos 904-03(37):552.46(061.3)

Aquesta obra recull les aportacions (comunicacions orals i pòsters) que es van presentar durant el IX Congrés Internacional de l’Association for the Study of Marbles and Other Stones in Antiquity (ASMOSIA), organitzat per l’ICAC en el marc del programa de recerca HAR2008-04600/HIST, amb el suport del programa d’Ajuts ARCS 2008 (referència expedient IR036826) de la Generalitat de Catalunya i del Ministeri de Ciència i Innovació (Accions Complementàries HAR2008- 03181-E/HIST), i celebrat a Tarragona entre el 8 i el 13 de juny del 2009. Aquesta publicació ha estat possible gràcies a l’ajut del programa d’Ajuts ARCS 2008 (referència expedient IR036826) de la Generalitat de Catalunya i del Ministeri de Ciència i Innovació (Accions Complementaries HAR2008-03181-E/ HIST), i també als projectes de recerca HAR2008-04600/HIST (“Explotación, uso e intercambio de materias primas inor- gánicas entre el norte de Hispania, el sur de la Galia y los puertos de Roma”) i HAR2011-25011 (“La explotación y comercio de los recursos naturales en el N. de la Hispania romana: lapis, metalla, aqua”) del Ministeri de Ciència i Innovació.

Comitè editorial Juan Manuel Abascal (Universitat d’Alacant), José María Álvarez Martínez (Museo Nacional de Arte Romano, Mérida), Carmen Aranegui (Universitat de València), Achim Arbeiter (Universitat Georg-August de Göttingen, Alemanya), Jean-Charles Balty (Universitat de París-Sorbona [París IV], França), Francesco D’Andria (Universitat del Salento, Itàlia), Pierre Gros (Universitat de Provença, França), Ella Hermon (Université Laval, Quebec, Canadà), Rosa Plana-Mallart (Universitat Paul-Valéry Montpeller 3, França), Lucrezia Ungaro (Sovraintendenza Capitolina, Direzione Musei, Itàlia) i Susan Walker (Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, Regne Unit).

© d’aquesta edició, Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC) Plaça d’en Rovellat, s/n, 43003 Tarragona Telèfon 977 249 133 – Fax 977 224 401 [email protected] – www.icac.net

Durant els nou primers mesos de publicació, qualsevol forma de reproducció, distribució, comunicació pública o transformació d’aquesta obra només es pot fer tenint l’autorització dels seus titulars, amb les excepcions previstes per la llei. Adreceu-vos a CEDRO (Centre Espanyol de Drets Reprogràfi cs, www.cedro.org) si heu de fotocopiar o escanejar fragments d’aquesta obra. A partir del desè mes de publicació, aquest llibre està disponible en format PDF a la web de l’ICAC i s’autoritza el públic en general a reproduir, distribuir i comunicar l’obra sempre que se’n reconegui l’autoria i les entitats que la publiquen i no se’n faci un ús comercial, ni lucratiu, ni cap obra derivada.

© d’aquesta edició, les editores; i dels articles, els autors © de la fotografi a de la coberta: ICAC

Primera edició: maig del 2012 Coordinació: Publicacions de l’ICAC Disseny de la col·lecció: Dièdric Coberta: Gerard Juan Gili Fotografi a de la coberta: Placa de broccatello de la vil·la romana dels Munts, a Altafulla (Tarragona).

Maquetació i impressió: Indústries Gràfi ques Gabriel Gibert Dipòsit Legal: T-336-2012 ISBN: 978-84-939033-8-1 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Abbe, M. B., Lamar Dodd School of Art, University of Blanc, Ph., Laboratoire de Biominéralisations et Paléoen- Georgia, Athens, GA (USA) vironnements, Université Pierre & Marie Curie [email protected] (UPMC), Paris (France) Abramitis, D., The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New [email protected] York (USA) Blume, C., Courant Forschungszentrum Bildung und [email protected] Religion, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göt- Albiach, R., Servei d’Investigació Prehistòrica, Museu de tingen (Germany) Prehistòria de València, València (Spain) [email protected] [email protected] Borromeo, G. E., Museum of Art, Rhode Island School Àlvarez, A., Unitat d’Estudis Arqueomètrics, Institut of Design, Providence, RI (USA) Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC), Tarragona / [email protected] Departament de Geologia, Universitat Autònoma de Brilli, M., Istituto di Geologia Ambientale e Geoingeg- Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona (Spain) neria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGAG- [email protected]; [email protected] CNR), Roma (Italy) Andreu, J., Departamento de Historia Antigua, Univer- [email protected] sidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Bromblet, Ph., Centre Interrégional de Conservation et Madrid (Spain) de Restauration du Patrimoine (CICRP), Marseille [email protected] (France) Antolinos, J. A., Universidad de Murcia, Murcia (Spain) [email protected] [email protected] Bruno, M., Roma (Italy) Antonelli, F., Laboratorio di Analisi dei Materiali An- [email protected] tichi (LAMA), Università Iuav di Venezia, Venezia Bugini, R., Istituto Conservazione e Valorizzazione (Italy) Beni Culturali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche [email protected] (ICVBC-CNR), Milano (Italy) Apostolaki, C., Department of Mineral Resources En- [email protected] gineering, Technical University of Crete, Chania Burrell, B., Department of Classics, Brock University, St. (Greece) Catharines, Ontario (Canada) [email protected] [email protected] Arana, R. † Passed away in June 2011; Departamento de Buzov, M., Institute of Archaeology, Zagreb (Croatia) Química Agrícola, Geología y Edafología, Universi- [email protected] dad de Murcia, Murcia (Spain) Cancelliere, S., Laboratorio di Analisi dei Materiali An- Arana, S., Escuela Ofi cial de Idiomas de Lorca, Exten- tichi (LAMA), Università Iuav di Venezia, Venezia sión Mazarrón, Mazarrón (Spain) (Italy) [email protected] [email protected] Arola, R., Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona (Spain) Carlson, D., Institute of Nautical Archaeology, Texas [email protected] A&M University, College Station, TX (USA) Attanasio, D., Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Con- [email protected] siglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Roma Cau, M. A., Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis (Italy) Avançats (ICREA) / Equip de Recerca Arqueològica [email protected] i Arqueomètrica de la Universitat de Barcelona (ER- Aulinas, M., Departament de Geoquímica, Petrologia i AAUB), Departament de Prehistòria, Història Antiga Prospecció Geològica, Universitat de Barcelona, Bar- i Arqueologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona celona (Spain) (Spain) [email protected] [email protected] Aylward, W., Department of Classics, University of Wis- Cavari, F., Dipartimento di Archeologia e Storia delle consin, Madison, WI (USA) Arti, Università di Siena, Siena (Italy) [email protected] [email protected] Barker, S. J., University of Oxford, Hertford College, Cebrián, R., Parque Arqueológico de Segóbriga, Saelices Oxford (UK) (Spain) [email protected] [email protected] Beltrán, J., Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Černiková, A., Institute of Applied Mathematics and Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain) Information Technologies, Charles University in [email protected] Prague, Praha (Czech Republic) Blanc, A., Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments [email protected] Historiques, Champs-sur-Marne (France)

