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Vp Vita E Pensiero JUS- ONLINE 4/2020 ISSN 1827-7942 RIVISTA DI SCIENZE GIURIDICHE a cura della Facoltà di Giurisprudenza dell’Università Cattolica di Milano SARA GALEOTTI Ricercatrice di Diritto romano e diritti dell’antichità Università degli Studi Roma Tre «Exitio est avidum mare nautis»: la «miserrima naufragorum fortuna» nell’antico Mediterraneo English title: «Exitio est avidum mare nautis»: The Tragic Fate of the Castaways in the Ancient Mediterranean World DOI: 10.26350/004084_000080 And yet I have known the sea too long to believe in its respect for decency. An elemental force is ruthlessly frank. – J. CONRAD, Falk If they will only hold their hands until the season is over, he promises them a royal carnival, when all grudges can he settled and the survivors may toss the non- survivors overboard and arrange a story as to how the missing men were lost at sea. – J. LONDON, The Sea Wolf Sommario: 1. Introduzione: il mare degli antichi – 2. Fondamenti antropologici, economici e geografici della predazione marittima – 2.1. Il sentimento dell’altro – 2.2. Predazione, sopravvivenza e conquista – 3. Antiche consuetudini marittime mediterranee e limitazione delle pratiche predatorie – 4. Brevi cenni sulle misure adottate dai Romani «ad nautas ex maris periculis servandos» – 5. Considerazioni finali. Il contributo è stato sottoposto a double blind peer review. VP VITA E PENSIERO JUS- ONLINE 4/2020 ISSN 1827-7942 1. Introduzione: il mare degli antichi Elemento imprevedibile1, spesso ostile2, il mare costituisce nell’immaginario degli antichi uno spazio da sempre sottratto alle leggi umane3. La sua rappresentazione4, caratterizzata da una forte * Il testo riproduce nelle sue linee portanti la lezione tenuta il 15 febbraio 2019 presso l’Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, su invito di Lauretta Maganzani, per il ciclo di seminari “Immigrati, profughi e rifugiati nei diritti antichi” promosso nell’ambito del progetto di ricerca D.3.2 “Immigrazione e integrazione. Società multietnica e tutela della dignità della persona”. 1 Si vedano, al riguardo, Semon. fr. 7.27-42 (West); Dio. Laert. 1.104; Ath. Deipn. 8.42; Phal. AP 7.650.4 (= HE 2965); Leon. Tar. AP 7.665.1-2 (= HE 2032-3); Isid. Aeg. AP 7.293 (= GPh 3891-6); Antip. Thess. AP 7.640 (= Gph 377-382), 9.82.1-2 (= GPh 151-2); Tac. Ann. 14.3; Eccl. 43.26. Sul tema dell’ambiguità del mare, specialmente circa la sua rappresentazione nei miti, rinvio all’ormai classico R. Buxton, Imaginary Greece. The Contexts of Mythology, Cambridge 1994, pp. 97-103 e, fra gli ultimi contributi, a M.-C. Beaulieu, The Sea in the Greek Imagination, Philadelphia 2016 (in particolare pp. 13 ss. per l’analisi della più recente dottrina sull’argomento). Ulteriori rimandi bibliografici alla nt. 4. 