The Road to Botswana Parliament

Home , Botswana Congress Party, Botswana National Front, Kitso Mokaila, Michael Dingake, Modipane, Mompati Merafhe

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT

BOTSWANA GENERAL ELECTIONS

(1965-2009)

Compiled by

Research & Information Services Division

PREFACE 1

1. Introduction 2 2. 1965 General Elections 4 3. 1969 General Elections 5 4. 1974 General Elections 7 5. 1979 General Elections 8 6. 1984 General Elections 9 7. 1989 General Elections 11 8. 1994 General Elections 12 9. 1999 General Elections 14 10. 2004 General Elections 17 11. 2009 General Elections 19 12. Election Trends 1965 to 2009 22 13. Conclusion 22

REFERENCES 26

APPENDICES 27 APP.1: Composition of Botswana Parliament 1965 27 APP.2: Composition of Botswana Parliament 1969 29 APP.3: Composition of Botswana Parliament 1974 31 APP.4: Composition of Botswana Parliament 1979 33 APP.5: Composition of Botswana Parliament 1984 35 APP.6: Composition of Botswana Parliament 1989 37 APP.7: Composition of Botswana Parliament 1994 39 APP.8: Composition of Botswana Parliament 1999 41 APP.9: Composition of Botswana Parliament 2004 43 APP.10: Composition of Botswana Parliament 2009 46 APP.11: Supervisor of Elections 1965 to 2009 49 APP.12: Clerks of the National Assembly 1965 to 2009 49 APP.13: Abbreviations 49

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Results of the 1965 general elections 5 Table 2: Results of the 1969 general elections 6 Table 3: Results of the 1974 general elections 8 Table 4: Results of the 1979 general elections 9 Table 5: Results of the 1984 general elections 10 Table 6: Results of the 1989 general elections 12 Table 7: Results of the 1994 general elections 13 Table 8: Results of the 1999 general elections 16 Table 9: Voters registered by gender 17 Table 10: Voters registered by age group 18 Table 11: Results of the 2004 general elections 19 Table 12: Results of the 2009 general elections 21

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT i LIST OF GRAPHS PREFACE Graph 1: Percentage registration by gender 15 The first and second editions of the Road to Botswana Parliament were published Graph 2: Percentage registration by age range 15 by Parliament of Botswana in 1996 and 2002 respectively. This third edition brings Graph 3: Registration and voter trends between together all the material from the first two editions which has been reviewed and 1965 and 2009 22 updated. While the first two editions covered the years 1965-1994 and 1965-1999, this Graph 4: Percentage of voters who voted for Botswana edition covers the period 1965 to March 2011. Democratic Party 22 The decision to compile the handbook was borne out of the need to have a Graph 5: Percentage of voters who voted for Botswana comprehensive compendium of information about past elections and some important National Front 23 developments that took place during the First Session and part of Second Session of the 10th Parliament. This source would facilitate analysis of trends in the evolution of Graph 6: Percentage of voters who voted for Botswana Parliamentary democracy in Botswana. Factors such as gender, age range of registered Peoples Party 23 and actual voters, multi partyism, political party composition, increase in number Graph 7: Percentage of voters who voted for Botswana of constituencies, system of specially elected members, impact of supplementary Independence Party 24 registration, etc., were taken into consideration when the manuscript was compiled. The importance of the aforementioned factors in strengthening governance cannot be underestimated.

The handbook therefore is of utmost importance for those with a devout interest in studying parliament such as parliamentary experts and close observers of parliament alike. It details the parliamentary political party composition, system of parliamentary functionaries, etc., for making the topic “Reform of Parliament” more plausible. It would be instrumental in documenting the dynamics of parliament; evolution of the committee system, increase and complexity of national issues which is linked to length of parliamentary meetings and increase of membership and opposition politics in parliament.

The support from the Independent Electoral Commission O f f i c e and other people who p r o v i d e d pieces of information and advice which made it possible for parliament to compile the handbook was immense and to that we are grateful. The staff and Interns attached to the Research and Information Services Division proved to be a really wonderful team in working cooperatively towards achieving their goal of documenting and disseminating information by publishing a comprehensive Road to Botswana Parliament.

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT ii THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 1 1. INTRODUCTION Other political parties that have played part in the country’s politics are as follows:

1.1 EVOLUTION OF PARTY POLITICS i) The Botswana Progressive Union (BPU) led by the late Mr. Daniel Kangangwani Kwele; Modern party politics in Botswana began in 1959 with the founding of the Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party – (BPFP) by Mr. Leetile Disang Raditladi. ii) The Botswana Labour Party (BLP) led by Mr. Lenyeletse Koma; It later changed its name to the Bechuanaland Protectorate Liberal Party (BPLP) iii) The Botswana Freedom Party (BFP) led by Mr. Leach Tlhomelang; which was dissolved in 1962. iv) Lesedi La Botswana (LLB) Party led by the late Mrs. Eitlhopha Mosinyi; The early 1960s saw the emergence of the modern nationalist parties. In 1960, for instance, the Bechuanaland Peoples Party (BPP) was founded under the leadership of v) The United Socialist Party (PUSO) led by Mr. Nehemiah Modubule; Professor Kgalemang Tumediso Motsete – a music composer and educationist. The party’s Vice President was Mr. Phillip Goareng Matante. Mr. Motsamai Mpho was the vi) Botswana Workers Front (BWF) led by Mrs. Mothusi Akanyang; party’s Secretary General. Some of its founding members were Mr. Klaas Motshidisi vii) The Socialist Democratic Party (SDP) led by the late Mr. Mareledi Giddie; (moved to BIP at its formation) and Mr. Archelaus M. Tsoebebe (moved to BDP at its formation). Internal disputes towards the first national elections resulted in a split viii) The United Action Party (Bosele) led by Mr. Ephraim Lepetu Setshwaelo; that saw the formation of a new party, the Botswana Independence Party (BIP) led by Mr. Motsamai Mpho. During the 1965 general elections, Professor Motsete and Mr. ix) The Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin Movement of Botswana (MELS) led by Mr. Matante, each led a party bearing the same name (Botswana People’s Party). Themba Joina; and

In 1962, the Bechuanaland Democratic Party (BDP) was formed under the leadership x) The Botswana Congress Party (BCP) which was led by Mr. Michael Dingake, of Sir Seretse Khama. Some of the founding members of the party were Mr. Quett but currently led by Mr. Gilson Saleshando. Ketumile Joni Masire, who was the Party’s Vice President, Mr. Tsheko Tsheko, Mr. Botswana is a multi-party democracy. Since the 1965 general elections, political Goareng Mosinyi, Mr. Moutlakgola Palgrave Kediretswe Nwako, Mr. Archelaus parties have increased from 4 to 13 in 1999. The following political parties contested M. Tsoebebe and Mr. Dabadaba Sedie. The Party became very popular among the 1999 general elections: Batswana. i) The Botswana Democratic Party (BDP); In October 1965, the Botswana National ii) The Botswana National Front (BNF); Front (BNF), formed iii) The Botswana Alliance Movement (BAM), which was an alliance between the by Dr. Kenneth Koma Independent Freedom Party (IFP), the United Action Party (Bosele) and the was launched. Some of Botswana Peoples Party (BPP) the founding members of the party were Mr. iv) The Botswana Congress Party (BCP); Daniel Kangangwani Kwele (Party President), v) The MELS Movement of Botswana (MELS) Mr. Klass Motshidisi The party that has the majority seats in Parliament forms the Government and other (defected from BIP) parties represented in Parliament become the opposition. The leader of the opposition and Mr. Serogola is from the opposition party that has the largest representation in the House. Keitseng. Towards the 1969 general elections, the Party’s leadership was taken over by Mr. Bathoen Gaseitsiwe, Chief of Bangwaketse tribe who abdicated his throne to join politics.

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 2 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 3 PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 2.2 POLITICAL PARTIES

Elections are held every five years. Currently, Botswana has 57 constituencies The following political parties contested the 1965 general elections: altogether as a result of the Delimitation Commission of 2002. The Commission is set every 10 years to increase or decrease constituencies depending on, amongst i) The Bechuanaland Democratic Party (BDP) led by Sir Seretse Khama; other factors, population density. ii) The Bechuanaland Peoples Party (BPP) led by Mr. Philip G. Matante;

The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) was established in 1997 and started iii) The Bechuanaland Peoples Party (BPP) led by Prof. Kgalemang Motsete; and conducting and supervising elections from the 1999 general elections. Prior to 1999, elections were the responsibility of the Elections Officer in the Office of iv) The Bechuanaland Independence Party (BIP) led by Mr. Motsamai Mpho. the President. The office was headed by the Supervisor of Elections except during the first general elections (1965) when it was headed by Chief Electoral Officer. There was only one independent candidate during these elections. Out of a total of Elections are guided by the Electoral Act. The year 1999 saw a takeover by the 188,950 people who registered to vote during the 1965 general elections, 140,789 IEC, established by Section 65A of the Constitution of Botswana. According to the voted, translating into 74.5 % voter turnout. 1999 General Elections Report (1999), Section 65A defines the composition and the 2.3 RESULTS functions of the Commission as follows: Table 1:Results of the 1965 general elections i) To conduct and supervise elections of the elected members of the National Assembly; No of Percentage Voters Percentage Party Seats Seats won Achieved Voters ii) To conduct a referendum; BDP 28 90.3 113,168 80.4 iii) To ensure that elections are conducted efficiently, properly, freely and fairly; BPP 3 9.7 19,964 14.2 iv) To give instructions and directives to the Secretary of the Commission in regard (Matante) to the exercise of his functions and Electoral laws generally; and BIP 0 0 6,964 4.6 v) To perform such other functions as Parliament may by law prescribe. BPP (Motsete) 0 0 377 0.2

All Batswana nationals who are 18 years of age and above are entitled to vote Independent 0 0 789 0.6 provided they meet, amongst others, the following conditions: Total 31 100 140,789 100

i) That they are registered as bonafide Botswana voters for any elections; The 1965 general elections results as indicated in table one , show a landslide victory ii) That they are not disqualified for incapacity (not mentally fit) to vote; for the Bechuanaland Democratic Party which secured 28 out of 31 seats in the Legislative Assembly. The Bechuanaland Peoples Party of Mr. Philip G. Matante iii) Not convicted offenders in penal institutions or persons found guilty. secured three seats. The other political parties secured no seats in Parliament. It should be noted that all elected Members of Parliament (MPs) were males. To date, general elections have been held 10 times since 1965. 2.4 SPECIALLY ELECTED MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT

2. 1965 GENERAL ELECTIONS Four persons were specially elected to the Legislative Assembly. One of them became a Cabinet Member and the other became a Parliamentary Secretary (see Appendix The 1965 general elections were the first elections based on universal adult suffrage 1). and took place on the 1st of March 1965.

2.1 REGISTRATION 3. 1969 GENERAL ELECTIONS Registration of voters took place between the 21st of September and 3rd of October, The 1969 general elections were the country’s second general elections and took 1964. This was an ideal period of the year when most Batswana were usually in place on the 18th October 1969. For the first time, a Presidential nomination was villages because agricultural activities that usually take them to the ploughing fields held. This had not happened in the previous election because by virtue of Section were at their lowest. 32(1) of Chapter IV of the Constitution, the first President of Botswana immediately before 30th September, 1966, was mandated to hold the Office of the Prime Minister, Two hundred and seventeen polling stations were established throughout the country hence Sir Seretse Khama held this position. Presidential nominations were conducted and 360 people appointed as registration officials. During the general registration in accordance with the provisions of the Presidential Elections (Supplementary period, 175,736 people registered as voters. Supplementary registration took place Provisions) Act, 1969. from 3rd October to 30th December 1964, and a further 13,214 people registered, bringing the total number of potential voters to 188,950. Based on the estimated figure of 243,365 potential voters of 21 years and above, it appears 72% registered for voting at the time.

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 4 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 5 3.1 REGISTRATION 3.5 SPECIALLY ELECTED MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT

The general registration of voters took place in August 1968. Supplementary Four persons and all male were specially elected into Parliament. Of these, Mr. registration was in December 1968, and also in March and June, 1969. A total of Ketumile Masire became the Vice President of Botswana. The other three became 140, 426 Batswana registered to vote in the 1969 general elections. Cabinet Ministers. It should be noted up to this point Botswana had not had any There were 324 polling stations and an estimated 633 polling officers. female Member of Parliament (see Appendix 2). 3.2 PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATIONS

The Prime Minister dissolved Parliament on the 23rd August, 1968 and Presidential 4. 1974 GENERAL ELECTIONS th nominations were conducted on the 13 September, 1969. Three out of four Botswana’s third general elections took place on the 26th October 1974 after presidential candidates were nominated and they were: Sir Seretse Khama (Botswana dissolution of the National Assembly by His Excellency the President, Sir Seretse Democratic Party), Mr. Bathoen Gaseitsiwe (Botswana National Front) and Mr. Khama on the 30th August 1974. Phillip G. Matante (Botswana Peoples Party). Mr. Motsamai K. Mpho (Botswana Independence Party) failed to meet the nomination requirements. 4.1 REGISTRATION

3.3 POLITICAL PARTIES While the 1971 census estimated that there were 239,500 eligible voters in Botswana, the voters roll reflected 236,838 names which imply that 98.9 % Batswana had The following political parties contested the 1969 general elections: registered. It would appear that some people had registered more than once. i) The Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) led by Sir Seretse Khama; ii) The Botswana Peoples Party (BPP) led by Mr. Phillip G. Matante; The 1974 General Elections Report states that many registered voters might have thought that cards used in the initial registration were no longer valid and as a result, iii) The Botswana National Front (BNF) led by Dr. Kenneth Koma; and re-registered during the supplementary campaign. There were about 350 polling iv) The Botswana Independence Party (BIP) led by Mr. Motsamai Mpho. stations in 1974.

Of the 140,426 people who registered as voters, 76,858 (54.7 %) voted. The number 4.2 PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATIONS of voters declined during the 1969 general elections as compared to 1965. A total of st 140,789 Batswana voted in the 1965 general elections while 76,858 voted in 1969. Nomination Day for Presidential Candidates was Saturday 21 September 1974, 20 During the 1969 elections, Botswana Democratic Party fielded candidates in all the days after the dissolution of the National Assembly. Two Political Parties submitted constituencies which were 31 at that time. The Botswana National Front fielded 21 the following presidential candidates. candidates; the Botswana Peoples Party fielded 15 candidates while the Botswana i) Sir Seretse Khama of the Botswana Democratic Party Independence Party fielded only nine. ii) Mr. Bathoen Gaseitsiwe of the Botswana National Front. 3.4 RESULTS 4.3 POLITICAL PARTIES Table 2: Results of the 1969 general elections The following political parties contested the 1974 general elections: Party No. of Seats No. of Seats Percentage Votes Percentage Contested Won Seats Won Achieved Votes i) The Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) led by Sir Seretse Khama; BDP 31 24 77.4 52,518 68.83 ii) The Botswana Peoples Party (BPP) led by Mr. Philip G. Matante;

BNF 21 3 9.7 10,410 13.54 iii) The Botswana National Front (BNF) led by Mr. Bathoen Gaseitsiwe; and BIP 9 1 3.2 4,601 6.00 iv) The Botswana Independence Party (BIP) led by Mr. Motsamai K. Mpho. BPP 15 3 9.7 9,329 12.13 v) Independent candidates: Total 76 31 100 76,858 10 a) A. Lepono (Ghanzi) BDP secured 24 out of 31 seats, followed by BNF and BPP who secured three seats each. BIP got only one seat in Parliament. All the 31 Members of Parliament were b) L. Kgang (Gaborone) males. c) K. Menyatso (Tswapong South) Whereas 80.4 % of the voters had voted for BDP in the 1965 general elections, There was a total of 70 parliamentary candidates and 32 of these were from the 68.8 % voted for the same Party in 1969. The BPP of Mr. Philip Matante was the ruling BDP, four of whom were unopposed. BIP had five, BNF 16, and BPP had strongest opposition Party in the 1965 general elections in terms of percentage votes 14 candidates. There were three independent candidates. Out of 205 050 registered (14.2 %) in its favour. It was, however, overtaken by the Botswana National Front voters, 64 011 voted in the parliamentary elections. This signified a voter turnout of with 13.54 % votes in 1969. Botswana Peoples Party secured 12.1 % votes and the 31.2 %. The voter turnout dropped from 54.7 % recorded in 1969. least percentage of votes went to Botswana Independence Party with 6 %. It should however be noted that the BIP increased its percentage votes from 4.6 % in 1965 to 6 % in 1969.

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 6 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 7 4.4 RESULTS v) Independent candidates:

Table 3:Results of the 1974 general elections a) Mr. J.P. Kavindama (Okavango)

Party No. of Seats No. of Percent Votes Percent b) Mr. J.D. Mmusi (Borolong) Contested Seats Won Seats Won Achieved Votes A total of 69 Parliamentary candidates were nominated for election to the National BDP 32 29 90.63 49.047 76.62 Assembly, Botswana Democratic Party had 32 candidates, Botswana National Front BNF 14 2 6.25 7,358 11.49 sixteen 16, Botswana Peoples Party 14, Botswana Independence Party five and two independent candidates. BIP 6 0 0 3,086 4.82 Out of a total of 230,321 people who registered to vote in the 1979 parliamentary BPP 8 1 3.13 4,199 6.60 elections, 123,496 voted. This signified a voter turnout of 58.4 %. The voter turnout Independent 3 0 0 321 0.50 increased from 31.2% recorded in 1974.

Total 70 32 100.1 76,858 100 5.4 RESULTS

The Botswana Democratic Party gained 76.6 % of the total votes with 29 candidates Table 4: Results of the 1979 general elections winning parliamentary seats. The Botswana National Front gained 11.5 % votes with two parliamentary seats. The Botswana Peoples Party got 6.6 % of the total votes Party No. of Seats No. of Percentage Votes Percentage with only one candidate securing a seat in parliament. The Botswana Independence Contested Seats Won Seats Won Achieved Votes Party and the independent candidates did not gain any seats.

BDP increased its percentage votes from 68.3 in 1969 to 76.6 in 1974. While BNF BDP 32 29 90.63 101.098 75.16 had obtained 13.5 % of votes in the 1969 general elections, it experienced a downfall BNF 16 2 6.25 17,480 13.00 to 11.5 % of the votes in 1974. BPP also reduced in percentage votes (6.6) in 1974 BIP 5 0 0 5,657 4.21 as compared to 12.1 votes in 1969. BPP 14 1 3.13 9,983 7.42 4.5 SPECIALLY ELECTED MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT Independent 2 0 0 278 0.21 Four persons were specially elected to Parliament and two of these were females. Total 69 32 100.1 134,496 100 For the first time, Botswana had female Members of Parliament. One of these female Members was appointed a Cabinet Minister (see Appendix 3). Twenty-nine Botswana Democratic Party candidates secured parliamentary seats. The Botswana National Front gained two while the Botswana Peoples Party gained one. The Botswana Independence Party and the two independent candidates did not 5. 1979 GENERAL ELECTIONS win in their respective constituencies.

th The 1979 general elections took place on the 20 October 1979 after the dissolution In terms of percentage votes in its favour, the Botswana Democratic Party decreased th of the National Assembly by His Excellency the President on the 24 of August of from 76.7 % in 1974 to 75.2 % in 1979. The Botswana National Front increased the same year. percentage votes from 11.5 in 1974 to 13 in 1979. The Botswana Peoples Party 5.1 REGISTRATION percentage votes also improved slightly from 6.6 % in 1974 to 7.4 % in 1979. The Botswana Independence Party was almost stable in terms of percentage vote as it A total of 230,321 citizens registered to vote in the 1979 general elections. gained 4.8 % in 1974 and 4.21 % in 1979. The independent candidates continued showing unpopularity amongst Batswana by maintaining a less than one percent 5.2 PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATIONS vote.

Only two presidential candidates, Sir Seretse Khama of the BDP and Dr. Kenneth 5.5 SPECIALLY ELECTED MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT Koma of the BNF were nominated. Out of the four persons specially elected to Parliament, only one was a female. 5.3 POLITICAL PARTIES

The following political parties contested the 1979 general elections: 6. 1984 GENERAL ELECTIONS i) The Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) led by Sir Seretse Khama; The 1984 general elections took place on the 8th September after the National th ii) The Botswana Peoples Party (BPP) led by Mr. Philip G. Matante; Assembly had been dissolved by his Excellency the President on the 20 of July 1984. The year saw an increase in the number of constituencies from 32 to 34 following iii) The Botswana National Front (BNF) led by Dr. Kenneth S. Koma; and a recommendation by the Delimitation Commission of 1982/83. The number of polling stations also increased from 434 in 1979 to 700 in 1984. iv) The Botswana Independence Party (BIP) led by Mr. Motsamai K. Mpho.

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 8 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 9 6.1 REGISTRATION Botswana Democratic Party won the majority by 29 seats, having secured 68 % of the Parliamentary votes. The Botswana National Front won four seats and was voted Registration took place from 1 April to 27 July 1984 and supplementary registration for by 20.4 % of the total voters. It should, however, be noted that the BDP seats took place in May of the same year. A total of 293,571 people registered to vote, the remained the same for three consecutive years while those of the BNF increased by number increased from 230,321 recorded in 1979. the same number because of the Gaborone South by-elections which saw the latter 6.2 PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATIONS emerging the victor.

The Chief Justice received nominations for Presidential candidates on Saturday 11th The Botswana Peoples Party got one Parliamentary seat and was voted for by August, 1984. Those Presidential candidates who were nominated were Dr. Knight 6.6 % of the voters. The Botswana Independence Party, the BPU and the four T. Maripe of the Botswana Peoples Party, Mr. Quett K. J. Masire of the Botswana independent candidates did not secure any seats in Parliament. However, the Democratic Party and Mr. Daniel K. Kwele of the Botswana Progressive Union. The Botswana Independence Party was voted for by 3.2 % of voters and the BPU and the Botswana National Front Party candidate was not nominated because the nomination independent candidates were voted for by 1.33 % and 5 % of voters respectively. did not meet the criteria. In terms of percentage votes, the BDP fell from 75.2 % in 1979 to 68 % in 1984. 6.3 POLITICAL PARTIES The Botswana National Front increased from 13 % in 1979 to 20.4 % in 1984. The Botswana Independence Party experienced a decrease from 4.21 % in 1979 to 3.2 % The following political parties contested the 1984 general elections: in 1984, so was the BPP which secured 7.4 % of the votes in 1979 to 6.6 % in 1984. The independent candidates still obtained less than one percent in these elections. i) The Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) led by Mr. Quett Ketumile Joni Masire; 6.5 SPECIALLY ELECTED MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT

ii) The Botswana Peoples Party (BPP) led by Dr. Knight Maripe; There were four specially elected Members of Parliament and all except one were males. One of those specially elected Members was appointed Vice President (see iii) The Botswana National Front (BNF) led by Dr. Kenneth S. Koma; Appendix 5). The number of females in Parliament still remained at two . iv) The Botswana Progressive Union (BPU) led by Mr. Daniel K. Kwele; and

v) The Botswana Independence Party (BIP) led by Mr. Motsamai K. Mpho. 7. 1989 GENERAL ELECTIONS

vi) There were four independent candidates: The 1989 general elections were held on the 9th November after the President dissolved Parliament on the 18th August 1989. The polling day was characterised a) Mr. Rat Peba Sethantsho (Gantsi) by country-wide rainfall. About three quarters of the country received unexpected drizzle. b) Mr. Molotsi Sekgoma (Mahalapye) 7.1 REGISTRATION c) Mr. Sandy Grant (Mochudi) General registration commenced on the 24th October, 1988 and ended on the 28th d) Mr. Welly Matheadira Seboni (Gaborone South) February, 1989. Supplementary registration was from 1st to the 14th May 1989. A Out of a total of 293,571 people who registered to vote, 227,756 voted. This total of 367,069 voters were registered, increasing from 293,571 recorded in 1984. represented a voter turnout of 77.6 % and this was the highest voter turnout since 7.2 PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATIONS the 1965 general elections compared to 58.4 % in 1979; 33.5 % in 1974; 54.9 % in 1969 and 74 % in 1965. The Presidential nominations took place on the 9th November, 1989. Three Presidential candidates, namely, Dr. Knight Maripe of the Botswana Peoples Party, Dr. Kenneth 6.4 RESULTS Shololo Koma of the Botswana National Front and Dr. Quett Ketumile Joni Masire Table 5: Results of the 1984 general elections of the Botswana Democratic Party were nominated. 7.1 POLITICAL PARTIES Party No. of Seats No. of Percentage Votes Percentage Contested Seats Won Seats Won Achieved Votes The following political parties contested the 1989 general elections: BDP 34 29 85.29 154.863 68.00 i) The Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) led by Mr. Quett Ketumile Joni BNF 27 4 11.77 46,550 20.44 Masire; BIP 4 0 0 7,288 3.20 ii) The Botswana Peoples Party (BPP) led by Dr. Knight Maripe; BPP 13 1 2.94 14,961 6.57 iii) The Botswana National Front (BNF) led by Dr. Kenneth Shololo Koma; BPU 4 0 0 3,036 1.33 iv) The Botswana Progressive Union (BPU) led by Mr. Daniel Kangangwani Independent 4 0 0 1,058 0.46 Kwele; Total 86 34 100 227,756 100 v) The Botswana Independence Party (BIP) led by Mr. Motsamai K. Mpho;

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 10 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 11 vi) The Botswana Freedom Party (BFP) led by Mr. Leach Tlhomelang; and brought the total number of Batswana who registered to vote in the general elections to 370,169, which was a slight increase from 369,069 recorded in 1989. vii) The Botswana Labour Party (BLP) led by Mr. Lenyeletse Koma. 8.2 PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATIONS Out of a total of 367 069 people who registered to vote in the 1989 general elections, 250 487 voted. This represented a 64 % voter turnout and it was a decline when The Chief Justice received Nomination Papers for the Presidential Candidates on th compared to 77.6% recorded in 1984. 17 September 1994 at the High Court. Three candidates, namely: Sir Ketumile Masire, Dr. Kenneth Shololo Koma and Dr. Knight Maripe were nominated. 7.2 RESULTS 8.3 POLITICAL PARTIES Table 6: Results of the 1989 general elections Nine political parties contested the 1994 general elections: Party No. of Seats No. of Seats Percentage Votes Percentage i) The Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) led by Sir Ketumile Masire; Contested Won Seats Won Achieved Votes ii) The Botswana Peoples Party (BPP) led Dr. Knight Maripe; BDP 34 31 91.18 162,277 64.78 iii) The Botswana National Front (BNF) led by Dr. Kenneth S. Koma; BNF 33 3 8.82 67,513 26.95 BPP 11 0 0 10,891 4.35 iv) The Botswana Progressive Union (BPU) led by Mr. Tabulani Mokgethi; BIP 4 0 0 6,209 2.48 v) The Independence Freedom Party (IFP) led by Mr. Motsamai K. Mpho;

BLP 1 0 0 48 0.19 vi) Lesedi La Botswana led by Mrs. Eitlhopha Mosinyi. BPU 1 0 0 2,186 0.87 vii) The Botswana Labour Party (BLP) led by Mr. Lenyeletse Koma; BFP 2 0 0 1,363 0.54 viii) The United Democratic Front (UDF) led by Mr. Mareledi Giddie; and Total 80 34 100 250,487 100 ix) The United Socialist Party (USP) led by Mr. Nehemiah M. Modubule. The Botswana Democratic Party was represented in all the 34 constituencies and 31 of the candidates secured seats in Parliament (91.2 %). The Botswana National Front It should be noted that on the polling day, voting took place in 39 constituencies. The had fielded 33 parliamentary candidates and three of these gained parliamentary notice on the poll in respect of Thamaga constituency had to be reversed due to the seats (8.8 %). The Botswana Peoples Party fielded 11 candidates who all lost. The tragic death of the Botswana Democratic Party Parliamentary candidate. Voting in th rest of the parties fielded less than five candidates each and none of them won in their that constituency took place later on the 26 November 1994. respective constituencies. Out of 34 candidates elected into parliament, two were 8.4 RESULTS females and one of them was appointed a Cabinet Minister. Table 7: Results of the 1994 general elections About 64.8 % of the votes were in favour of the Botswana Democratic Party. Whilst 26.95 % of the voters voted for the Botswana National Front, the Botswana Peoples No. of Seats No. of Percentage Votes Percentage Party was voted for by 4.4 % of the voters. The Botswana Independence Party Party Contested Seats Won Seats Won Achieved Votes secured 2.5 % of the votes while the rest of the Parties got less than 1 % each. BDP 40 27 67.5 154,705 54.59 7.2.1 SPECIALLY ELECTED MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT BNF 39 13 32.5 105,109 37.09 All the four specially elected Members of Parliament were male (see Appendix 6). BPP 11 0 0 11,586 4.09 IFP 9 0 0 7,653 2.70 8. 1994 GENERAL ELECTIONS BLP 1 0 0 23 1.01 BPU 1 0 0 3,016 1.06 The 1994 general elections took place on the 15th October after His Excellency the USP 1 0 0 265 0.09 President dissolved Parliament on the 26th August 1994, of the same year. There was an increase in the number of constituencies from 34 to 40 as a result of the LLB 3 0 0 235 0.08 recommendation by the Delimitation Commission. UDF 4 0 0 783 0.28 Total 109 40 100 283,375 99.99 8.1 REGISTRATION NB: Thamaga results are included. Registration period was from the 9th to 21st August 1993. By the end of the set registration period, only 280,597 Batswana had registered as opposed to the desired Out of a total of 370,169 people who have registered to vote, 283,375 voted, which target of 400,000. The Supervisor of Elections then directed that registration should be translates to 76.5%.Having fielded candidates in all the 40 constituencies, the carried out again from 31st January to 13th February, 1994. This exercise only yielded Botswana Democratic Party gained 27 parliamentary (67.5 %) seats. The Botswana 66,615 more registered voters and still fell short of the target figure. Registration National Front fielded 39 parliamentary candidates and 13 of them won parliamentary was again done for 14 days in June 1994 but only 9,317 people registered and this seats (32.5 %).

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 12 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 13 In terms of percentage votes, the Botswana Democratic Party dropped from about Graph 1: Percentage registration by gender 65 % in 1989 to 55 % in 1994. The Botswana National Front on the other hand gained more %age votes, having secured about 28 % in 1989, this increased to about 37 % in 1994. The percentage of those who voted for the Botswana Peoples Party remained constant at about 4 %. The Botswana Progressive Union increased slightly in percentage votes, having gained 1.06 % in 1994 compared to .87 % in 1989. The Independence Freedom Party gained 2.7 % of the 1994 votes and the rest of the parties gained less than one % of the total votes.

8.5 SPECIALLY ELECTED MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT

Out of the four specially elected Members of Parliament, two were males and the other two were females (see Appendix 7).

9. 1999 GENERAL ELECTIONS

The 1999 general elections were held on the 16th October following dissolution of Parliament on the 24th September, of the same year. According to the Electoral Commissions Forum of SADC countries (ECF), the 1999 Botswana elections were very peaceful. These general elections were special due to the following reasons: Graph two below shows that the highest percentage of Batswana who registered to These were the first elections ever run by the Independent Electoral Commission vote in the 1999 general elections was in the age range 21-40 years. This category (IEC). IEC was established by Section 65A of the Constitution of Botswana in 1997, was followed by the age range 41-64 and below 70 years respectively. The age charged with the responsibility to manage and run the elections. category that had the least %age of registered voters was the 18-10 year olds. Out of a total of approximately 268,500 eligible voters in this age range, only 21.288 (about i) For the first time, Botswana citizens residing outside the country were given the 8 %) registered to vote. opportunity to exercise their constitutional right to vote. Graph 2:Percentage registration by age range ii) Again, for the first time, in the history of, citizens who have attained the age of 18 were allowed to vote.

iii) Ballot papers were used instead of the counters and ballot envelopes that had been used in the previous general elections. This decision was taken in 1998 at an All-Party Conference and Government. The ballot paper contained colours and symbols of all contesting political parties. However, for the independent candidates and those parties that made late submissions, stickers had to be produced.

9.1 REGISTRATION

General registration started as early as 1998. Registration started on 15th August and ended on the 29th August, 1998. Three continuous supplementary registrations took place during the times indicated below:

i) 3rd September to 31st December, 1998

ii) 4th January to 31st March, 1999

iii) 10th May to 9th July, 1999 1.3 PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATIONS There were also two additional general registrations held between 17th April and 1st May 1999 and between 17th July and 31st July, 1999. The Chief Justice as the Returning Officer for Presidential Elections, received nomination papers of the presidential candidates on 18th September 1999 at the High The last one was to allow eligible Batswana whose National Identity Cards (Omang) Court. Four leaders of political parties submitted their nominations documents and had expired, to register. A total of 459,662 Batswana registered, compared to 370,169 they were: recorded in 1994. i) Mr. Ephraim L. Setshwaelo, The Botswana Alliance Movement (BAM); Graph 1 below indicates that more than half of Batswana who registered to vote in the 1999 general elections were female (54.7 %) while 44.3 % were male. ii) Mr. Michael K. Dingake, The Botswana Congress Party (BCP);

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 14 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 15 iii) Mr. Festus G. Mogae, The Botswana Democratic Party (BDP); and 1.6 SPECIALLY ELECTED MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT

iv) Dr. Kenneth S. Koma, The Botswana National Front (BNF) Four persons were specially elected to Parliament and two of these were females. This brought the number of female Members of Parliament to eight. 1.4 POLITICAL PARTIES

The following political parties contested the 1999 general elections: 10. 2004 GENERAL ELECTIONS i) The Botswana Alliance Movement (BAM); The 2004 General Elections were held on 30 October 2004 after the dissolution rd ii) The Botswana Democratic Party(BDP); of Parliament on 3 September 2004. The number of popularly elected members of the National Assembly increased from 40 to 57, following the Delimitation iii) The Botswana National Front (BNF); Commission which was appointed in 2002 to draw boundaries of the newly increased constituencies. The 2,178 polling stations were established. iv) The Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin (MELS) Movement of Botswana; and The Electoral (Amendment) Act, 2003 introduced some changes in the election v) The Botswana Congress Party (BCP); requirements as follows: vi) Independent Candidates: i) An Applicant for registration to produce his/her national identity card; a) Mr. Calvin Batsile (Kanye); and ii) Introduction of a machine readable form A; b) Mr. T. Kebaswele (Moshupa) iii) The ability of a registered voter to obtain a duplicate of his/her voter registration 1.5 RESULTS card from any registration officer;

Table 8: Results of the 1999 general elections iv) And the enhanced deposit of P500 and P100 for prospective Parliamentary and Local Government candidates respectively.” (Report to the Minister of Party No of seats No. of Percentage of Votes Percentage Presidential Affairs and Public Administration on the 2004 General Elections) Contested Seats Won Seats Won Achieved of Votes These were the second general elections run by the Independent Electoral Commission. BDP 40 33 82.5 192,598 54.34 BAM 18 0 0 15,803 4.46 10.1 REGISTRATION BNF 38 6 15 87,457 24.67 General Registration started on 1st November up to 30thNovember 2003 in all constituencies. A total of 425,824 Batswana registered for the general election. The BCP 38 1 2.5 40,096 11.31 number increased from 370,169 recorded in 1999. MELS 2 0 0 22 0.01 Three continuous supplementary registrations took place as follows: Independent 2 0 0 1,004 0.28 Rejected 17,483 4.93 22nd December 2003 to 12th March 2004 5,141 registered ballots 13th March 2004 to 21st March 2004 75,476 registered Total 138 40 100 354,466 100 22nd March 2004 and 4th July 2004 46,407 registered including 2,436 A total of 354,466 Batswana voted, signifying a voter turnout of 77.1 % of total who registered externally registered voters. The turnout almost remains constant when compared to 1994 with 76.6%. Table 9: Voters registered by gender

The Botswana Democratic Party won 33 seats (82.5 %) of the 40 parliamentary seats District Council Male Female Total in the 1999 general elections. The Botswana National Front secured 6 seats (15 %). Central District Council 61,201 92,543 153,744 The Botswana Congress Party gained only one seat (2.5 %). The MELS Movement of Botswana, the Botswana Alliance Movement and the independent candidates did Francistown City Council 12,510 13,662 26,172 not secure any parliamentary seat. Out of the 40 candidates who secured seats in Gaborone City Council 24,029 22,217 46,246 Parliament, six were females and all from the Botswana Democratic Party. Ghanzi District Council 7,165 7,129 14,294 The Botswana Democratic Party secured 54.4 % of the total votes while the Botswana Jwaneng Town Council 2,724 2,502 5,226 National Front secured 24.7 %. The Botswana Congress Party gained 11.3 % of the votes while the Botswana Alliance Movement got 4.6 %. MELS and the independent Kgalagadi District Council 8,423 9,647 18,070 candidates gained less than 1 % of the votes with the former getting 0.01 % and the Kgatleng District Council 11,995 16.069 28.064 latter 0.28 %. Kweneng District Council 30,669 43,610 74,279

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 16 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 17 viii) There were two Independent candidates Lobatse Town Council 5,216 5,737 10,953 North East District Council 6,900 10,839 17,739 a. Boiki Gaseitsewe (Selibe Phikwe East) North West District Council 22,865 28,511 51,376 b. John Kealeboga Modise (Lobatse)

Selibe-Phikwe Town Council 8,596 8,710 17,306 10.4 RESULTS South East District Council 8,713 11,008 19,721 Table 11: Results of the 2004 general elections Southern District Council 28,142 39,081 67,223 TOTAL 239,148 311,265 550,413 Party No. of seats No. of Percent of Votes Percent of contested seats won seats won achieved Votes Table above shows that more than half registered voters were female. BDP 57 44 77.2 213,308 50.63 Table 10 below shows the highest number that registered to vote was the age range of BNF 42 12 21.0 107,451 25.51 21 - 40 years (49.62%) followed by 41 - 64 years (32.41%). The age range that had BCP 50 1 1.8 68,556 16.27 the least percentage of registered voters was 65 - 70 years with 3.86%. BAM 7 0 0.0 11,716 2.78 Table 10: Voters registered by age group BPP 5 0 0.0 7,886 1.87 Age group Registered Percent registered NDF 11 0 0.0 3,237 0.77 Below 21 33,478 6.06 MELS 4 0 0.0 121 0.03 21 - 40 274,310 49.62 Independent 2 0 0.0 104 0.02 41 - 64 179,163 32.41 Rejected 0 0 0 8,893 2.11 Ballots 65 - 70 21,320 3.86 TOTAL 57 100 421,272 100 Above 70 44,578 8.06 TOTAL 552,849 100.00 Out of a total of 425,824 people who registered for elections, a total of 421,272 voted. The Botswana Democratic Party won 44 seats (77.2 %) of the 57 parliamentary seats 10.2 PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATIONS in the 2004 General Elections. The Botswana National Front won 12 seats (21.0 %), followed by Botswana Congress Party with one seat (1.8 %). BAM, BPP, NDF, The Chief Justice as the Returning Officer for Presidential Elections, received MELS and Independent candidates did not secure parliamentary seats. Out of the 57 nomination papers for Presidential Candidates on 25th September 2004 at the High seats, only four were females from the Botswana Democratic Party. Court. Four leaders of political parties submitted their nomination documents. All four were nominated as presidential candidates as follows: The BDP won the elections with 50.63% votes while the BNF secured 24.7%, followed by BCP with 16.27%. BAM got 2.78%; BPP 1.87%, NDF 0.77%, MELS i) Mr. Otlaadisa M. Koosaletse of the Botswana Congress Party (BCP 0.03% and Independent candidates 0.02% and 2.11% were rejected votes. ii) Mr. Festus G. Mogae of the Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) 10.5 SPECIALLY ELECTED MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT iii) Mr. Otsweletse Moupo of the Botswana National Front (BNF) Four persons were specially elected to Parliament and three of them were female iv) Mr. Dick Bayford of the New Democratic Front (NDF) bring the total number of females to seven.

10.3 POLITICAL PARTIES 11. 2009 GENERAL ELECTIONS Seven political parties contested the general elections. The 2009 general elections took place on the 16th October after His Excellency the i) Botswana Alliance Movement led by Mr. Ephraim L. Setshwaelo President Lieutenant Seretse Khama Ian Khama dissolved Parliament on the 21st ii) Botswana Congress Party led by Mr. Otlaadisa M. Koosaletse August 2009, of the same year. The number of contested constituencies remained at 57. iii) Botswana Democratic Party led by Mr. Festus G. Mogae iv) Botswana National Front led by Mr. Otsweletse Moupo 11.1 REGISTRATION

v) Botswana People’s Party led by Mr. Bernard Balikani The Commission (IEC) had set itself a target to register 650 000 voters by the time of going to the polls. Registration started on the 2nd October 2007 and ended on the 22nd vi) MELS Movement of Botswana led by Mr. Themba Joina October 2007. By the end of the first registration period, only 343, 660 Batswana had registered to vote. To increase the number of registered voters, three supplementary vii) New Democratic Front led by Mr. Dick Bayford registration exercises were conducted between August 2008 and June 2009. In all

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 18 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 19 these supplementary registration exercises, 382,157, voters were registered. At the 11.4 ELECTION OBSERVERS end of all these efforts, a total of 725, 817, Batswana were registered internally including 1,646 who registered externally. The 2009 General Elections attracted a lot of interest from both domestic and international observers. One thousand one hundred observers observed the elections 11.2 PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATIONS in most of the 57 constituencies.

The Chief Justice received Nomination Papers for the Presidential Candidates on 11.5 RESULTS 12th September 2009 at the High Court. At the close of business, three leaders of political parties were declared validly nominated as candidates for election to the Table 12: Results of the 2009 general elections Office of President as follows:- No. of Seats No. of Percentage Votes Percentage Party i. Lieutenant General Seretse Khama Ian Khama - Botswana Democratic Party Contested Seats Won Seats Won Achieved of Votes

ii. Mr. Otsweletse Moupo - Botswana National Front (BNF); BAM 4 1 1.75 12,387 2.23 BCP 42 4 7.02 104, 302 18.78 iii. Mr. Gilson Saleshando - Botswana Congress Party(BCP)/ Botswana Alliance Movement (BAM) BDP 57 45 78.95 290,099 52.24

11.3 POLITICAL PARTIES BNF 48 6 10.53 119,509 21.52 BPP 6 0 0 7554 1.36 The following political parties contested the 2009 general elections: MELS 4 0 0 292 0.05 i) The Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) led by Lieutenant Seretse Khama Ian Khama; BTTO 1 0 0 40 0.007 Independent 15 1 1.75 10,464 1.88 ii) The Botswana Peoples Party (BPP) led by Mr. Bernard Balikani; Rejected 10,661 1.92 iii) The Botswana National Front (BNF) led by Mr. Otsweletse Moupo; Ballots

iv) The Botswana Congress Party/ Botswana Alliance Movement led by Mr. Gilson Independent 177 57 100 544,647 100 Saleshando (BCP/BAM); Source: Report to the Minister for Presidential Affairs and Public Administration on the 2009 v) MELS Movement of Botswana led by Mr. Themba Joina. General elections

vi) Botswana Tlhoko Tiro Organisation led by Mr. Kealeboga J Modise (BTTO) In the 2009 General Elections, of the 725, 817 voters who registered, a total of 544, 647 people, or 76.51%, of registered voters voted in the election. The registered vii) There were 15 Independent candidates voters constituted about 68% of the eligible voting population in Botswana. Of the total registered, 404, 283 were female and 321, 534 male. A total of 320,561 youth a) Mr. Ontlametse Gomosie (Maun East) between the ages of 18 and 29 had registered. b) Mr. Diile Boikobo (Ngami) Having fielded candidates in all the 57 constituencies, the Botswana Democratic c) Mr. Elmon M. Tafa (Francistown South) Party gained 45 parliamentary (78.95%) seats. The Botswana National Front fielded 48 parliamentary candidates and six of them won parliamentary seats (10.53%). d) Mr. Itumeleng Shine Ngakaetsile (Selibe Phikwe East) While the BCP/BAM fielded 46 candidates and five of them won parliamentary seats. e) Mr. Gabagopole Sebele (Tswapong North) For the first time in the history of Botswana politics, an independent candidate won a parliamentary seat. The number of constituencies in which independent candidates f) Mr. Roosevelt Kgosi (Mahalapye East) (Mekoko as they are commonly called) contested was 15. g) Mr. Alfred Ramono Pilane ( Kgatleng West) In terms of percentage votes, the Botswana Democratic Party has increased from about 50.3% in 2004 to 53.26 %in 2009. The Botswana National Front on the other h) Mr. Robert Molefhabangwe (Gaborone West South) hand dropped its percentage votes, having secured about 25.51 % in 2004, this has i) Mr. Patrick Kabo Mogapi (South East South) dropped to 21.94 % in 2009. The percentage of those who voted for the Botswana Congress Party and the Botswana Alliance Movement increased to 22.1% 2009 from j) Mr. Charles Charles (Mogoditshane) 16.27 % in 2004. The Botswana Peoples Party dropped slightly in %age votes, having k) Mr. Phetso K. Kgosiemang (Mogoditshane) gained 1.39 % in 2009 compared to 1.87 % in 2004. The Independent candidates l) Mr. Nehemiah M. Modubule (Lobatse) registered a 1.92 % votes in 2009 and the rest of the parties gained less than one % of the total votes. The number of female MPs who made it to parliament in their m) Mr. Simon Bushy Ramontsho ( Moshupa) election campaigns is only two, decreasing from four in 2004.

n) Mr. Tlhomamiso Kebaswele (Moshupa) None of the political parties attained their targets, as BDP had targeted a popular vote of 70% and at least 50 constituencies; the BNF had projected to win 29 seats o) Mr. Masuzu Elias Johns (Ghanzi North) and to increase its popular vote while BCP/BAM had hoped to win 21 seats.

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 20 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 21 11.6 SPECIALLY ELECTED MEMBERS OF PARLIAMENT The Botswana Democratic Party has maintained an above 65% Parliament seats. While the Party has also maintained above 60 % total votes between 1965 and 1989, Out of the four specially elected Members of Parliament, two were male and the it got 54.6 and 54.3 % votes in 1994 and 1999, respectively. There was a significant other two were female, bringing the total number of female Members of Parliament drop in percentage votes in its favour from 64.8 % in 1989 to 50.6 % in 2004.The to four . (See Appendix 10). party received its lowest support ever in the 2004 National Assembly elections.

THE BOTSWANA NATIONAL FRONT PARTY 12. ELECTION TRENDS 1965 TO 2009 Graph 5: Percentage of voters who voted for BNF 12.1 VOTER TURNOUT BETWEEN 1965 AND 2009 This voter turnout is based on the number of people who registered to vote and those who actually voted.

90 77.6 77.1 80 75 76.6 76.2 76.6 69 70 60 60 55 50

40 31.2

PERCENTAGE VOTES 30 20 10 The Botswana National Front almost maintained the same percentage of votes in 0 its favour between 1969 and 1979 (about 13 %). The increase in the percentage of 1965 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 Batswana voting for BNF was conspicuous in the 1994 general elections. The 1994 YEAR general elections results have been said to be, “...the best result ever achieved by Graph 3: Registration and voter trends between 1965 and 2009 any Opposition Party in the history of Botswana’s general elections”, (ECF) pp3. But the votes dramatically fell to 24.7 % in the 1999 general elections. This fall is The year 1984 was the best in terms of voter turnout, with 77.6 % of registered voters likely to have been caused by the split in the party that resulted in the formation of voting. 1999 and 1994 came second and third respectively with the former registering the Botswana Congress Party (BCP) just before the elections. The BNF seems to be 77.1 % and the latter 76.6 % voter turnout. In 2004, 76.2 % was registered. 1965 losing popularity, as in 2009, the percentage of votes dropped from 25.5% in 2004 also registered an above 70 % voter turnout. The years that had less than 70 % to 21.9% in 2009 voter turnout were 1969, 1974, 1979 and 1989. The year 1974 had the lowest voter turnout, registering only 31.2 %. THE BOTSWANA PEOPLES PARTY

12.2 VOTES IN FAVOUR OF VARIOUS POLITICAL PARTIES 1965 TO 2009 Graph 6: Percentage of voters who voted for BPP

THE BOTSWANA DEMOCRATIC PARTY

Graph 4: Percentage of voters who voted for BDP

100

20 PERCENTAGE 0 YEAR 1965 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 BDP 80.4 68.83 76.62 75.16 68 64.78 54.59 54.34 50.63 53.26

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 22 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 23 There has been a constant decline in the percentage of votes in favour of the Botswana The following are some of the electoral reforms that took place to enhance Botswana’s Peoples Party over the years. A major decline in the percentage of votes for this party democratic processes. was witnessed in the 1974 general elections when votes in its favour dropped by half, i) The right to vote by the 18 year olds in 1999; from about 12% to 6%. In 1999, the BPP did not contest the elections. ii) The introduction of the Independent Electoral Commission in 1999; THE BOTSWANA INDEPENDENCE PARTY 1965-1989 Graph 7: Percentage of voters who voted for BIP iii) Voting by Batswana residing outside the country in 1999; and iv) Introduction of ballot papers to replace counters and ballot envelopes in 1999.

Botswana Independence Party (BIP) experienced an increase in the percentage of voters only in the 1969 general elections. From the 1974 to the 1989 general elections, this party had a continuous decrease in the percentage of Batswana voting for it.

13. CONCLUSION

Based on the general elections reports submitted to the Office of the President from national and international observer groups such as the Electoral Commissions Forum of SADC Countries (ECF), Botswana’s elections have been generally free and fair.

The Botswana Democratic Party has ruled the country ever since the first general elections in 1965 to date under the presidency of:

i) Sir Seretse Khama, 1966 to 1980; ii) Sir Ketumile Masire, 1980 to March 1998; iii) Mr. Festus Mogae, April 1998 to April 2008 and

iv) Lieutenant General Seretse Khama Ian Khama, April 2008 to date.

Sir Seretse Khama ruled the country for 14 years and his reign ended when he passed on in July 1980. Sir Ketumile Masire who was the Vice President during Sir Seretse Khama’s presidency became the President in 1980 until he retired in March, 1998.

Though Botswana has not yet met the required 30% quota female representation in Parliament, positive strides have been made towards reaching this target without compromising quality. Before 1974, there was neither a female Parliamentary candidate nor Member of Parliament. It was only in 1974 when two females were brought to parliament through the special nomination ticket. In 1977, during the Serowe South by-election a female contested and won a parliamentary seat. In 1999, Botswana had eight female Members of Parliament, six of whom have been elected at their various respective constituencies, and two had been specially elected. This brought the percentage of female Parliamentarians to 17. Today, Botswana has four female Members of Parliament, two of whom have been elected at their constituencies, and two have been specially elected. This has brought the percentage of female parliamentarians to 6.6%.

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 24 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 25 REFERENCES APPENDICES

1. The Electoral Commissions Forum of SADC Countries, (1999), Botswana Elections APP. 1: Observer Mission Report, Auckland Park: Electoral Institute of Southern Africa. COMPOSITION OF THE BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 1965 2. Hon. Justice Mosojane, J. Z. and Seeletso, T. G. G. (2000), Report to His Honour SPEAKER the President and Minister for Presidential Affairs and Public Administration on the Elections, 1999, Gaborone: The Government Printer. The Hon. Dr. Alfred M. Merriweather, O.B.E. 3. Mmono, N.T.K. (1990) Report to the Minister for Presidential Affairs and Public Administration on the General Election, 1994. DEPUTY SPEAKER

4. Mmono, N.T.K. (1995) Report to the Minister for Presidential Affairs and Public The Hon. Gaefalale G. Sebeso (Tswapong South) Administration on the General Elections, 1994. THE CABINET 5. Mogae F. G. (1985), Report to the Minister of Public Service and Information on The Hon. Seretse M. Khama, O.B.E (Serowe North) Prime Minister the General Election, 1984. The Hon. Quett K. J. Masire, J.P. (Kanye South) Deputy Prime Minister 6. Molosiwa, R. and Nkarabang K. (Ed.) (1999), Botswana Handbook 1999. Gaborone: Government Printers. The Hon. Benjamin C. Thema, M.B.E. (Lobatse and Barolong) Minister of Finance

7. The National Assembly Official Reports (Hansard): 1965 to 2004. The Hon. Archelaus M. Tsoebebe (Bobirwa) Minister of Labour and Social Services

8. Report to the Minister for Presidential Affairs and Public Administration on the The Hon. David J. C. Morgan, O.B.E. (Specially Elected) Minister of Works and General Elections, 1994. Communications

9. Steenkamp, P. L. (1975), Report to the Minister of State on the General Elections, The Hon. Moutlakgola P. K. Nwako (Tswapong North) Minister of Agriculture 1974, Gaborone: The Government Printer. The Hon. Amos M. Dambe (Mmadinare) Minister of Mines, Commerce and Industry 10. Steenkamp, P. L. (1979), Report to the Minister of Public Service and Information on General Election, 1979, Gaborone: The Government Printer. The Hon. Tsheko Tsheko, M.B.E. (Okavango) Minister of Local Government

11. T.G.G. Seeletso (2004) Report to the Minister for Presidential Affairs and Public The Hon. Alan G Tilbury, O.B.E. Attorney General Administration on the General Elections, 2004. PARLIAMENTARY SECRETARIES 12. Winstanley, G. The Bechuanaland General Elections 1965. Mr. Englishman Kgabo (Molepolole East) Ministry of Finance 13. Winstanley, G (1970) Report to the Minister of Health, Labour and Home Affairs on the General Elections 1969, Gaborone: The Government Printer. Mr. Ramsey D. Molefe (Specially Elected) Ministry of Agriculture Mr. Motlatsi K. Segokgo (Kgatleng and Tlokweng) Ministry of Labour and Social Services

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 26 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 27 OTHER GOVERNMENT MEMBERS APP. 2:

The Hon. Basenyapelo R. Chibana Kanye North COMPOSITION OF THE BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 1969 The Hon. Obed I. Chilume Nkange The Hon. James G. Haskins, O.B.E. Specially Elected SPEAKER The Hon. Bakwena Kgari Serowe South The Hon. Rev. Alfred. A. F. Lock The Hon. Gaolese K. Koma Mahalapye The Hon. Gaerolwe M. Kwerepe Ngami DEPUTY SPEAKER The Hon. Lemme Makgekgenene Tonota The Hon. Edison S.K. Masisi Moshupa The Hon. Gaefalale G. Sebeso (Tswapong South) The Hon. Mudongo Maswikiti Sebina and Gweta The Hon. Boy M. Moapare Kgalagadi THE CABINET The Hon. Norman C. Molomo Gaborone and Ramotswa The Hon. Dikgothi R Monwela Maun and Chobe The Hon. Sir Seretse Khama, K.B.E. (Serowe North) President The Hon. Goareng S. Mosinyi Shoshong The Hon. Johnson O. M. Nkoane Kweneng South The Hon. Dr. Quett K.J. Masire, J.P. (Specially Elected) Vice President and the Minister The Hon. Eyes G. Reokwaeng Kweneng West of Development Planning The Hon. Pulafela M. Sebotho Ngwaketse and Kgalagadi The Hon. Benjamin C. Thema, M.B.E. (Lobatse and Barolong) Minister of Education The Hon. Ntwakgolo S. Sekga Ghanzi The Hon. George W. Sim, J.P. Specially Elected The Hon. Moutlakgola P. K. Nwako (Tswapong North) Minister of Health, Labour and The Hon. Benjamin Steinberg Boteti Home Affairs The Hon. Rev Stephen A. Thobega Molepolole North The Hon. James G. Haskins, J.P., O.B.E (Specially Elected) Minister of Finance OPPOSITION MEMBERS The Hon. Phillip G. Matante Francistown and Tati East The Hon. Amos M. Dambe, B.E.M. (Mmadinare) Minister of Works and The Hon. Thari W. Motlhagodi Mochudi Communications The Hon. Kenneth M. Nkhwa Tati West The Hon. Tsheko Tsheko, M.B.E. (Specially Elected) Minister of Agriculture

The Hon. Edison S. Masisi (Moshupa) Minister of State

The Hon. Motlatsi K. Segokgo (Kgatleng and Tlokweng) Minister of Commerce, Industry and Water Affairs

The Hon. Englishman Kgabo (Molepolole East) Minister of Local Government and Lands

The Hon. Moleleki D. Mokama - Attorney General

The Hon. Kebatlamang P. Morake (Specially Elected) Assistant Minister, Office of the President

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 28 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 29 OTHER GOVERNMENT MEMBERS APP. 3:

The Hon. Obed I. Chilume Nkange COMPOSITION OF THE BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 1974 The Hon. Henry Jankie Ghanzi The Hon. Bakwena Kgari Serowe South SPEAKER The Hon. Gaolese K. Koma Mahalapye The Hon. Rev. Alfred A. F. Lock The Hon. Daniel K. Kwelagobe Molepolole North The Hon. Gaerolwe M. Kwerepe Ngami DEPUTY SPEAKER The Hon. Lemme Makgekgenene Tonota The Hon. Mudongo Maswikiti Sebina/Gweta Mr Gaefalale G. Sebeso, P.H. (Tswapong South) The Hon. Boy M. Moapare Kgalagadi CABINET The Hon. Dikgothi R. Monwela Maun and Chobe The Hon. Goareng S. Mosinyi Shoshong The Hon. Sir Seretse Khama, K.B.E. President The Hon. Johnson O. M. Nkoane Kweneng South The Hon. Eyes G. Reokwaeng Kweneng West The Hon. Dr. Quett K. J. Masire, J.P. Vice President and Minister of Finance and The Hon. Welly M. Seboni Gaborone and Ramotswa Development Planning The Hon. Abel. C. Sikunyana, M.B.E Bobirwa The Hon. Benjamin Steinberg Boteti The Hon. Kebatlamang P. Morake (Mmadinare) Minister of Education

OPPOSITION MEMBERS The Hon. James G. Haskins, J.P. (Specially Elected) Minister of Works and Communications The Hon. Phillip G. Matante Francistown and Tati East 1 The Hon. Thari W. Motlhagodi Mochudi The Hon. Moutlakgola P. K. Nwako (Tswapong North) Minister of Health The Hon. Kenneth M. Nkhwa Tati West The Hon. Edison S. Masisi (Moshupa) Minister of Agriculture The Hon. Bathoen Gaseitsiwe Kanye South The Hon. Patrick N. Tshane Ngwaketse and Kgalagadi The Hon. Bakwena Kgari2 (Serowe South) Minister of Home Affairs The Hon. Motsokwane N. Yane Kanye North The Hon. Motsamai K. Mpho Okavango The Hon. Lemme H. Makgekgenene (Tonota) Minister of Local Government and Lands.

The Hon. Daniel K. Kwelagobe (Molepolole) Minister of Public Service, Information and Broadcasting

The Hon. Motlatsi K. Segokgo (Kgatleng and Tlokweng) Minister of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs.

The Hon. Gaositwe K. T. Chiepe (Specially Elected) Minister of Commerce and Industry.

The Hon Peter S. Mmusi3 (Kweneng South) Assistant Minister of Finance and Development Planning

The Hon. Lenyeletse M. Seretse4 (Boteti) Assistant Minister of Local Government and Lands.

The Hon. Archibald M. Mogwe (Specially Elected) Minister of External Affairs

The Hon. Moleleki D. Mokama – Attorney General

1Appointed Minister of Commerce and Industry in 1977 2 Passed on in 1977 and Hon Dr Chiepe took over as MP for Serowe South after winning By-Election. Hon D.K. Kwele joined Parliament as Specially Elected.Hon Dr Chiepe was appointed Minister of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs in 1977. 3Appointed Minister of Home Affairs and Hon Welly Seboni was appointed Assistant Minister of Finance and Development Planning in 1977 4Appointed Minister of Health in 1977

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 30 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 31 OTHER GOVERNMENT MEMBERS APP. 4: COMPOSITION OF THE BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 1979 The Hon. Colin. W. Blackbeard Serowe North The Hon. Obed I. Chilume Nkange SPEAKER The Hon. Kebatshabile L. Disele Specially Elected The Hon. James G. Haskins The Hon. Henry Jankie Ghanzi The Hon. Englishman Kgabo Kweneng East DEPUTY SPEAKER The Hon. Kobue R. Kobue Ramotswa Mr Gaefalale G. Sebeso (Tswapong South) The Hon. Gaolese K. Koma Mahalapye THE CABINET The Hon. Gaerolwe M. Kwerepe Ngami The Hon. Mudongo Maswikiti Sebina and Gweta The Hon. Sir Seretse Khama5, K.B.E., MP. President The Hon. Boy M. Moapare Kgalagadi The Hon. Quett J Masire (Ngwaketse/Kgalagadi) Vice President and Minister of The Hon. Dikgothi R Monwela Maun and Chobe Finance and Development Planning The Hon. Goareng S. Mosinyi Shoshong The Hon. Lenyeletse M.Seretse6 (Boteti) Minister of Local Government and Lands The Hon. Eyes G. Reokwaeng Kweneng West The Hon. Welly M. Seboni Gaborone The Hon. Kebatlamang P. Morake (Mmadinare) Minister of Education The Hon. Abel. C. Sikunyane Bobirwa The Hon. Kebatshabile L. Disele (Specially Elected) Minister of Home Affairs The Hon Benjamin C. Thema Lobatse/Barolong The Hon. Moutlakgola P. K. Nwako (Tswapong North) Minister of Commerce and OPPOSITION MEMBERS Industry

The Hon. Phillip G. Matante Francistown and Tati East The Hon. Lemme H. Makgekgenene (Tonota) Minister of Health The Hon. Greek S. W. Ruele Mochudi The Hon. Peter S. Mmusi7 (Gaborone) Minister of Works and Communications The Hon. Kenneth M. Nkhwa North East The Hon. Daniel Kwelagobe (Molepolole) Minister of Public Service and The Hon. Bathoen Gaseitsiwe Kanye South Information The Hon. Motsokwane N. Yane Kanye North The Hon. Dr Gaositwe K. T. Chiepe (Serowe South) Minister of Minerals and Water The Hon. Motsamai K. Mpho Okavango Affairs

The Hon. Washington R. Meswele (Kgatleng/Tlokweng) Minister of Agriculture

The Hon. Archibald M. Mogwe (Specially Elected) Minister of External Affairs

The Hon. Lesedi J. T. Mothibamele8 (Kgalagadi) Assistant Minister of Finance and Development Planning

The Hon. Gaotlhaetse U. S. Matlhabaphiri (Specially Elected) Assistant Minister of Agriculture

The Hon. Daniel K. Kwele (Specially Elected) Assistant Minister of Local Government and Lands

The Hon. Moleleki Mokama - Attorney General

5 Passed on in July 1980 and Hon. Q. K. J. Masire took over as the next President 6 Passed on in January 1983 and Hon. Gabofele Masusu won Boteti by-election 7Appointed Vice President and Minister of Finance and Development Planning in 1981 after Hon. Q.K.J Masire became the President 8 Appointed Assistant Minister of Local Government after the resignation of Hon D.K. Kwele as a Member of Parliament in 1982

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 32 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 33 OTHER GOVERNMENT MEMBERS APP. 5: The Hon. Patrick K. Balopi Francistown COMPOSITION OF THE BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 1984 The Hon. Colin Blackbeard9 Serowe North SPEAKER The Hon. Obed I. Chilume10 Nkange The Hon. Jimmy G. Haskins The Hon. Dingaan Dichaba Lobatse/Barolong The Hon. Henry Jankie Ghanzi DEPUTY SPEAKER The Hon. Englishman M. K. Kgabo Kweneng South Mr Gaefalale G. Sebeso (Tswapong South) The Hon. Gaolese K. Koma Mahalapye THE CABINET The Hon. Gaerolwe M. Kwerepe Ngami The Hon. David N. Magang Kweneng East The Hon. Quett K.J. Masire President The Hon. Edison S. Masisi Moshupa The Hon. Peter S. Mmusi11 (Gaborone South) Vice President and The Hon. Mudongo Maswikiti Sebina/Gweta Minister of Finance and Development Planning The Hon. Dikgothi R. Monwela Maun and Chobe The Hon. Kebatlamang P. Morake (Selebi Phikwe) Minister of Education The Hon. Goareng S. Mosinyi Shoshong The Hon. Moutlakgola P. K. Nwako (Tswapong North) Minister of Commerce and The Hon. Walter G. Mosweu Bobirwa Industry The Hon. Michael R. Tshipinare Kgalagadi The Hon. Lemme H. Makgekgenene12 (Tonota) Minister of Health The Hon. Eyes G. Reokwaeng Kweneng West 13 The Hon. Geofrey M. Oteng Ramotswa The Hon. Daniel Kwelagobe (Molepolole) Minister of Public Service and Information The Hon. Greek S. W. Ruele Mochudi The Hon. Bailang O. Salepito Okavango The Hon. Dr. Gaositwe K. T. Chiepe14 (Serowe South) Minister of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs OPPOSITION MEMBERS The Hon. Englishman M. K. Kgabo (Kweneng South) Minister of Home Affairs The Hon. Kenneth M. Nkhwa North East The Hon. Bathoen Gaseitsiwe Kanye South (Leader of Opposition) The Hon. Washington R. Meswele (Kgatleng/Tlokweng) Minister of Agriculture The Hon. Motsokwane N. Yane Kanye North The Hon. Archibald M. Mogwe15 (Specially Elected) Minister of External Affairs

The Hon Collin Blackbeard (Serowe North) Minister of Works and Communications

The Hon. Lesedi J. T. Mothibamele16 (Kgalagadi) Minister of Local Government and Lands

The Hon. Ponatshego H. K. Kedikilwe17 (Mmadinare) Assistant Minister of Finance and Development Planning

The Hon. Obed I. Chilume18 (Nkange) Assistant Minister of Local Government and Lands

The Hon. Michael R. Tshipinare (Ngwaketse West) Assistant Minister of Local Government and Lands

The Hon. Moleleki D. Mokama – Attorney General

11Lost to Dr. K. S. Koma after the Tshiamo ballot box incident and appointed Specially Elected Member of Parliamnet. Koma was sworn in early 1985 and became Leader of Opposition 12Ceased to be in cabinet in 1985 and Hon P.K. Balopi was appointed Minister of Health. 13Appointed Minister of Agriculture in 1985. 14Appointed Minister for External Affairs in 1985 15 Appointed Minister of Mineral Resource and Water Affairs in 1985 16 Appointed Minister of Health and Hon. P.K. Balopi was appointed Minister of Local Government and Lands in 1986 17 Appointed Minister for Presidential Affairs and Public Administration and Hon D.N Magang was 9 Appointed Minister of Works, Transport and Communications after Hon P.S. Mmusi was appointed appointed Assistant Minister of Finance and Development Planning in 1985. Minister of Finance and Development Planning in 1981 18 Appointed Assistant Minister of Finance and Development Planning when Hon D.N. Magang was ceased 10 Appointed Assistant Minister of Finance and Development Planning in 1982. to be in cabinet in 1986.

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 34 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 35 OTHER GOVERNMENT MEMBERS APP. 6: The Hon. Patrick K. Balopi Francistown COMPOSITION OF THE BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 1989 The Hon. Chapson J. Butale19 Specially Elected The Hon. Henry Jankie20 Ghanzi SPEAKER The Hon. Gaolese K. Koma Mahalapye The Hon. Moutlakgola P. K. Nwako (Tswapong North) The Hon. Gaerolwe M. Kwerepe Ngami DEPUTY SPEAKER The Hon. David N. Magang Kweneng East The Hon. Edison S. Masisi23 (Moshupa) The Hon. Edison S. Masisi Moshupa THE CABINET The Hon. Gabofele Masusu Boteti The Hon. Mudongo Maswikiti Sebina/Gweta The Hon. Quett J. Masire – President The Hon. Washington. R. Meswele Kgatleng /Tlokweng The Hon. Peter S. Mmusi24 (Kweneng South) Vice President and Minister of Local The Hon. Boometswe Mokgothu Kweneng West Government and Lands The Hon. Dikgothi R. Monwela Maun and Chobe The Hon. Kebatlamang P. Morake25 (Selibe Phikwe) Minister of Health The Hon. Goareng S. Mosinyi Shoshong The Hon. Patrick K. Balopi (Francistown) Minister of Labour and Home Affairs The Hon. Walter G. Mosweu Bobirwa The Hon. Ponatshego H. K. Kedikilwe (Mmadinare) Minister of Commerce and The Hon. Clara K. Olsen Specially Elected Industry The Hon. Geofrey M. Oteng21 Ramotswa The Hon. Greek S. W. Ruele Mochudi The Hon. Dr Gaositwe K. T. Chiepe (Serowe South) Minister of External Affairs The Hon. Ronald K. Sebego Lobatse/Barolong The Hon. Archibald M. Mogwe (Kanye) Minister of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs OPPOSITION MEMBERS 26 The Hon. Maitshwarelo M. Dabutha Gaborone North The Hon. Chapson J. Butale (North East) Minister of Works, Transport and Communications The Hon. Kenneth M. Nkhwa North East The Hon. Joseph Kavindama Okavango The Hon. Festus G. Mogae (Specially Elected) Minister of Finance and Development The Hon. Dennis K. Mosielele22 Ngwaketse South Planning The Hon. Daniel K. Kwelagobe (Molepolole) Minister of Agriculture The Hon. Lt Gen. Mompati S. Merafhe (Specially Elected) Minister for Presidential Affairs and Public Administration The Hon. Ray M. Molomo (Mochudi) Minister of Education

The Hon. Geofrey M. Oteng27 (Ramotswa) Assistant Minister of Agriculture The Hon. Michael R. Tshipinare28 (Ngwaketse West) Assistant Minister of Local Government and Lands The Hon. Ronald K. Sebego29 (Lobatse/Barolong) Assistant Minister of Local Government and Lands The Hon. David N. Magang30 (Kweneng East) Assistant Minister of Finance and Development Planning The Hon. Moleleki D. Mokama31 – Attorney General

23 Hon. E.S. Masisi retired and Hon L.H. Makgekgenene was appointed Deputy Speaker 24 He resigned from Cabinet and Hon. F.G. Mogae was elected Vice President and Minister of Finance and Development Planning in 1992 25 Appointed Minister of Agriculture in 1992 after the resignation of Hon. D.K. Kwelagobe from cabinet 26 Appointed Minister of Local Government, Lands and Housing in 1992 19 Appointed Assistant Minister of Local Government and Lands in 1986. 27 Appointed Assistant Minister of Local Government, Lands and Housing in 1992 20 Passedon in February 1987 and Hon. J. K. Swartz became MP for Ghanzi in August 1987 after by- 28 Ceased to be Assistant Minister of Local Government, Lands and Housing in 1992 and Hon B. election Mokgothu was appointed Assistant Minister. 21 Appointed Assistant Minister of Agriculture in 1985 29 Ceased to be in Cabinet in 1992 22 His seat declared vacant in 1986 after court conviction and Hon. G. Mosimakoko was elected MP for 30 Appointed Minister of Works, Transport and Communications in 1992 Ngwaketse South in 1987 by-election 31 Hon. P.T.C. Skelemani became the Attorney General after his resignation in 1992

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 36 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 37 OTHER GOVERNMENT MEMBERS APP. 7:

The Hon. Collin R. Blackbeard Serowe North COMPOSITION OF THE BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 1994 The Hon. Obed I.Chilume Nkange SPEAKER The Hon. Lesedi J. T. Mothibamele Kgalagadi The Hon. Moutlakgola P. K. Nwako (Tswapong North) The Hon. Lemme H. Makgekgenene Tonota DEPUTY SPEAKER The Hon. Washington R. Meswele Kgatleng/Tlokweng The Hon. Edison S. Masisi (Moshupa) The Hon. Johnnie K. Swartz Ghanzi The Hon. Gaolese K. Koma Mahalapye THE CABINET The Hon. Gaerolwe M. Kwerepe Ngami The Hon. Quett K. J. Masire34 - President The Hon. Edison S. Masisi Moshupa The Hon. Festus G. Mogae - Vice President and Minister of Finance and Development The Hon. Gabofele Masusu Boteti Planning The Hon. Boometswe Mokgothu Kweneng West The Hon. Daniel K. Kwelagobe35 (Molepolole) Minister of Works, Transport and The Hon. Roy W. Blackbeard32 Serowe North Communications The Hon. Esther Mosinyi Shoshong The Hon. Dr Gaositwe K. T. Chiepe (Serowe South) Minister of Education 33 The Hon. Bahiti K. Temane Maun/Chobe The Hon. Ponatshego H. K. Kedikilwe36 (Mmadinare) Minister for Presidential Affairs The Hon. James J. Maruatona Bobirwa and Public Administration The Hon. Pelokgale K. Seloma Tswapong South The Hon. Bahiti K. Temane (Maun/Chobe) Minister of Labour and Home Affairs The Hon. Richard Ndwapi Sebina/Gweta The Hon. Chapson J. Butale (North East) Minister of Health The Hon. Duke Pule Ngwaketse South The Hon. Patrick K. Balopi37 (Francistown East) Minister of Local Government, Lands The Hon. Gaotlhaetse U. S. Matlhabaphiri Specially Elected and Housing The Hon. Vister M. Moruti Specially Elected The Hon. Boometswe Mokgothu (Letlhakeng) Assistant Minister of Local Government, OPPOSITION MEMBERS Lands and Housing The Hon. Dr Kenneth S. Koma Gaborone South The Hon. Lt Gen. Mompati S. Merafhe (Mahalapye) Minister of Foreign Affairs (Leader of Opposition) The Hon. Roy W. Blackbeard38 (Serowe North) Minister of Agriculture The Hon. Maitshwarelo M. Dabutha Gaborone North 39 The Hon. Joseph Kavindama Okavango The Hon. David N. Magang (Lentsweletau) Minister of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs The Hon. Ronald K. Sebego (Barolong)40 Assistant Minister of Agriculture The Hon. Kgeledi G. Kgoroba (Specially Elected) Minister of Commerce and Industry The Hon. Lesedi J. T. Mothibamele41 (Kgalagadi) Assistant Minister of Finance and Development Planning The Hon. Margaret N. Nasha42 (Specially Elected) Assistant Minister of Local Government, Lands and Housing The Hon. Phandu T. C. Skelemani-Attorney General

34 Retired in 1998 and the Vice President Hon.Festus Mogae took over as the next President. Hon Sebetela became MP for Palapye after a by-election 35 Appointed Minister of Local Government in 1998 36 Appointed Minister of Finance and Development Planning in 1998 37 Ceased to be in cabinet in 1998 38 Appointed Botswana High Commissioner to United Kingdom in 1998 and General S. K. I. Khama became MP for Serowe North. 39 Appointed Minister of Works, Transports and Communications in 1998 40 Appointed Minister of Agriculture in 1998 41 Appointed Assistant Minister of Agriculture in 1998 32 Appointed Assistant Minister of Agriculture in 1992 33 Appointed Minister of Health in 1992 42 Appointed Minister of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs in 1998

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 38 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 39 OTHER GOVERNMENT MEMBERS APP. 8: The Hon. Obed I. Chilume Nkange COMPOSITION OF THE BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 1999 The Hon. Lemme H. Makgekgenene Tonota SPEAKER The Hon. Geofrey M. Oteng South East The Hon. Michael R. Tshipinare Ngwaketse West The Hon. Matlapeng R. Molomo The Hon. Gabofele Masusu Boteti DEPUTY SPEAKER The Hon. Johnnie K. Swartz Ghanzi The Hon. Bahiti Temane (Maun/Chobe) The Hon. Modibedi M. Robi Shoshong The Hon. James J. Maruatona Bobirwa THE CABINET The Hon. Pelokgale K. Seloma Tswapong South The Hon. Festus G. Mogae – President The Hon. Olifant T. Mfa Sebina/Gweta The Hon. Lt. Gen. Seretse Khama Ian Khama (Serowe North) Vice President and 43 The Hon. Joy J. Phumaphi Specially Elected Minister for Presidential Affairs and Public Administration The Hon. Jerry B. Gabaake Specially Elected The Hon. Daniel K. Kwelagobe46 (Molepolole) Minister of Commerce and Industry The Hon. Jacob N. Nkate44 Ngami The Hon. Ponatshego H. K. Kedikilwe47 (Mmadinare) Minister of Education The Hon. Thebe D. Mogami Tswapong North The Hon. Gladys T. K. Kokorwe Thamaga The Hon. David N. Magang (Letsweletau) Minister of Transport, Works and Communications OPPOSITION MEMBERS The Hon. Lt Gen. Mompati S. Merafhe (Mahalapye) Minister of Foreign Affairs The Hon. Dr Kenneth S. Koma Gaborone South (Leader of Opposition) The Hon. Margaret N. Nasha48 (Gaborone Central) Minister of Local Government The Hon. Maitshwarelo M. Dabutha Gaborone North The Hon. Joseph P. Kavindama Okavango The Hon. Boometswe Mokgothu (Letlhakeng) Minister of Minerals Energy and Water Affairs The Hon. Michael K. Dingake Gaborone Central 49 The Hon. Paul M. Rantao Gaborone West The Hon. Joy J. Phumaphi (Francistown East) Minister of Health The Hon. Isaac S. Mabiletsa Kgatleng East The Hon. Jacob D. Nkate (Ngami) Minister of Lands, Housing and Environment The Hon. Gilson Saleshando Selibe-Phikwe The Hon. Johnnie K. Swartz (Ghanzi) Minister of Agriculture The Hon. James M. Pilane Kgatleng West The Hon. Thebe D. Mogami50 (Tswapong North) Minister of Labour and Home The Hon. Otlaadisa M. Koosaletse Lobatse Affairs The Hon. Mokgweetsi P. Kgosipula Mogoditshane The Hon. Baledzi Gaolathe (Specially Elected) Minister of Finance and Development The Hon. Sidwell Gabatshwane Kanye Planning The Hon. Vain Mamela Francistown West The Hon. Pelokgale Seloma (Tswapong South) Assistant Minister of Agriculture The Hon. Geofrey Mosimakoko45 Ngwaketse South The Hon. Tebelelo Seretse51 (Serowe South) Assistant Minister for Presidential Affairs and public Administration The Hon. Gladys T. K. Kokorwe (Thamaga) Assistant Minister of Local Government

The Hon. Lephimotswe B. Sebetela (Palapye) Assistant Minister of Finance and Development Planning

The Hon. Phandu T. C. Skelemani– Attorney General

46 Appointed Minister of Labour and Home Affairs in 2000 and in 2001 he was appointed Minister for Presidential Affairs and Public Administration 47Ceased to be in Cabinet and Hon. K.G Kgoroba was appointed to the Ministry in 2000 48 Appointed Minister of Lands and Housing in 2002 and Hon. Jacob. D. Nkate was appointed Minister of Trade and Industry 49 She resigned and Hon. L.E. Motsumi succeeded her as Minister in 2003 50 Appointed Minister for Presidential Affairs and Public Administration in 2000 and in 2001 he proceeded to Ministry of Labour and Home Affairs as a Minister. 43 Appointed Assistant Minister of Local Government, Lands and Housing in 1998 51 Appointed Minister of Commerce and Industry in 2000 and in 2001 she proceeded to Ministry of Works 44 Appointed Assistant Minister of Finance and Development Planning in 1998 and Transport when Magang retired from both Cabinet and Parliament and Maj. Gen. M. R. Pheto won 45 Passed on in 1996 and Hon. K. Kalake became MP for Ngwaketse South after a by-election in 1996 by-election

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 40 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 41 OTHER GOVERNMENT MEMBERS APP. 9:

The Hon. Kgeledi G Kgoroba Mogoditshane COMPOSITION OF THE BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 2004 The Hon. Chapson J. Butale North East SPEAKER The Hon. Lesedi J. T. Mothibamele Kgalagadi The Hon. James J. Maruatona Bobirwa The Hon Patrick K. Balopi The Hon. Ronald K. Sebego Barolong DEPUTY SPEAKER The Hon. Olifant T. Mfa52 Sebina/Gweta The Hon Gladys T.K. Kokorwe58- (Kweneng South) The Hon. Maitlhoko G. K. Mooka Moshupa The Hon. Michael R. Tshipinare53 Ngwaketse West THE CABINET The Hon. Rakwadi J. Modipane Kgatleng West His Excellency Festus G. Mogae59 - President The Hon. Ambrose Masalila Nkange His Honour Lt Gen S. K. I Khama - Vice President (Serowe North West) The Hon. Pono P. Moatlhodi Tonota The Hon. Slumber Tsogwane54 Boteti The Hon. Lt Gen Mompati S. Merafhe60 - (Mahalapye West)

The Hon. Isaac J. Davids Kgatleng East Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation The Hon. Gobopang D. Lefhoko55 Shoshong The Hon. Margaret N. Nasha - (Specially Elected) - Minister of Local Government The Hon. Lesego Motsumi56 South East The Hon. Tshelang Masisi Francistown West The Hon. Jacob D. Nkate (Ngami) - Minister of Education The Hon. Daisy S. Pholo Selibe-Phikwe The Hon. Johnnie K. Swartz61 - (Ghanzi North) - Minister of Agriculture The Hon. Pelonomi Venson57 Specially Elected The Hon. Shirley Segokgo Specially Elected The Hon. Baledzi Gaolathe - (Tonota North) - Minister of Finance and Development Planning The Hon. Satar Dada Specially Elected The Hon. Pelonomi Venson - (Serowe East South) - Minister of Communications, OPPOSITION MEMBERS Science and Technology

62 The Hon. Dr Kenneth S. Koma Gaborone South (Leader of Opposition) The Hon. Lesego Motsumi (South East South) - Minister of Works and Transport The Hon. Kebadire Kalake Ngwaketse South The Hon. Moeng Pheto63 (Kweneng East) - Minister of Labour and Home Affairs The Hon. Joseph P. Kavindama Okavango The Hon. Phandu Skelemani64 - (Francistown East) - Minister for Presidential Affairs The Hon. Robert M. Molefhabangwe Gaborone West and Public Administration The Hon. Omphitlhetse O. Maswabi Kanye The Hon. Neo Moroka (Kgalagadi South) - Minister of Trade and Industry The Hon. Michael Mzwinila Gaborone North The Hon. Nehemiah M. Modubule Lobatse The Hon. Mbiganyi Tibone 65- (Tati West) - Minister of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources The Hon. Dikgakgamatso R. Seretse66 (Serowe North East) - Minister of Lands and Housing

The Hon. Kitso Mokaila (Barolong) - Minister of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism The Hon. Sheila Tlou (Specially Elected) - Minister of Health

58 Appointed minister of Youth, Sport and Culture and Hon. T. Mogami took over as Deputy Speaker and Hon. Maj Gen. M. R. Pheto ceased to be in cabinet in 2008 59 Retired as President and Lieutenant S. K. I Khama took over as President in 2008 52 Appointed Assistant Minister for Presidential Affairs and Public Administration 60 Became Vice President and Hon P.T.C. Skelemani took over as Minister of Foreign Affairs and 53 Appointed Minister of Local Government International Co-operation in 2008 54 Appointed Assistant Minister of Finance and Development Planning and Hon. Lephimotswe B. Sebetela 61 Appointed Minister of Works and Transport in 2008 became Minister of Communications, Science and Technology in 2002 62 Appointed Minister of Health and Hon. S. Tlou ceased to be Cabinet Minister in 2008 55 Appointed Assistant Minister of Education in 2002 63 Appointed Minister of Youth, Sport and Culture in 2007 56 Appointed Assistant Minister of Labour and Home Affairs in 2002 and the Minister of Health, Hon. Maj. 64 Appointed Minister of Defence, Justice and Security and Hon. D. K. Kwelagobe took over as Minister of Gen. M. R. Pheto became Assistant Minister of Labour and Home Affairs in 2003 Presidential Affairs and Public Administration in 2007 57 Appointed Minister of Commerce and Industry in 2001 and in 2002 was appointed Minister of Environment, 65 Appointed Minister of labour and Home Affairs in 2007 Wildlife and Tourism 66 Appointed Minister of Defence, Justice and Security in 2008

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 42 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 43 The Hon. Olifant Mfa67 (Nata Gweta) - Assistant Minister of Labour and Home The Hon. Edward M. Raletobana Kweneng South East Affairs The Hon. Ronald Ridge Maun West The Hon. Ambrose Masalila (Nkange) - Assistant Minister of Local Government The Hon. Botlogile Tshireletso Mahalapye East The Hon. Slumber Tsogwane Boteti North The Hon. Frank Ramsden (Maun East) - Assistant Minister of Works and Transport The Hon. Moiseraele M. Goya Palapye The Hon. Peter Siele68 (Ngwaketse South) - Assistant Minister of Agriculture The Hon. Victor Motobake Kgalagadi North The Hon. Duncan Mlazie (Chobe) - Assistant Minister of Finance and Development Planning OPPOSITION MEMBERS The Hon. Akanyang Magama Gaborone South (Leader of Opposition) The Hon. Moggie Mbaakanyi (Specially Elected) - Assistant Minister of Education The Hon. Calvin M. K. Batsile Kanye North The Hon. Ian S. Kirby69 - Attorney General The Hon. Olebile M. Gaborone South East North Mr Eric Molale - Secretary to the Cabinet (ex-officio) The Hon. Isaac S. Mabiletsa Kgatleng East OTHER GOVERNMENT MEMBERS The Hon. Omphitlhetse O. Maswabi Kanye South The Hon. Samson Moyo Guma70 Tati East The Hon. Gordon Mokgwathi Letlhakeng East The Hon. Christian de Graaff 71 Ghanzi South The Hon. Nehemiah M. Modubule Lobatse The Hon. Kavis Kario72 Selibe Phikwe West The Hon. Robert K. Molefhabangwe Gaborone West South 73 The Hon. Ponatshego H. K. Kedikilwe Mmadinare The Hon. Obakeng E. Moumakwa79 Kgalagadi North 74 The Hon. Shaw Kgathi Bobirwa The Hon. Filbert K. Nagafela Letlhakeng West The Hon. Gladys T. K. Kokorwe Kweneng South The Hon. Paul M. Rantao80 Gaborone West North The Hon. Daniel K. Kwelagobe Molepolole South The Hon. Mephato Reatile Ngwaketse West The Hon. Gobopang D. Lefhoko Shoshong The Hon. Dumelang Saleshando Gaborone Central The Hon. Khumongwana T. Maoto Francistown South The Hon. Otsweletse Moupo Gaborone West North The Hon. Patrick Masimolole Mogoditshane The Hon. Tshelang Walter Masisi Francistown West The Hon. Gaotlhaetse U. S. Matlhabaphiri75 Molepolole North The Hon. Pono P. P. Moatlhodi Tonota South The Hon. Rakwadi M. Modipane Kgatleng West The Hon. Thebe D. Mogami Tswapong North The Hon. Lebonaamang T. Mokalake76 Boteti South The Hon. Oreeditse S. Molebatsi Tswapong South The Hon. Nonofo E. Molefhi77 Selibe Phikwe East The Hon. Lephimotswe B. Sebetela78 Palapye The Hon. Maitlhoko K. G. Mooka Moshupa The Hon. Vister M. Moruti Okavango The Hon. Botsalo Ntuane Specially Elected The Hon. Keletso J. Rakhudu Gaborone North

67Appointed Assistant Minister of Agriculture in 2007 68 Appointed Assistant Minister of Education in 2007 and Minister of Labour and Home Affairs in 2008. 69 Upon retirement of I.S. Kirby, Athaliah Molokomme took over in 2005 as Attorney General 70 Appointed Assistant Minister of Finance and Development Planning and Hon. D. Mlazie ceased from cabinet in 2008 71 Appointed Minister of Agriculture in 2008 72 Appointed Assistant Minister of Education in 2009 73 Appointed Minister of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources in 2007 74 Appointed Assistant Minister of Agriculture and Hon. Mfa took over as Assistant Minister of Local Government in 2008 75 Appointed Assistant Minister of Health in 2008. 76 Appointed Assistant Minister of Education and when Hon. Mbaakanyi ceased to be a Cabinet member in 2008. In 2009 he was appointed Assistant Minister of Local Government. 79 77 Appointed Minister of Lands and Housing in 2008 Resigned as Member of Parliament (Kgalagadi North 2007) and Hon.V. Motobake took over as MP for 78 Resigned as Member of Parliament (Palapye in 2007) and Hon. M. M. Goya took over as MP for Kgalagadi North after a by-election in 2008. 80 Palapye after by-election in 2008 Passed on in 2005 and Hon. O. Moupo won by-election and became Leader of Opposition in 2005

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 44 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 45 APP. 10: The Hon. Rev. Dr. John G.N. Seakgosing (Kweneng South) - Minister of Health

COMPOSITION OF THE BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 2009 The Hon. Shaw Kgathi (Bobirwa) – Minister of Youth, Sport and Culture

SPEAKER The Hon. Kentse Rammidi (Kanye North) - Assistant Minister of Local Government

The Hon. Dr. Margaret N. Nasha The Hon. Botlogile M. Tshireletso (Mahalapye East) - Assistant Minister of Local Government DEPUTY SPEAKER The Hon. Mokgweetsi E. K. Masisi (Moshupa) – Assistant Minister for Presidential The Hon. Pono. P. P. Moatlhodi (Tonota South) Affairs and Public Administration86

THE CABINET The Hon. Oreeditse S. Molebatsi (Tswapong South) - Assistant Minister of Agriculture His Excellency Lt Gen Seretse Khama Ian Khama - President The Hon. Mbiganyi C. Tibone (Tati West) - Assistant Minister of Finance and His Hon.our Lt Gen Mompati S. Merafhe – Vice President (Mahalapye West) Development Planning

The Hon. Phandu. T. C. Skelemani (Francistown East) - Minister of Foreign Affairs The Hon. Keletso J. Rakhudu (Gaborone North) - Assistant Minister of Education and International Cooperation The Hon. Gaotlhaetse U. S. Matlhabaphiri (Molepolole North) – Assistant Minister of The Hon. Lesego Motsumi - (Specially Elected) - Minister for Presidential Affairs and Health87 Public Administration81 The Hon. Dorcas K. Makgato-Malesu (Specially Elected) – Assistant Minister of Trade The Hon. Lebonaamang T. Mokalake (Boteti South) - Minister of Local Government and Industry88 The Hon. Christian De Graaff (Gantsi South) – Minister of Agriculture The Hon. Maxwell G. K. Motowane (Letlhakeng West) – Assistant Minister of Trade The Hon. Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi - (Serowe East South) - Minister of Education and Industry89

The Hon. Johnnie K. Swartz (Ghanzi North) - Minister of Infrastructure, Science and Dr. Athaliah Molokomme - Attorney General (ex-officio) Technology82 Mr. Eric Molale - Secretary to Cabinet (ex-officio) The Hon. Baledzi Gaolatlhe (Tonota North) – Minister of Trade and Industry83

The Hon. Ontefetse K. Matambo – (Specially Elected) - Minister of Finance and Development Planning

The Hon. Frank J. Ramsden – (Maun East) – Minister of Transport and Communications84

The Hon. Dikgakgamatso R. Seretse – (Serowe North East) – Minister for Defence, Justice and Security85

The Hon. Peter L. Siele – (Ngwaketse South) - Minister of Labour and Home Affairs

The Hon. Ponatshego H. K. Kedikilwe - (Mmadinare) Minister of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources

The Hon. Nonofo E. Molefhi – (Selebi Phikwe East) – Minister of Lands and Housing

The Hon. Kitso O. Mokaila (Barolong) - Minister of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism

81 Deployed to be Botswana Ambassador to India and Hon. Dr. G. Somolekae was elected as specially elected Member of Parliament in Febraury 2011. 82 A merger of Ministries of Communications, Science and Technology and the Ministry of Works and Transport 83 Left the cabinet in January 2010 due to ill health and later passed on. Hon F. Molao won the by-election and became MP for Tonota North in September 2010 84 The Ministries of Communications, Science and Technology and Works and Transport were reorganised and 86 Appointed to full minister and Hon. P.G.M. Masimolole was appointed assistant minister. resulted in the formation of the Ministry of Transport and Communications and Ministry of Infrastructure, 87 Appointed Assistant Minister of Health in January 2010 Science and Technology respectively 88 Appointed a full Minister after Hon B. Gaolathe left office 85 Resigned from cabinet in September 2010 and Hon. L. E Motsumi became acting Minister for Defence, 89 Justice and Security Appointed Assistant Minister of Trade and Industry in January 2010

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 46 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 47 OTHER GOVERNMENT MEMBERS APP.11: The Hon. Edwin J. Batshu Nkange SUPERVISORS OF ELECTIONS: 1965 TO 2009 The Hon. Maj. Gen. Moeng R. Pheto Kweneng East YEAR NAME The Hon. Vincent T. Seretse Specially Elected 1965 George Winstanley 1969 George Winstanley The Hon. Rayner B. Makosha Nata/Gweta 1974 Mr. Phillip Steenkamp The Hon. Moiseraele M. Goya Palapye 1979 Mr. Phillip Steenkamp The Hon. Tshekedi S. Khama Serowe North West 1984 Mr. Festus G. Mogae The Hon. Patrick G. M. Masimolole90 Mogoditshane 1989 Mr. Nathaniel. T. Mmono The Hon. Odirile Motlhale91 South East South 1994 Mr. Nathaniel. T. Mmono 1999 Independent Electoral Commission The Hon. Liakat Kablay Letlhakeng East 2004 Independent Electoral Commission 92 The Hon. Samson M. Guma Tati East 2009 Independent Electoral Commission The Hon. Daniel K. Kwelagobe Molepolole South The Hon. Dikgang P. Makgalemele93 Shoshong APP.12: The Hon. Wynter B. Mmolotsi94 Francistown South CLERKS OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY: 1965 TO 2009 The Hon. Tshelang W. Masisi Francistown West YEAR NAME The Hon. Gilbert S. M. Mangole95 Kgatleng West 1965 Mr. G. T. Matenge The Hon. Prince M. Maele Tswapong North 1969 Mr. G. T. Matenge The Hon. Kagiso P. Molatlhegi Gaborone South 1974 Mr. I. P. Gontse The Hon. Botsalo Ntuane96 Gaborone West South 1979 Mr. I. P. Gontse The Hon. Robert Masitara Gaborone West North 1981 Mr. B.K. Temane 1984 Mr. C. G. Mokobi The Hon. Edward M. Raletobana Kweneng South East 1989 Mr. C.G. Mokobi The Hon. Tawana Moremi Maun West 1994 Mr. T.G.G.G. Seeletso The Hon. Slumber Tsogwane Boteti North 1999 Mrs. C. T. Mompei The Hon. Dr. Gloria Somolekae Specially elected 2004 Mr. A. Matlhaku 2008 Mr. E. S. Mpofu OPPOSITION MEMBERS 2009 Ms. B.N. Dithapo The Hon. Olebile M. Gaborone97 South East North (Leader of Opposition) The Hon. Gilson Saleshando Selebi Phikwe West The Hon. Mephato R. Reatile Ngwaketse West The Hon. Bagalatia Arone Okavango The Hon. Dumelang Saleshando Gaborone Central The Hon. Taolo G. Habano Ngami The Hon. Nehemiah M. Modubule98 Lobatse The Hon. Abram S. Kesupile Kanye South The Hon. Isaac S. Mabiletsa Kgatleng East The Hon. Philip Khwae Kgalagadi North The Hon. John K. Toto Kgalagadi South The Hon. Gibson R. M. