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70 Let Památníku Terezín 70 Years of the Terezín 70 LET PAMÁTNÍKU TEREZÍN 70 YEARS OF THE TEREZÍN MEMORIAL 70 LET PAMÁTNÍKU TEREZÍN Jan Munk 70 YEARS OF THE TEREZÍN MEMORIAL 1 © Památník Terezín ISBN 978-80-87242-29-2 2 HISTORICKÉ PŘEMĚNY TEREZÍNA Historie Terezína se začala psát koncem 18. století, kdy na základě Do povědomí světové veřejnosti vstoupil Terezín v letech zkušeností z několika prusko-rakouských válek rozhodl císař Jo- druhé světové války a po jejím skončení se stal jedním ze symbolů sef II. o výstavbě pevnosti na soutoku Labe a Ohře. Jejím posláním perzekuce politických odpůrců Hitlerova Německa, ale také reali- bylo napříště zabránit pronikání nepřátelských vojsk do vnitroze- zace obludného programu genocidy evropských Židů. mí Čech po trase Drážďany – Lovosice – Praha a rovněž střežit vod- Malá pevnost v Terezíně se stala v červnu 1940 policejní věz- ní cestu po řece Labi. Pevnost vybudovaná v průběhu deseti let nicí gestapa, do níž byli posíláni především političtí vězni. Prošly sestávala z Hlavní a Malé pevnosti, jakož i opevněného prostoru jí tisíce příslušníků různých směrů odbojového hnutí z okupova- mezi Starou a Novou Ohří. Pevnostní systém byl tvořen řadou prv- ných českých zemí, ale i vězni z řady evropských států. ků – mohutnými bastiony, raveliny, lunetami, hradbami, valy, za- V samotném městě – bývalé Hlavní pevnosti – vzniklo v lis- topitelnými příkopy a rozsáhlou sítí podzemních chodeb. Zatopi- topadu 1941 ghetto, sběrný a průchozí tábor pro Židy. Nejprve do telné byly i kotliny, které pokrývaly dvě třetiny obvodu pevnosti. něj byli deportováni Židé z tehdejšího Protektorátu Čechy a Mora- V průběhu válečných akcí však pevnost nikdy využita nebyla a její va, později i z Německa, Rakouska a dalších zemí. opevnění, v době vzniku prakticky nedobytné, postupně zastara- Na jaře roku 1944 pak v nedalekých Litoměřicích vznikla po- lo. Nakonec byla pevnost zrušena a Terezín se stal posádkovým bočka koncentračního tábora Flossenbürg. Úkolem vězňů tohoto městem. Již v průběhu 19. století si však smutnou proslulost zís- tábora byla výstavba podzemních továren a poté otrocká práce kala trestnice umístěná v Malé pevnosti. Ta sloužila tomuto účelu při výrobě. i v první polovině 20. století. V letech první světové války v ní byla V letech 1940–1945 bylo v uvedených třech represivních vězněna řada nepřátel habsburské monarchie včetně atentátníků zařízeních vězněno více než dvě stě tisíc lidí ze tří desítek zemí. ze Sarajeva, po vzniku československého státu v roce 1918 pak by- Každý pátý vězněný zemřel již v některém z nich, na devadesát ti- la po dalších dvacet let vojenskou věznicí a trestnicí. síc vězňů zahynulo po deportaci do dalších míst utrpení. Umírali 3 HISTORICAL CHANGES OF TEREZÍN The history of Terezín begins in the late 18th century, when Emperor Joseph II, Terezín came to be known internationally in the years of the Second drawing on experiences of several previous Prussian-Austrian wars, decided to World War; since its end it has been one of the symbols of the persecution of the build a fortress at the confluence of the Labe (Elbe) and Ohře (Eger) rivers. Its political opponents of Hitlerite Germany, also epitomizing implementation of key purpose was to stop enemy troops from penetrating into Bohemia’s hin- its monstrous program of genocide of European Jewry. terland along the route Dresden – Lovosice – Prague, and also to protect the In June 1940, Terezín’s Small Fortress was turned into the Prague Gestapo Labe waterway. Built within a decade, the stronghold comprised the Main and Police Prison, where mostly political prisoners were jailed. Thousands of resis- Small Fortress, as well as a fortified area between the Old and New Ohře rivers. tance fighters from various groups and branches of the anti-Nazi movement The fortification system consisted of a number of defense elements – massive from the occupied Czech lands, as well as prisoners from other European coun- bastions, ravelins, lunettes, ramparts, walls, ditches that could be flooded, tries were kept in the prison. and an extensive network of underground corridors. Covering as much as two A Ghetto, intended as a reception and transit camp for Jews, was es- thirds of the fortress perimeter were hollows that could be inundated, too. tablished in the town itself, which was formerly known as the Main Fortress, However, the fortress itself had never been used during war campaigns, and its in November 1941. The first deportees to the Ghetto were Jews from the then fortifications, virtually impregnable at the time of completion, gradually grew Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, later those from Germany, Austria and outdated. Eventually the fortress was abolished and Terezín was turned into a other countries. garrison town. The prison in the Small Fortress earned