5 INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES ON ANCIENT STONE. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IX ASMOSIA CONFERENCE (TARRAGONA 2009)

Chávez, M. E., Departamento de Prehistoria, Arque- Džin, K., Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb ología, Antropología e Historia Antigua, Universidad / Centre for Archaeological Research, International de La Laguna, Islas Canarias (Spain) Research Centre for Archaeology, Brijuni-Medulin, [email protected] Pula (Croatia) Cipriani, M., Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Paes- [email protected] tum, Capaccio Scalo (Italy) Eguíluz, L., Departamento de Geodinámica, Universidad [email protected] del País Vasco UPV-EHU, Vitoria/Gasteiz (Spain) Corremans, M., Archaeological Research [email protected] Project, Department of Archaeology, Catholic Uni- Elçi, H., Dokuz Eylül University, Torbali Vocational versity of Leuven, Leuven (Belgium) School, Torbali-İzmir () [email protected] [email protected] Cox, J., University of Georgia, Athens, GA (USA) Fachard, S., École Suisse d’Archéologie en Grèce, [email protected] Lausanne / Athína (Greece) Cuchí, J. A., Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad [email protected] de Zaragoza, Huesca (Spain) Fant, J. C., Department of Classical Studies, Anthropol- [email protected] ogy and Archaeology, University of Akron, Akron, Davidović, J., Museum of Srem, Sremska Mitrovica (Ser- OH (USA) bia) [email protected] [email protected] Folli, L., Istituto Conservazione e Valorizzazione Beni De Dapper, M., Department of , Ghent Uni- Culturali (ICVBC-CNR), Milano (Italy) versity, Gent (Belgium) [email protected] [email protected] Friedland, E. A., Department of Classical and Near East- Degryse, P., Centre for Archaeological Sciences, Division ern Languages and Civilizations, The George Wash- of Geology, Catholic University of Leuven, Heverlee ington University, Washington, DC (USA) (Belgium) [email protected] [email protected] Gaggadis-Robin, V., Centre Camille Jullian, CNRS, Del Pietro, L., Dipartimento di Scienze Archeologiche, Université de Provence, Aix-en-Provence (France) University of Pisa, Pisa (Italy) [email protected] [email protected] Gaied, M. E., Faculté des sciences de Sfax, Sfax (Tunisia) De Paepe, P., Department of Geology and Soil Science, [email protected] Ghent University, Gent (Belgium) Galán, E., Departamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía y [email protected] Química Agrícola, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain) Dessandier, D., BRGM (French Geological Survey), [email protected] Marseille (France) Gallala, W., Faculté des sciences de Gabès, Gabès (Tu- [email protected] nisia) Djurić, B., Department of Archaeology, University of [email protected] Ljubljana, Ljubljana (Slovenia) Gallego, A., Valencia (Spain) [email protected] [email protected] Dobruna-Salihu, E., Instituti Albanologjik i Prishtinës, Garcés, C., Instituto de Estudios Altoaragoneses (IEA), Prishtinë (Kosovo) Huesca (Spain) [email protected] [email protected] Domènech, A., Unitat d’Estudis Arqueomètrics, Institut García-Prósper, E., Valencia (Spain) Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC), Tarragona / [email protected] Deptartament de Geologia, Universitat Autònoma Garcia-Valles, M., Departament de Cristal·lografi a, Mi- de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona (Spain) neralogia i Dipòsits Minerals, Universitat de Barce- [email protected] lona, Barcelona (Spain) Domingo, J. Á., Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, [email protected] Roma (Italy) Gasull, N., Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona (Spain) [email protected] [email protected] Donelli, I., Arts Academy, University of Split, Split Gazda, E., Department of the History of Art and Kel- (Croatia) sey Museum of Archaeology, University of Michigan, [email protected] Ann Arbor, MI (USA) Dotsika, E., Laboratory of Archaeometry, Institute of [email protected] Materials Science, NCSR “Demokritos”, Aghia Par- Genera, M., Departament de Cultura, Generalitat de askevi (Greece) Catalunya, Barcelona / SEDPGYM, Madrid (Spain) [email protected] [email protected] Droghini, F., Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali “G. Giamello, M., Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali “G. Sarfatti”, Università di Siena, Siena (Italy) Sarfatti”, Università di Siena, Siena (Italy) [email protected] [email protected]

