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6 0 L E T Pa M Át N Í K U T E R E Z Í N 6 0 60 LET PAMÁTNÍKU TEREZÍN 60 YEARS OF THE TEREZÍN MEMORIAL 60 LET PAMÁTNÍKU TEREZÍN 60 YEARS OF THE TEREZÍN MEMORIAL Jan Munk 1 2 HISTORICKÉ PŘEMĚNY TEREZÍNA HISTORICAL CHANGES OF TEREZÍN Historie Terezína se začala psát koncem 18. století, kdy The history of Terezín begins in the late 18th century, when Em- na základě zkušeností z několika prusko-rakouských vá- peror Joseph II, drawing on the experience and results of previous lek rozhodl císař Josef II. o výstavbě pevnosti na soutoku Prussian-Austrian wars, decided to build a fortress on the conflu- Labe a Ohře. Jejím posláním bylo napříště zabránit pro- ence of the Labe (Elbe) and Ohře (Eger) rivers. Its main purpose was nikání nepřátelských vojsk do vnitrozemí Čech po silni- to stop enemy troops intent on penetrating into Bohemia’s hinter- ci Drážďany–Lovosice–Praha a rovněž střežit vodní ces- land along the road leading from Dresden to Lovosice and Prague, tu po řece Labi. Pevnost vybudovaná v průběhu deseti and also to protect the Elbe waterway. Constructed within ten let sestávala z Hlavní a Malé pevnosti, jakož i opevněné- years, the stronghold comprised the Main and Small Fortress as ho prostoru mezi Starou a Novou Ohří. Opevnění bylo well as a fortified area between the Old and New Ohře rivers. For- tvořeno řadou prvků – mohutnými bastiony, raveliny, lu- tifications consisted of a number of defense elements – massive netami, hradbami, valy, zatopitelnými příkopy a rozsáh- bastions, ravelins, lunettes, ramparts, walls, ditches that could lou sítí podzemních chodeb. Zatopitelné byly i kotliny, be flooded, and an extensive network of underground corridors. které pokrývaly dvě třetiny obvodu pevnosti. V průběhu There were also hollows covering a full two thirds of the fortress válečných akcí však pevnost nikdy využita nebyla a je- perimeter that could be inundated as well. However, the fortress jí opevnění, v době svého vzniku prakticky nedobytné, had never been used during war campaigns, and its fortifications, postupně zastaralo. Nakonec byla pevnost zrušena a Te- virtually impenetrable at the time of construction, gradually grew rezín se stal posádkovým městem. Již v průběhu 19. sto- outdated. In the end, the fortress was abolished and Terezín be- letí si však smutnou proslulost získala trestnice umístěná came a garrison town. A prison in the Small Fortress earned its v Malé pevnosti. Ta sloužila tomuto účelu i v první polo- infamous reputation already in the 19th century, serving its pur- vině 20. století. V letech první světové války v ní byla věz- pose still in the first half of the 20th century. Numerous enemies něna řada nepřátel habsburské monarchie včetně aten- of the Habsburg monarchy, including the assassins from Sarajevo, tátníků ze Sarajeva, po vzniku československého státu were incarcerated in the Small Fortress during the First World War; v roce 1918 pak byla po dalších dvacet let vojenskou věz- after the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918 it was a military nicí a trestnicí. prison and penitentiary. Do povědomí světové veřejnosti vstoupil Terezín v le- Terezín gained international renown during and after World tech druhé světové války a po jejím skončení jako jeden War II as one of the symbols of the persecution of the political ze symbolů perzekuce politických odpůrců nacistického opponents of Nazi Germany, also epitomizing implementation of Německa, ale také realizace obludného programu geno- Hitler’s monstrous program of the genocide of European Jewry. cidy evropských Židů. In June 1940 the Terezín Fortress was turned into the Prague Malá pevnost v Terezíně se stala v červnu 1940 poli- Gestapo Police Prison, where mostly political prisoners were cejní věznicí pražského gestapa, do níž byli posíláni pře- jailed. Thousands of resistance fighters, members of various devším političtí vězni. Prošly jí tisíce příslušníků různých groups and branches of the anti-Nazi resistance movement from směrů odbojového hnutí z okupovaných českých zemí, the Czech lands but also prisoners from other countries languished ale i vězni z řady dalších zemí. in the Fortress. V samotném městě – bývalé Hlavní pevnosti – vznik- A Ghetto established as a reception and transit camp for Jews in lo v listopadu 1941 ghetto, sběrný a průchozí tábor pro the town itself, known as the former Main Fortress, came into be- Židy. Nejprve do něj byli deportováni Židé z tehdejšího ing back in November 1941. The first deportees to the Ghetto were Protektorátu Čechy a Morava, později i z Německa, Ra- the Jews from the then Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, later kouska a dalších zemí. those from Germany, Austria and other countries. Na jaře roku 1944 pak v nedalekých Litoměřicích vznik- A branch of the Flossenbürg concentration camp was set up in la pobočka koncentračního tábora Flossenbürg. Úkolem the nearby town of Litoměřice in the spring of 1944. Its inmates, vězňů tohoto tábora byla výstavba podzemních továren charged to build underground factories, were later used in those a