its infamous reputation A branch of the Flossenbürg concentration camp was set up in the nearby already in the 19th century and remained true to its image still in the first half town of Litoměřice in the spring of 1944. First forced to build local underground of the 20th century. Numerous enemies of the Habsburg monarchy, including factories, its inmates were supposed to work in those plants as slave labor. the Sarajevo assassins, were incarcerated in this prison in World War I; after the More than two hundred thousand people from three dozens of countries establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918 it served as a military prison and peni- had been imprisoned in those three Nazi repressive facilities between 1940 and tentiary for another twenty years. 1945. One in five prisoners died there, some ninety thousand people perished ve vyhlazovacích a koncentračních táborech, v káznicích, vězni- lékaři a příslušníci zdravotního personálu z řad bývalých vězňů, cích a místech hromadných poprav. příslušníci České pomocné akce – dobrovolníci z Prahy a dalších Ani závěr války ještě neznamenal v Terezíně a Litoměřicích míst, jakož i příslušníci Rudé armády. Díky nezměrnému úsilí, ale konec útrap a hromadného umírání. Evakuační transporty, které i obětem, které lékaři a zdravotníci přinesli, se podařilo epidemii na sklonku dubna a začátku května 1945 přivezly další tisíce věz- skvrnitého tyfu zastavit a před smrtí zachránit na dvacet pět tisíc ňů z koncentračních táborů vyklízených před blížící se frontou, lidí. Od konce května až do poloviny srpna 1945 potom bylo mož- s sebou přivezly také nákazu skvrnitého tyfu a dalších chorob. Ješ- no provést repatriaci bývalých vězňů. tě týdny po válce proto umírali nejen osvobození vězni, ale také 4 during deportations to other places of suffering – extermination and concen- mates but also physicians and medical personnel recruited from the ranks of tration camps, penitentiaries, prisons and mass execution grounds. the prisoners, members of the Czech Action for Help – volunteers from Prague But not even the end of the war put a stop to the hardship and deaths and other towns, as well as Red Army medical staff were still dying in Terezín. on a massive scale in Terezín and Litoměřice. Evacuation transports that kept Thanks to the tremendous efforts, and also at the cost of the lives of many doc- coming at the turn of April and May 1945 were bringing in thousands of pris- tors and paramedics, the spotted fever epidemic had been eventually brought oners from other concentration camps, vacated before the advancing war under control, and some twenty-five thousand inmates were saved from death. operations. And with the transports came a spotted fever epidemic and oth- Repatriation of the former inmates could be carried out from the end of May er diseases. Weeks after the end of the war, not only the liberated Terezín in- until mid-August 1945. VÝVOJ TEREZÍNSKÉHO PAMÁTNÍKU OD ZALOŽENÍ DO KONCE 60. LET Z iniciativy vlády znovuobnoveného Československa byl v mís- lo až na základě dalšího jednání uskutečněného v Malé pevnosti tech utrpení desetitisíců lidí roku 1947 zřízen Památník národní- 4. září 1947. ho utrpení (později přejmenovaný na Památník Terezín) s cílem Přípravné práce začaly okamžitě a již koncem ledna 1948 by- uchovávat památku obětí vlády násilí v letech druhé světové vál- la zahájena rekonstrukce budovy bývalých kasáren strážní jednot- ky a pečovat o místa spojená s jejich utrpením, ale i hrdinstvím. ky SS (dnes Muzeum Malé pevnosti) a stavební úpravy dalších ob- Příslušné usnesení vlády bylo přijato 6. května 1947. Vzápětí jektů. V zásadě měl být celý prostor udržován v původním stavu, byla zahájena jednání, která by uvedené usnesení uvedla v život. pietní místa pak měla být důstojným způsobem upravena. Kromě Malá pevnost v Terezíně, která se stala sídlem nové instituce, spa- hlavní muzejní budovy, určené pro dočasné výstavy a dokumen- dala pod správu ministerstva národní obrany, které ji hodlalo vy- tační činnost, se počítalo s využitím bývalých hromadných cel ve užít k vojenským účelům. Již na poradě zainteresovaných resortů IV. dvoře, kde měly být vytvořeny stálé expozice o dějinách Malé dne 28. května 1947 však bylo dohodnuto její předání minister- pevnosti, židovském ghettu v Terezíně a o nacistických represích stvu vnitra a zároveň stanovena posloupnost kroků administra- obecně. tivních i finančních, které tato dohoda vyžadovala. S minister- Únorové události roku 1948, kdy došlo k převzetí moci v ze- stvem spravedlnosti bylo dojednáno, že na Malou pevnost bude mi komunistickou stranou, vytvořily zcela novou politickou situ- odvelen pracovní oddíl vězňů, kteří by pokryli tamní potřebu pra- aci. Muzeum mělo být vytvořeno jako jedna souvislá expozice covních sil. Na jednání byl rovněž vznesen návrh,
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