6 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Girardi Jurkic, V., Department of Latin Studies, Univer- López Melción, J. B., Grup d’Investigació Prehistòri- sity of Zagreb, Zagreb (Croatia) ca, Departament d’Història, Universitat de Lleida [email protected] (UdL), Lleida (Spain) Grillo, S. M., Dipartimento di Geoingegneria e Tec- [email protected] nologie Ambientali, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari López Vilar, J., Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (Italy) (ICAC), Tarragona (Spain) [email protected] [email protected] Gromet, L. P., Brown University, Providence, RI (USA) Loza Azuaga, M. L., Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio [email protected] Histórico (IAPH), Sevilla (Spain) Gutiérrez Deza, M. I., Convenio Ayuntamiento de [email protected] Córdoba - Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba Loza Uriarte, M., Iterbide S.C., Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spain) (Spain) [email protected] [email protected] Macias, J. M., Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica Gutiérrez Garcia-M., A., Unitat d’Estudis Arqueomètrics, (ICAC), Tarragona (Spain) Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC), Tar- [email protected] ragona / Departament de Ciències de l’Antiguitat i Maniatis, Y., Laboratory of Archaeometry, Institute of l’Edat Mitjana, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Materials Science, NCSR “Demokritos”, Aghia Par- (UAB), Barcelona (Spain) askevi (Greece) [email protected]; [email protected] [email protected] Hamiane, M., University M’Bougara of Boumerdès, Mañas, I., Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales Bourmedes (Algeria) (CCHS-CSIC) / Departamento de Historia Anti- [email protected] gua, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia Herrmann, J. J. Jr., Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA (UNED), Madrid (Spain) (USA) [email protected] [email protected] Mar, R., Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona (Spain) Hipol, S., University of Georgia, Athens, GA (USA) [email protected] [email protected] Marcopoulos, T., Department of Mineral Resources Engi- Jovanović, D., Geological Institute of Serbia, Beograd neering, Technical University of Crete, Chania, (Greece) (Serbia) [email protected] [email protected] Mariottini, M., Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione Khalfallah, C., National Archaeological Museum, Setif ed il Restauro, Roma (Italy) (Algeria) [email protected] [email protected] Martínez-Torres, L. M., Departamento de Geodinámi- Kidd, B., Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of ca, Universidad del País Vasco UPV-EHU, Vitoria- Missouri, Columbia, MISS (USA) Gasteiz (Spain) [email protected] [email protected] Kozelj, T., École Française d’Athènes, Thassos (Greece) Mas, C., Equip de Recerca Arqueològica i Arqueomètri- [email protected] ca de la Universitat de Barcelona (ERAAUB), Depar- Lapuente, P., Área de Petrología y Geoquímica, Depar- tament de Prehistòria, Història Antiga i Arqueologia, tamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona (Spain) Zaragoza, Zaragoza (Spain) [email protected] [email protected] Mascione, C., Dipartimento di Archeologia e Storia delle Laroche, D., École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture Arti, Università di Siena, Siena (Italy) de Strasbourg, Strasbourg (France) [email protected] [email protected] Matijaca, M., Croatian Conservation Institute, Split Lazzarini, L., Laboratorio di Analisi dei Materiali Antichi (Croatia) (LAMA), Università Iuav di Venezia, Venenzia (Italy) [email protected] [email protected] Matsas, D., Archaeological Museum, Komotini (Greece) Leka, E., Direction of Prehistoric and Classical Antiqui- [email protected] ties, Ministry of Culture, Athína (Greece) Maver, A., Department of Archaeology, University of [email protected] Ljubljana, Ljubljana (Slovenia) León, P., Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, [email protected] Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain) Menchon, J. J., Museu d’Història de Tarragona, Ajunta- [email protected] ment de Tarragona, Tarragona (Spain) Leroux, L., Laboratoire de Recherche des Monuments [email protected] Historiques (LRMH), Champs-sur-Marne (France) Miras, A., Departamento de Cristalografía, Mineralogía [email protected] y Química Agrícola, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla López Aldana, P., Sevilla (Spain) (Spain) [email protected] [email protected]

7 INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES ON ANCIENT STONE. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IX ASMOSIA CONFERENCE (TARRAGONA 2009)

Miró, C., ICUB- Servei d’Arqueologia, Barcelona (Spain) Polikreti, K., University of Tirana, Tirana (Albania) [email protected] [email protected] Molist, N., Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya-Olèrdo- Pollini, J., Department of Art History, University of la, Barcelona (Spain) Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (USA) [email protected] [email protected] Moretti, J. C., IRAA du CNRS, MOM, Université de Preite-Martinez, M., Dipartimento di Scienze della Ter- Lyon 2, Lyon (France) ra, Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma (Italy) [email protected] [email protected] Moya, A., Grup d’Investigació Prehistòrica, Departa- Přikryl, R., Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and ment d’Història, Universitat de Lleida (UdL), Lleida Mineral Resources, Charles University in Prague, (Spain) Praha (Czech Republic) [email protected] [email protected] Muñoz, A., Museu Bíblic Tarraconense, Tarragona Prochaska, W., Department of Applied Geological Sci- (Spain) ences and Geophysics, University of Leoben, Leoben [email protected] (Austria) Niso, J., Iterbide S.C., Vitoria-Gasteiz (Spain) [email protected] [email protected] Rébé, I., Centre Archéologique de Ruscino, Perpignan Nogales, T., Museo Nacional de Arte Romano de Mérida (France) (MNAR) / Consejería de Educación y Cultura, Junta [email protected] de Extremadura, Mérida (Spain) Revilla, E., Museu d’Història de Barcelona (MUHBA), [email protected]; [email protected] Barcelona (Spain) Noguera, J. M., Área de Arqueología, Universidad de [email protected] Murcia, Murcia (Spain) Reyes, O., Unidad de Arqueología, IE University, Sego- [email protected] via (Spain) Ontiveros, E., Laboratorio de Geología, Instituto Anda- [email protected] luz del Patrimonio Histórico (IAPH), Sevilla (Spain) Riache, C., National Archaeological Museum of Setif, [email protected] Setif (Algeria) Orfi la, M., Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, [email protected] Universidad de Granada, Granada (Spain) Riera Rullan, M., Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears (Spain) orfi [email protected] [email protected] Otiña, P., Salou (Spain) Rižnar, I., Ljubljana (Slovenia) [email protected] [email protected] Ovadiah, A., Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv (Israel) Rodà, I., Institut Català d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC), [email protected] Tarragona / Departament de Ciències de l’Antiguitat Paduan, I., Croatian Conservation Institute, Split i l’Edat Mitjana, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Croatia) (UAB), Barcelona (Spain) [email protected] [email protected] Pensabene, P., Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Antichità, Rodríguez, O., Departamento de Prehistoria y Arque- Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Roma (Italy) ología, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain) [email protected] [email protected] Pérez, C., Unidad de Arqueología, IE University, Segovia Romano, I.B., American School of Classical Studies at (Spain) Athens, Princeton, NJ (USA) [email protected] [email protected] Perna, S., Department of Classics Royal Holloway, Uni- Romero, M., Servicio de Arqueología, Ayuntamiento de versity of London, London (UK) Antequera, Málaga (Spain) [email protected]; [email protected] Royo, H., Unitat d’Estudis Arqueomètrics, Institut Cat- Pike, S., Department of Earth and Environmental Sci- alà d’Arqueologia Clàssica (ICAC), Tarragona / De- ence, Willamette University, Salem, OR (USA) partamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de [email protected] Zaragoza, Zaragoza (Spain) Pitarch, A., Laboratory of X-ray Analytical Applications [email protected] (LARX), Institut de Ciències de la Terra “Jaume Alm- Russell, B., Classics Department, King’s College Lon- era” (ICTJA-CSIC), Barcelona (Spain) don, London (UK) [email protected]; [email protected] [email protected] Pivko, D., Department of Geology and Paleontology, Salán, M., Madrid (Spain) Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, [email protected] Bratislava (Slovakia) Scardozzi, G., Istituto per i Beni Archeologici e Monu- [email protected] mentali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBAM- Pojani, I., University of Tirana, Tirana (Albania) CNR), Lecce (Italy) [email protected] [email protected]