poté otrocká práce při výrobě. plants as slave labor. V letech 1940–1945 bylo v uvedených třech represiv- More than two hundred thousand people from three dozens of 3 ních zařízeních vězněno více než dvě stě tisíc lidí ze tří countries had been imprisoned in the three repressive facilities desítek zemí. Každý pátý vězněný zemřel již v některém between 1940 and 1945. One in five prisoners died in those facili- z nich, na devadesát tisíc vězňů zahynulo po deportaci ties, some ninety thousand inmates perished during deportation do dalších míst utrpení. Umírali ve vyhlazovacích a kon- to other places of suffering – extermination and concentration centračních táborech, v káznicích, věznicích a místech camps, in penitentiaries, prisons, and different mass execution hromadných poprav. grounds. Ani závěr války ještě neznamenal v Terezíně a Lito- But not even the end of World War II spelt the end of hardship and měřicích konec útrap a hromadného umírání. Evakuač- deaths on a mass scale in Terezín and Litoměřice. Evacuation trans- ní transporty, které na sklonku dubna a začátku května ports that kept arriving at the turn of April and May 1945 brought 1945 přivezly další tisíce vězňů z koncentračních tábo- in additional thousands of prisoners from the concentration camps rů vyklizovaných před blížící se frontou, s sebou přivez- vacated before the advancing front. And with the transports came ly také nákazu skvrnitého tyfu a dalších chorob. Ještě a spotted fever epidemic and other diseases. Weeks after the end týdny po válce proto umírali nejen osvobození vězni, of the war not only former prisoners but also physicians and medi- ale také lékaři a příslušníci zdravotního personálu z řad cal personnel from the ranks of the inmates, members of the Czech bývalých vězňů, příslušníci České pomocné akce – dob- Action for Help – volunteers from Prague and other places as well rovolníci z Prahy a dalších míst, jakož i příslušníci Rudé as Red Army medical staff were still dying in Terezín. The spotted armády. Díky nezměrnému úsilí, ale i obětem, které lé- fever epidemic had eventually been brought under control, and kaři a zdravotníci přinesli, se podařilo epidemii skvrnité- some twenty-five thousand people were saved from death thanks ho tyfu zastavit a před smrtí zachránit na dvacet pět tisíc to the wholehearted efforts but also at the cost of lives of many lidí. Od konce května až do poloviny srpna 1945 potom physicians and paramedics. Repatriation of the former prisoners bylo možno provést repatriaci bývalých vězňů. could be carried out from the end of May until mid-August 1945. 4 VÝVOJ TEREZÍNSKÉHO PAMÁTNÍKU HISTORY OF THE TEREZÍN MEMORIAL OD ZALOŽENÍ FROM ITS ESTABLISHMENT DO KONCE 60. LET TO THE END OF THE 1960s Z iniciativy vlády znovuobnoveného Československa At the initiative of the government of restored Czechoslovakia a byl v místech utrpení desetitisíců lidí roku 1947 zřízen Memorial to National Suffering, later renamed the Terezín Memo- Památník národního utrpení, později přejmenovaný na rial, was established in 1947 on the sites of the hardship suffered Památník Terezín, s cílem uchovávat památku obětí vlá- by tens of thousands of people. Its ultimate aim was to commemo- dy násilí v letech druhé světové války a pečovat o místa rate the victims of the rule of violence in World War II, and to look spojená s jejich utrpením, ale i hrdinstvím. after the memorial sites associated with their suffering as well as Příslušné usnesení vlády bylo přijato 6. května 1947. heroism. Vzápětí po tomto rozhodnutí byla zahájena jednání, An appropriate government resolution was adopted on May 6, která by uvedené usnesení uvedla v život. Malá pevnost 1947 (see page 6). This decision was immediately followed by nego- v Terezíně, která se stala sídlem nové instituce, spadala tiations aimed at putting the Government Resolution into effect. pod správu ministerstva národní obrany, které ji hod- At that time, the Small Fortress was administered by the Ministry lalo využít k vojenským účelům. Již na poradě zainte- of National Defense which had its own plans to use it for military resovaných resortů dne 28. května 1947 bylo dohodnu- purposes. Meeting on May 28, 1947, officials representing the gov- to předání všech objektů ministerstvu vnitra a zároveň ernment ministries concerned decided to hand over all the objects posloupnost kroků administrativních i finančních, kte- to the Ministry of the Interior, while determining the sequence of ré dohodu doprovázely. S ministerstvem spravedlnos- the individual steps, both administrative and financial, accompa- ti bylo dohodnuto, že na Malou pevnost bude odvelen nying the officialagreementonthetransfer.Itwasagreedwithan pracovní oddíl vězňů, kteří by pokryli potřebu pracov- official of the Ministry of Justice that a group of prisoners would ních sil. Na tomto jednání byl rovněž vznesen návrh, aby be assigned to the Small Fortress to cover any manpower needs do správy Památníku přešel areál Židovského hřbitova involved. This meeting also heard a motion to transfer the Jewish s krematoriem.
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