2 Così Arch. fr. 56 (Diehl) [= fr. 105 (West)]; Aesch. Ag. 667; Phal. AP 7.650 (= HE 2962-5); Hor. Carm. 1.3.25-28; 1.16.10; 1.28.18; 2.14.13-16; 3.27.21-24. Con particolare riguardo al ruolo del mare nell’opera di Orazio, rinvio a E. De Saint-Denis, Le rôle de la mer dans la poésie latine, Lyon 1935, pp. 281 ss.; S. Romano Martín, El mar en la obra de Horacio, in AA.VV., Los mares de griegos y romanos. Sexto coloquio de estudiantes de Filología Clásica (Valdepeñas 6-8 de Julio de 1994), Madrid 1994, pp. 87-97, e, fra le pubblicazioni più recenti, a E. Pianezzola, Adriatico e altri mari. Un’immagine simbolo per la «Graia Camena» di Orazio, in L. Braccesi – M. Luni (a cura di), Greci in Adriatico, vol. I, Roma 2002, pp. 17 ss.; A. Cucchiarelli, Orazio al confine del mare: tra biografia, poesia e allegoria politica, in Maia, 67.2 (2015), (fascicolo dedicato al tema «Omnia pontus erat». Il mare nella letteratura latina), pp. 298-324. 3 Ulp. 6 opin. D. 8.4.13 pr.: … Quamvis mari, quod natura omnibus patet, servitus imponi privata lege non potest…, sul quale v. B. Santalucia, I «libri opinionum» di Ulpiano, vol. I, Milano 1971, p. 190 e vol. II, pp. 253 ss.; J. Hallebeek, Legal Problems concerning a Draught of Tunny. Exegesis of D. 8.4.13 pr., in Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis. Revue d’histoire du droit (TR), 55 (1987), pp. 39-48; M. Talamanca, Pubblicazioni pervenute alla Direzione, in Bullettino dell’Istituto di Diritto Romano “V. Scialoja” (BIDR), 91 (1998), pp. 909 ss.; G. Provera, Servitù prediali ed obbligazioni «propter rem», in AA.VV., Studi in onore di E. Volterra, vol. II, Milano 1971, pp. 15-48; G. Franciosi, Il divieto della «piscatio thynnaria»: un’altra servitù prediale?, in Revue Internationale des droits de l’Antiquité (RIDA), 49 (2002), pp. 101- 107. Sull’anomia del mare, rimando anche a F. Ruschi, «Communis hostis omnium». La pirateria in Carl Schmitt, in Quaderni fiorentini, 38.2 (2009), pp. 1241, 1244 ss. e Id., Questioni di spazio. La terra, il mare, il diritto secondo Carl Schmitt, Torino 2012, pp. 70 ss. 4 Sul tema v., ex aliis, A. Lesky, «Thalatta». Der Weg der Griechen zum Meer, Wien 1947; L. Casson, Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, Princeton 1971, pp. 270- 296 (in particolare le note, per i riferimenti letterari); P. Janni, Il mare degli antichi, 88 JUS- ONLINE 4/2020 ISSN 1827-7942 ambivalenza5, ne fa metafora della precarietà della vita6, simbolo ideale del confine7 tra una dimensione nota dell’esistenza e un’altra oscura, dominata dalla forza minacciosa della natura8. Bari 1996; B. d’Agostino, I pericoli del mare. Spunti per una grammatica dell’immaginario visuale, in B. d’Agostino – L. Cerchiai (a cura di), Il mare, la morte, l’amore: gli Etruschi, i Greci e l’immagine, Roma 1999, pp. 73-80; Id., «Oinops pontos». Il mare come alterità nella percezione arcaica, in Mélanges de l’École française de Rome (MEFR), 111.1 (1999), pp. 107-117; F. Borca, «Avido meatu»: mare e terra come forze antagoniste, in Aufidus, 41 (2000), pp. 21-34; M. Aguinaga Alfonso, El simbolismo polisémico del Océano a lo largo de las diversas épocas y literaturas, in P.L. Zambrano Carballo – M.Á. Márquez Guerrero – A. Ramírez de Verger Jaén (ed.), El retrato literario, tempestades y naufragios, escritura y reelaboración: Actas del XII Simposio de la Sociedad Española de Literatura General y Comparada, Huelva 2000, pp. 365-375; E. Pianezzola, Adriatico e altri mari, cit., pp. 11-24; A. Lindenlauf, The Sea as a Place of No Return in Ancient Greece, in World Archaelogy, 35.3 (2003), pp. 416-433; R. Bodei, «Navigatio vitae», in AA.VV., La letteratura del mare. Atti del convegno di Napoli (13-16 settembre 2004), Roma 2006, pp. 21-35 e, nello stesso volume, D. Marcotte, Peripli nell’antichità: la sintassi greca del mare, pp. 37-50; G. Ferroni, Il mare nell’epica, l’epica del mare, pp. 113-135; P. Boitani, I mari di Ulisse, pp. 453-469; M.M. Di Nino, Lost at Sea: Pythermus as an Anti-Odysseus?, in The American Journal of Philology (AJPh), 130.1 (2009), pp. 47-65; Id., I fiori campestri di Posidippo: ricerche sulla lingua e sullo stile di Posidippo di Pella, Göttingen 2010, p. 77 ss.; A. Angelini, Spazio marino e metafore della morte nel mondo antico, in I quaderni del ramo d’oro on-line (qro.unisi.it), numero speciale: Per un atlante antropologico della mitologia greca e romana (2012), pp. 49-62; F.R. Berno, Premessa, in Maia («Omnia pontus erat»), cit., p. 229 (in particolare nt. 2 per ulteriore bibliografia sul tema) e, nello stesso fascicolo, M. Armisen-Marchetti, L’Ocean chez les historiens latins: de César a Florus, pp. 252-269 e G. La Bua, «Nihil infinitum est nisi oceanus» (Sen. Suas. 1,1). Il mare nelle declamazioni latine, pp. 325-339; A. Angelini, Il mare degli antichi e i suoi pericoli. Tra gorghi, stretti e rupi cozzanti, in Biblos, 2 (2016), pp. 79-94; L. D’Amore, «Lesteia» e «nauagia»: le paure dell'uomo greco sui mari, in Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae (AIRF), 45 (2017), pp. 193-211. V. anche l’incipit di J. Michelet, La mer, 4a ed., Paris 1875, pp. 3 ss. 5 Cfr. N. Zagagi, Travel on the Sea, but Avoid..., in Mediterranean Historical Review (MHR), 2 (1987), p. 116; J. Morton, The Role of the Physical Environment in Ancient Greek Seafaring, Leiden-Boston-Köln 2001, pp. 270 ss.; A. Angelini, Il mare, cit., p. 82. 6 Segnalo, ex multis, Plat. Phaedo 85d; Plaut. Rud. 154; Lucr. 5.222; Sen. Cons. Polyb. 9.6. V. pure H. Blumenberg, Schiffbruch mit Zuschauer: Paradigma einer Daseinsmetapher, Berlin 2011. 7 Rinvio, tra gli altri, a G. Mondarini, Le acque del mare come luogo del «limen»: riflessioni intorno alla leggenda di Cola Pesce, in La ricerca folklorica, 51 (2005), pp. 75-83; F. Ruschi, «Communis hostis omnium», cit., pp. 1243 ss.; A. Angelini, Spazio, cit., p. 55; M.-C. Beaulieu, The Sea, cit., pp. 16, 188, 193. In questa accezione, per esempio, il mare è richiamato più volte nella Bibbia (v. Gen. 1.9-10; Prov. 8.29-30), a dimostrazione della trasversalità culturale del suo contenuto simbolico. 8 Un catalogo particolarmente eloquente di aggettivazioni per il mare, definito ora ἐχθρός, ‘nemico’, oppure ἀναιδής, ‘spudorato’, o ancora λυγρός, ‘luttuoso’, è offerto 89 JUS- ONLINE 4/2020 ISSN 1827-7942 Leggiamo, per esempio, nell’Odusia: Namque nullum peius macerat humanum quamde mare saevom: vires cui sunt magnae, topper9 confringent importunae undae10. La furia dei flutti, evocata da Livio Andronico con la solennità arcaicizzante del saturnio, riverbera in modo inequivocabile la consapevolezza dei pericoli cui sono esposti i naviganti. Nella vigorosa interpretazione del modello omerico11, che ci offre il liberto tarantino, la potenza espressiva dei versi originali è infatti amplificata da scelte terminologiche12 orientate a esaltare tutta la terribilità del mare.
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