8 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Soler, B., Instituto de Arqueología de Mérida (IAM- Varti-Matarangas, M., Institute of Geology and Mineral CSIC), Mérida (Spain) Exploration (IGME), Athína (Greece) [email protected] [email protected] Šťastná, A., Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Vázquez, M. A., Departamento de Cristalografía, Min- Mineral Resources, Charles University in Prague, eralogía y Química Agrícola, Universidad de Sevilla, Praha (Czech Republic) Sevilla (Spain) [email protected] [email protected] Storage, W., Offi ce for History of Science and Technol- Vermeulen, F., Centro Interdisciplinar de História, Cultu- ogy, University of California, Berkeley (USA) ras e Sociedades (CIDEHUS), Universidade de Évora, [email protected]; [email protected] Évora (Portugal) Stoyanov, T., Department of Archaeology, Sofi a Univer- [email protected] sity “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofi a (Bulgaria) Villa, I., Isotopengeologie, Mineralogisch-Petrographi- [email protected] sches Institut, Universität Bern, Bern (Switzerland) Stoyanova, D., Department of Archaeology, Sofi a Uni- [email protected] versity “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofi a (Bulgaria) Visona, D., Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Univer- [email protected] sità di Padova, Padova (Italy) Sturgeon, M., Department of Art, University of North [email protected] Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC (USA) Vitti, M., Sovraintendenza Beni Culturali, Comune di [email protected] Roma, Roma (Italy) Taelman, D., Department of Archaeology, Ghent Uni- [email protected] versity, Gent (Belgium) Waelkens, M., Sagalassos Archaeological Research [email protected] Project, Department of Archaeology, Catholic Uni- Tambakopoulos, D., Laboratory of Archaeometry, In- versity of Leuven, Leuven (Belgium) stitute of Materials Science, NCSR “Demokritos”, [email protected] Aghia Paraskevi (Greece) Wescoat, B. D., Art History Department, Emory Uni- [email protected] versity, Atlanta, GA (USA) Taylor, R., Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, [email protected] Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla (Spain) Wielgosz, D., Institute of Archaeology, University of [email protected] Warsaw, Warszawa (Poland) Teixell, I., Museu d’Història de Tarragona, Ajuntament [email protected] de Tarragona, Tarragona (Spain) Wurch-Kozelj, M., École Française d’Athènes, Thassos [email protected] (Greece) Toma, N., Institut für Klassische Archäologie, Christian- [email protected] Albrechts-Universität, Kiel (Germany) Yavuz, A. B., Geological Engineering Department, [email protected] D.E.Ü. Engineering Faculty, İzmir (Turkey) Tykot, R. H., Department of Anthropology, University [email protected] of South Florida (USF), Tampa, FL (USA) Younès, A., Faculté des Sciences Humaines et Sociales de [email protected] Tunis, Tunis (Tunisia) Ungaro, L., Sovraintendenza Beni Culturali, Comune di [email protected] Roma, Roma (Italy) Zachos, G. A., Research Centre for Antiquity, Academy [email protected] of Athens, Athína (Greece) van den Hoek, A., Harvard Divinity School, Cambridge, [email protected] MA (USA) [email protected] Van Keuren, F., Lamar Dodd School of Art, University of Georgia, Athens, GA (USA) [email protected]

9 Nota bene The quality of the texts and images relies on the quality of the originals provided by the authors. CONTENTS

Presentation ...... 15 In Memoriam Rafael Arana ...... 17

1. APPLICATIONS TO SPECIFIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL QUESTIONS. USE OF MARBLE Roman marble salvaging, S. J. Barker...... 22 Computer technology and three-dimensional models in determining the recutting of Roman portraits: the Getty Augustus, J. Pollini and W. Storage ...... 31 The import and the use of white marble and coloured stone for wall and fl oor revetment at Sagalassos, M. Corremans, P. Degryse, D. Wielgosz and M. Waelkens . . . . . 38 Quarry origins, commission, and import of the marble sculptures from the Roman Theater in /Amman, Jordan, E. A. Friedland and R. H. Tykot ...... 52 The “peopled” scroll motif in the Land of Israel in the Roman period: the case of the marble friezes in the Roman theatre at Beth Shean/Scythopolis, A. Ovadiah ...... 61 An introductory study to the ornamental and building stones of the Djemila (Algeria) archaeological site, D. Dessandier, F. Antonelli, L. Lazzarini, M. Varti-Matarangas, L. Leroux, M. Hamiane, C. Riache and C. Khalfallah ...... 68 Unfi nished kouros in the Mytilene Archaeological Museum: marble sculpture in Lesbos in the Archaic period, E. Leka ...... 75 Ancient sculptures of imported marble in the central part of Dardania (present day Kosovo), E. Dobruna-Salihu ...... 82 Two incomplete sculptures from Cavae Romanae quarries (Istria, Croatia), K. Džin . . . 89 Late Roman sarcophagi in central Italy made from scavenged blocks, J. J. Herrmann Jr. . 93 Archaeometric analyses of white marbles from Hadrian’s Villa (Tivoli, Italy) and the use of Pentelic and Dokymaean marbles in the statuary of the so-called , P. Pensabene, F. Antonelli, L. Lazzarini and S. Cancelliere ...... 104 Ancient coloured marbles and their surrogates in the Milan cathedral (late 16th century), R. Bugini and L. Folli...... 109 The marmora from the Forum of Ruscino (Château-Roussillon, France), P. Pensabene, I. Rébé and I. Rodà ...... 113 The stones of Ammaia (Portugal): use and provenance, D. Taelman, F. Vermeulen, M. De Dapper and P. De Paepe ...... 117 The opus sectile of the curia of Ilipa (Alcalá del Río, Seville). Considerations on the use of stone in public architecture from Roman Baetica, O. Rodríguez, I. Mañas and E. Ontiveros ...... 127 Suitability criteria for the selection of marble to be used for restoration: application to the Alhambra Palace (Granada, Spain), A. Miras, M. A. Vázquez, E. Galán, C. Apostolaki and T. Marcopoulos ...... 136 Almándoz marble from Navarra in the Arcaya Roman thermae in Álava (Northern Spain), L. M. Martínez-Torres, L. Eguíluz, M. Loza Uriarte and J. Niso ...... 142 Espejón marmor and its use in Roman Hispania, M. Salán...... 146 Use of marmora in the ornamental program of Las Pizarras Roman site (ancient Cauca, Segovia, Spain), C. Pérez, O. Reyes, I. Rodà, A. Àlvarez, A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M., A. Domènech and H. Royo ...... 151 Funding of public buildings and calculation of the costs of the stone materials. The case of the Forum of Segobriga (Cuenca, Spain). P. Pensabene, R. Mar and R. Cebrián. . 161 The marble repertoire of the Roman villa of Cornelius (Valencia, Spain), R. Albiach, E. García-Prósper and A. Gallego ...... 176

11 INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES ON ANCIENT STONE. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IX ASMOSIA CONFERENCE (TARRAGONA 2009)

Petrographic study of the tumular cist with carved steles of Reguers de Seró (Artesa de Segre, Lleida, Catalonia), M. Garcia-Valles, M. Aulinas, J. B. López Melción and A. Moya 183 The imported marmora from the Jaume I School: an assemblage from the Provincial Forum of Tarraco, R. Arola, J. Á. Domingo and N. Gasull ...... 190 The marmora used in the imperial cult area of Tarraco (Hispania Citerior), A. Àlvarez, J. M. Macias, A. Muñoz, À. Pitarch, I. Teixell and J. J. Menchon ...... 196 Marmora at the Tarraco of the Antonines: the assemblage of Sant Pau and Santa Tecla Hospital (Tarragona, Spain), A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M. and J. López Vilar ...... 204 Columns and rotae in Tarraco made with granite from the Troad, I. Rodà, P. Pensabene and J. Á. Domingo ...... 210

2. PROVENANCES AND IDENTIFICATION I. MARBLES Tracing the origin of marbles by inclusion fl uid chemistry, W. Prochaska and D. Attanasio ...... 230 Determining white marble provenance of Greek and Roman sculpture in the Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Missouri, B. Kidd, D. Attanasio and R. H. Tykot . 238 On the Ephesian origin of greco scritto marble, D. Attanasio, A. B. Yavuz, M. Bruno, J. J. Herrmann Jr., R. H. Tykot and A. van den Hoek ...... 245 A new source of bigio antico marble: the ancient quarries of Iznik (Turkey), A. B. Yavuz, M. Bruno and D. Attanasio ...... 255 The Sanctuary of the Great Gods on Samothrace, Greece: an extended marble provenance study, Y. Maniatis, D. Tambakopoulos, E. Dotsika, B. D. Wescoat and D. Matsas ...... 263 Provenance investigation of two marble artefacts from ancient Stymphalos, Greece, Y. Maniatis, D. Tambakopoulos and M. Sturgeon ...... 279 The search for the Prehistoric marble sources in the Cyclades, D. Tambakopoulos and Y. Maniatis ...... 287 Characterization and distribution of marble from Cap de Garde and Mt. Filfi la, Algeria, J. J. Herrmann Jr., D. Attanasio, R. H. Tykot and A. van den Hoek ...... 300 Provenance investigation of marble sculptures from Butrint, Albania, V. Gaggadis-Robin, I. Pojani, K. Polikreti and Y. Maniatis ...... 310 Provenance study of Czech marbles based on a comparison of mineralogical-petrographic, cathodoluminescence, plus C and O isotopic characteristics, A. Šťastná, R. Přikryl and A. Černíková...... 322 Rome: white marbles in the Fora of Caesar, Augustus, and Trajan, D. Attanasio, M. Brilli, M. Bruno, L. Ungaro and M. Vitti ...... 331 Three fragments of a Marsyas sarcophagus: multimethod marble analyses, F. Va n Keuren, D. Attanasio, J. J. Herrmann Jr., S. Hipol, J. Cox, L. P. Gromet and D. Abramitis . 344 Investigations on the white marbles of architectural elements in Salento (Southern Italy), L. Del Pietro ...... 355 White sculptural materials from Villa Adriana: study of provenance, P. Lapuente, P. León, T. Nogales, H. Royo, M. Preite-Martinez and Ph. Blanc ...... 364 Black sculptural materials from Villa Adriana: study of provenance, P. Lapuente, T. Nogales, P. León, H. Royo and M. Preite-Martinez ...... 376 The importation of white marble into Paestum during the Republic and at the beginning of the Empire, M. Cipriani, L. Lazzarini and S. Cancelliere ...... 384 The white marble quarries of Campiglia Marittima (Livorno, Italy) and the provenance of marble artefacts from Populonia, F. Cavari, F. Droghini, M. Giamello, L. Lazzarini and C. Mascione ...... 390 White marbles provenance study of Caesar’s head and other major sculptures found in the Rhône River at Arles (France), Ph. Blanc, Ph. Bromblet and L. Leroux ...... 401

12 CONTENTS

Petrography and elemental geochemistry of the Roman quarries of Los Castillejos and Los Covachos (Almadén de la Plata, Seville, Spain). Outcrops and semi-elaborated products, E. Ontiveros, J. Beltrán, R. Taylor, O. Rodriguez and P. López Aldana ...... 407 Study of provenance of the Roman sarcophagus known today as the tomb of King Ramiro II of Aragon, P. Lapuente, J. A. Cuchí, H. Royo, M. Preite-Martinez, Ph. Blanc and C. Garcés...... 419 Provenance of some ancient marbles from El Pla de Ses Figueres (Cabrera, Balearic Islands, Spain), A. Àlvarez, I. Rodà, M. Riera Rullan, A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M., A. Domènech and H. Royo ...... 426

3. PROVENANCES AND IDENTIFICATION II. OTHER STONES Archaeometric characterisation of one Tunisian and two Italian calcareous alabasters used in antiquity, L. Lazzarini, D. Visonà, M. Giamello and I. Villa ...... 436 A fi rst study of some lumachelle (fossiliferous stones) used in Roman antiquity, L. Lazzarini and M. Mariottini...... 445 Stone blocks used for the building of the Thysdrus and Thapsus amphitheatres in Tunisia, A. Younes, M. E. Gaied and W. Gallala ...... 452 Alabastro a pecorella, Aïn Tekbalet, and Bou Hanifi a, Algeria: a preliminary report, J. J. Herrmann Jr., A. van den Hoek and R. H. Tykot ...... 463 Sirmium’s main limestone quarry at Dardagani (Bosnia and Herzegovina), B. Djurić, A. Maver, I. Rižnar, D. Jovanović and J. Davidović ...... 471 Miocene limestone as dressed stone for Carnuntum Roman town and surrounding settlements in Upper Pannonia (Austria, Slovakia, Hungary), D. Pivko...... 480 Ancient uses of the Roman breccia (brèche des Romains) in Gaul, A. Blanc and Ph. Blanc ...... 487 Notes on local stone use in Colonia Patricia Corduba (Córdoba, Spain), M. I. Gutiérrez Deza ...... 493 Roman use, petrography and elemental geochemistry of the Surco Intrabético limestones (western region of Málaga province, Spain), J. Beltrán, E. Ontiveros Ortega, M. L. Loza Azuaga and M. Romero ...... 500 Local stone used on the Roman bridge of Martorell (Barcelona, Spain), A. Àlvarez and À. Pitarch ...... 511 Petrographic characterisation of an opus sectile found in the Roman town of Pollentia (Alcudia, Majorca, Spain), M. E. Chávez, C. Mas, M. Orfi la, A. Àlvarez, I. Rodà, A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M., A. Domènech and M. Á. Cau...... 518

4. TRANSPORT AND TRADE OF STONE Contracts and costs for shipping marble in the Roman Empire, J. C. Fant ...... 528 Shipwrecks and stone cargoes: some observations, B. Russell ...... 533 The Temple of Apollo at and the Kizilburun shipwreck: preliminary analysis of isotopic data, W. Aylward, D. Carlson, D. Laroche, J. C. Moretti and S. Pike ...... 540 Marble trade in Moesia Inferior. The case of Tomis and Odessos. Its origin and its characteristics, N. Toma ...... 549

5. QUARRIES Unknown ancient marble quarries of Western Asia Minor, M. Bruno, H. Elçi, A. B. Yavuz and D. Attanasio ...... 562 Ancient marble and alabaster quarries near in Phrygia (Turkey): new data from archaeological surveys, G. Scardozzi ...... 573 The marble quarries of the of Ephesos and some examples of the use for marbles in Ephesian architecture and sculpturing, W. Prochaska and S. M. Grillo. . . . . 584 The ancient quarry at Pagani-Alyfanta, Lesbos, Greece, G. A. Zachos and E. Leka . . . . 592

13 INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES ON ANCIENT STONE. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IX ASMOSIA CONFERENCE (TARRAGONA 2009)

Cipollino marble quarries south of Karystos at Aghii (Euboea, Greece), M. Bruno and M. Vitti ...... 604 New work on quarrying in the territory of Eretria, Euboea, B. Russell and S. Fachard . . 612 Grey limestone quarries of Byllis (Albania), T. Kozelj and M. Wurch-Kozelj...... 619 The ancient quarries in Croatia. The technology of extracting stone, M. Buzov . . . . . 628 Ancient quarries on the Eastern Adriatic Coast with specifi c reference to the island of Brač (Croatia), I. Donelli, M. Matijaca and I. Paduan ...... 636 The Cavae Romanae quarry. Properties and use of the stone for the amphitheatre in Pula (Croatia), V. Girardi Jurkić ...... 640 The quarries of Almadén de la Plata (Seville, Spain): new data from the recent archaeological interventions, O. Rodríguez, J. Beltán, P. López Aldana, E. Ontiveros and R. Taylor ...... 645 The Roman quarries of the town and territory of Los Bañales (Uncastillo, Zaragoza, Spain), A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M, H. Royo and J. Andreu ...... 651 Quarrying, use and scope of Cabezo Gordo and Rambla de Trujillo marbles (Murcia, Spain) in the Roman era, R. Arana †, J. A. Antolinos, J. M. Noguera, B. Soler and S. Arana ...... 657 Roman quarries in the northeast of Hispania (modern Catalonia, Spain), A. Gutiérrez Garcia-M...... 665 The Roman quarry at Montjuïc (Barcelona, Spain), C. Miró and E. Revilla ...... 680 The Roman Republican and medieval quarry of Sant Miquel d’Olèrdola (Olèrdola, Barcelona), N. Molist and P. Otiña ...... 688 Stone quarrying on the fi nal stretch of the Ebro (Spain), M. Genera and A. Àlvarez . . . 696

6. QUARRYING TECHNIQUES, ORGANIZATION AND STONE MANUFACTURING Quarry blocks in marmor Iassense from the Balik Pazari at (Turkey), M. Bruno . . . 706 Use of a saw in Roman and proto-Byzantine period on the island of Thassos, T. Kozelj and M. Wurch-Kozelj ...... 715 Stone-cutting workshops at the Getic capital Helis (NE Bulgaria) – tools and techniques, T. Stoyanov and D. Stoyanova...... 723 The quarries at Luni in the 1st century AD: fi nal considerations on some aspects of production, diffusion and costs, P. Pensabene ...... 731 The red travertine of Mula (Murcia, Spain): management and administration of quarries in the Roman period, B. Soler, J. M. Noguera, R. Arana † and J. A. Antolinos . . 744

7. PIGMENTS AND PAINTINGS ON MARBLE The role of the stone in the polychrome treatment of Hellenistic sculptures, C. Blume. . 754 A Hellenistic greek marble statue with ancient polychromy reported to be from , M. B. Abbe, G. E. Borromeo and S. Pike ...... 763

8. SYMBOLISM OF STONES. LOCAL AND IMPORTED MATERIALS The use and symbolism of Pentelic marble in Domitianic Rome, I. B. Romano, S. Pike and E. Gazda ...... 772 Phrygian for Phrygians: semiotics of “exotic” local marble, B. Burrell ...... 780 The colours of death. Roman cinerary urns in coloured stone, S. Perna ...... 787

14 PETROGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE TUMULAR CIST WITH CARVED STELES OF REGUERS DE SERÓ (ARTESA DE SEGRE, LLEIDA, CATALONIA)

M. Garcia-Valles, M. Aulinas, J.B. López Melción and A. Moya

Abstract The tumular cist of Reguers de Seró is an interesting archaeological site on the knowledge of the peninsular and European megalithic art. The exceptionality of this megalith is the presence of carved steles which prov- enance is related to a previous Neolithic monument. The petrographic characterization of the steles evidences an acceptable degree of conservation of a massive clast-sup- ported calcarenite. The raw material has been classified as well-cemented carbonated sandstone mainly formed by calcite, quartz, rock fragments, phyllosilicates and iron oxides. The homogeneity of the gravestone samples as well as of the outcropping allows affirming that the source in which the rocks were extracted was the place in which the gravestones were cut and reworked. It can also be hypoth- esized that this cultural group knew the main properties of the materials of the zone as they selected the most con- sistent, easy to engrave, and durable material to construct these steles.

Keywords Neolithic gravestones, petrography, mineral assemblage.

Introduction

The tumular cist of Reguers de Seró was exposed dur- ing the construction of the Segarra-Garrigues irrigation Fig. 1. A) Partial section of the tumular cist of Reguers de system in 2007 (Fig. 1). The archaeological site is lo- Seró (Catalonia) which was sealed by quaternary alluvial cated in a small village (Seró) close to the Artesa de Segre sediments coming from the neighbouring Senill ravine. B) town, with UTM 343991 4638706 coordinate. The base General view of the megalith (once excavated) in which some of the tumul was buried at ca. 4 meters depth from the of the Neolithic carved steles are observed. present-day surface whereas the top was located at ca. 3 meters depth. The 4 meters paleosol consists on detritic rian Peninsula or in the rest of Europe. The archaeologi- sedimentary material (gravelstones, sandstones and clay- cal studies have proved that the tumular cist was used as stones) which origin has been related to an anomalous a megalithic tomb during the first half of the third mil- filling of the Senill Valley as a result of an atypical high lennium cal. BC. This chronology has been confirmed energy transport of the Senill ravine (Garcia-Valles et al. by the cultural elements observed in the outcropping 2010; López et al. 2010). The tumular cist consists on a (bell-shape ceramics, “V” drilling button, arrow and 9 meters long to 6 meters wide elliptical plant in which peduncles, etc) as well as by C14 dating. In fact, it has the tombstones used for its building shows an apparent been dated the use of the tumular structure giving an randomly distribution. As noted by López et al. (2010) age of Beta-230406: 4150±50 BP. The uniqueness of the and Garcia-Valles et al. (2010), the northern and eastern Reguers de Seró megalith is the presence of Neolithic parts of the cist consist on an accurate arrangement with carved steles coming from a previous monument. These gravestones used as paving of the tumular structure and steles show similar characteristics to the well-known Eu- the biggest ones piled up vertically or horizontally. ropean Neolithic and Chalcolithic-end age monuments This archaeological site is considered an important like Petit-Chasseur, Saint-Martin-de-Colréans, Arco or evidence of the Iberian Peninsula and European mega- Rouergue. Moreover, the exceptionality of the ichno- lithic art. López and Moya (2010), López et al. (2010) graphic motifs observed on the steles (e.g. schematic and Moya et al. (20109 support the importance of this representations of clothing) supports the existence of cultural identity as it has no similar referents in the Ibe- a specific cultural group in the Pre-Pyrenees area. This

183 PETROInGRtAerdPHICisci STpUDYlina OryF TStHEud TiEsUM oUnLA AnR CISTcien WITt StoH ne.CAR PVrEDoc STeedELiEngS OsF o REGUERf the IXS DEASMOSIA SERÓ (A CRoTnferenESA DE cSEGREe (Tarr, LLaEgIoDnA,a CATALO 2009) NIA) cultural group has been recently rediscovered in the Sol- and limonitic limestones alternating with thick layers sonès region. of sandstone banks and conglomerates. Such Oligocene From a geological point of view, the megalith is lo- materials are in contact with fluvial and terminal lobe cated at the north east of the Ebro Basin in the Central sandstones beds and mudstones corresponding to the Catalan Depression (Fig. 2). The Ebro Basin is an au- Artés Formation (Eocene – Oligocene) (Sáez 1987; Sáez tochthonous part of the southern foreland sedimentary et al. 2007). basin complex flanking the Pyrenees, and developed The aim of this work is to characterize from a pet- in response to south-verging thrust systems during the rographic point of view the different Neolithic steles Upper Cretaceous – Palaeogene (Sáez 1987; Sáez et of Reguers de Seró and surrounding outcrops in order al. 2007). The archaeological site is situated in Pont- to determine the provenance of the rock material from Calaf anticline and it is included in the Molasses Sol- which the steles were constructed. sona Formation (Oligocene) which consists on marls

Fig. 2. Geological maps showing the location of Reguers de Seró tumular cist within the Central Catalan Depression, in the Pont- Calaf anticline (above). Steles are made by materials corresponding to Molassa de Solsona Formation (Oligocene) (layers POmg and POmlg; in the map below) (source: Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya, www.icc.cat).

184 M. Garcia-Valles, M. Aulinas, J.B. López Melción and A. Moya

Materials and methods

A set of samples coming from five Neolithic steles (Stele Seró II: UE-106; Stele Seró I: UE-107; Stele Seró V: UE-108; Stele Seró III: UE-109 and Stele Seró IV: UE-110) (Fig. 3) were analyzed. Moreover, the outcrops surrounding the megalith were also sampled. In particu- lar, one sample was collected at the same archeological site whereas two samples were collected in an outcrop located at the C-14 road between the towns of Ponts and Artesa de Segre (between the kilometric points 112 and 113) and close to the small rural village El Gos (Fig. 4). The Neolithic steles consist of eight rectangular tombstones with rounded spines ranging from ca. 1 to 2 meters in height, 1 to 2 meters in width and ca. 25 Fig. 4. The nearby outcrops are formed by grey-beige centimeters thick. All of them are fully decorated with sandstone sandstones and intercalated carbonated materials ichnographic motifs (Fig. 3). At present day, the decora- layers (Molassa de Solsona Formation, Oligocene) which are tion is observable in the inner parts of the steles which usually in contact with a reddish layer formed by sandstones were located at the interior of the tumular cist. The rest and mudstones (Artés Formation).

Fig. 3. The carved steles show a rectangular shape with rounded spines. Their sizes range from 1.1 to 2.3 m high, 1 to 1.6 m wide and c. 25 cm thick. Despite the erosion, most of the steles show fully preserved decorations.

185 PETROInGRtAerdPHICisci STpUDYlina OryF TStHEud TiEsUM oUnLA AnR CISTcien WITt StoH ne.CAR PVrEDoc STeedELiEngS OsF o REGUERf the IXS DEASMOSIA SERÓ (A CRoTnferenESA DE cSEGREe (Tarr, LLaEgIoDnA,a CATALO 2009) NIA)

186 M. Garcia-Valles, M. Aulinas, J.B. López Melción and A. Moya

Fig. 5. Photographs and microphotographs of the studied steles and outcrop samples showing their main textural and mineralogical characteristics.

187 PETROInGRtAerdPHICisci STpUDYlina OryF TStHEud TiEsUM oUnLA AnR CISTcien WITt StoH ne.CAR PVrEDoc STeedELiEngS OsF o REGUERf the IXS DEASMOSIA SERÓ (A CRoTnferenESA DE cSEGREe (Tarr, LLaEgIoDnA,a CATALO 2009) NIA)

mass or matrix is formed by calcite with sizes under 5 mm (micrite) and displaying a microcrystalline mosaic. Finally, cement composition is formed by calcite with grains up to 25 mm in size (sparite). The main petrographic characteristics of steles Stele Seró II: UE-106 to Stele Seró IV: UE-110 and of the outcrop samples are reported in Fig. 5. In general, the steles show a homometric aspect with grain sizes ranging from 20 to 250 mm and being homogeneous in composi- tion. Calcite is the main mineral phase being present as clasts fragments, as micrite in the groundmass and as ce- ment. All the steles are recovered by a uniformly distrib- uted beige-orange patina of 35 to 100 µm in size which modify their external aspect. These patinas are formed by microcrystalline calcite mixed with clay minerals among Fig. 6. Diagram showing the percentage of the mineral phases others. A detailed characterization of such patinas has present in the analyzed samples. Calcite and, in minor degree, been recently presented by Garcia-Valles et al. (2010). quartz are the main phases. All the above cited textural aspects are the cause of the good conservation state of the studied steles. The outcrop samples are clast-supported and also show has been eroded, probably as a consequence of the envi- a uniform homometric and granulometric texture. The ronmental conditions main difference between the analysed outcrop samples is Samples from the neighbouring outcrops correspond the clast average. It has been distinguished samples with to the Molasses Solsona Formation which consists on clast sizes of 89-90 mm and other ranging from 150 to 250 grey-beige layers formed by sandstones and intercalated mm. However, this variability is typical of this facies type. carbonated materials. As seen in Fig. 4, such materials are The petrographic study also shows that the main detrital in contact with a reddish layer constituted by sandstones phases are quartz, calcite and rock fragments. Morpho- and mudstones, attributable to the Artes Formation. logical quartz faces vary from angular to subangular. Rock Rock characterization was carried out by using a mag- fragments are formed by small pieces of sedimentary rocks nifying glass binocular (Nikon SMZ-500) and polarizing and metamorphic rocks including quartzite and schist. light microscope (Nikon Eclipse LV100pol). Moreover, Similarly to the steles, calcite is the main mineral phase these samples were also analysed by X-ray diffraction present in the outcrop samples because it is observed as (XRD) and scanning microscopy (SEM). XRD analyses cement crystals with sized up to 10 mm (sparite), as mi- were performed using a SIEMENS D-500 X-ray diffrac- crocrystalline (1-4 mm, micrite) crystals in the groundmass tometer. Diffraction patterns in the 4-70 °2θ range were and as clasts. Accessory minerals (only observable under obtained with a 0.017 °2θ step scan and a 50 s counting microscope) are biotite and opaque minerals (iron oxides). time. Operating conditions were 40 kV and 30 mA, us- X-Ray Diffraction analyses were carried out for all ing Cu Ka radiation (1.54061 Å) and a graphite mono- the selected samples (steles and outcrop). The results are chromator. SEM Jeol JSM-840 and on an ESEM Quanta presented in Fig. 6. The XRD study confirms that calcite

200 FEI, XTE 325/D8395. Working conditions were 10 (CaCO3) is the main mineral phase with 57% in average, -9 -9 KV and 3·10 A, and 20 KV and 1·10 , respectively. whereas dolomite, CaMg (CO3)2, not detected under the microscope, only represents a 10% of the total. Quartz

(SiO2) is also a significant mineral phase of ca. 21% in Results and discussion average. Minor proportions of feldspars including or-

thoclase K [AlSi3O8] with 1% and plagioclase ((Na,Ca) Binocular observations show the homogeneity of the [(Si,Al)4O8]) among 8% are also detected. Finally, a 4% studied samples steles and outcrops. The petrographic in average of illite or clay minerals K2-x Al4 [Si6-x Al2-xO20] study of the stele whole-rock samples classifies them (OH)4 are also present. as massive clast-supported calcarenite which is well-ce- Petrographic and mineralogical results denote the uni- mented carbonate sandstone. Such composition coin- formity of the studied set of samples and thus, we can make cides with the petrographic classification of the neigh- the assumption that the raw material for the construction boring outcrop samples. of the steles was removed from the nearby outcropping. In general, these detritic rock types are characterized by three main compounds which include (1) clasts, (2) groundmass and (3) cement. Clasts fragments comprise Conclusions angular to sub-angular monocrystalline quartz, rock fragments (sub-angular quartzite and schist with differ- The homogeneity of the gravestones samples as well ent degrees of roundedness), phyllosilicates (muscovite), as of the outcropping allows affirming that the source in calcite and opaque minerals (iron oxides). The ground- which the rocks were extracted could also be the place in

188 M. Garcia-Valles, M. Aulinas, J.B. López Melción and A. Moya which the gravestones were cut and reworked. It can also Institut Cartogràfic de Catalunya: www.icc.cat be hypothesized that this cultural group knew the main López, J. B.; Moya A 2010: “Les estàtues-esteles dels properties of the materials of the zone as they selected the Reguers de Seró (Artesa de Segre, Lleida) i les evi- most consistent, easy to engrave, and durable material to dències d’un grup escultòric singular del megalitisme construct these steles. català: el grup de Seró”, in: 2n Col·loqui d’Arqueologia d’Odèn, (el Solsonès). Home i territori. Darreres inves- tigacions al Prepirineu lleidatà 2006-2008, Solsona, Acknowledgments 69-84. López J. B.; Moya A.; Escala O.; Nieto A. 2010: “La The authors’ knowledge to J. Illa and Dr. J. Garcia- cista tumulària amb esteles esculpides dels Reguers de Veigas (SCT-UB) for their technical support. This work Seró (Artesa de Segre, Lleida): una aportació insòlita has been done with the financial support of Research dins l’art megalític peninsular i europeu”, Tribuna Consolidated Groups 2009SGR-00444 (Mineral Re- d’Arqueologia 2008-2009, Generalitat de Catalunya, sources) and SGR-2009-00972 (Fundamental and Ap- Barcelona, 87-125. plied Petrology and Geochemistry) 2009SGR-198 (Ar- Mapa Geológico y Minero de España (IGME). Hoja chaeology, Prehistory and Ancient History) funded by de Pons 329. AGAUR-DURSI, Generalitat de Catalunya, and by the Moya A.; Martínez P.; López J. B. 2010: “Éssers de HAR2008-05256 project of Ministerio de Ciencia e In- pedra. Les estàtues-menhirs i esteles antropomorfes novación. de l’art megalític de Catalunya”, Cypsela 18, 11-41. Sáez, A. 1987: Estratigrafia y sedimentología de las forma- ciones lacustres del tránsito Eoceno-Oligoceno del NE de References la Cuenca del Ebro. PhD thesis, Universitat de Bar- celona. Garcia-Valles, M.; Aulinas, M.; López-Melción, J.B.; Sáez, A.; Anadón, P.; Herrero, M.; Moscariello Moya-Garra, A. 2010: “Patinas developed in envi- A. 2007: “Variable style of transition between Pal- ronmental burial conditions: the Neolithic steles of aeogene fluvial fan and lacustrine systems, sotherm Reguers de Seró (Lleida, Spain)”, Environ Sci Pollut Pyrenean foreland, NE Spain”, Sedimentology, 54, Res. 17, 1287-1299 367-390.

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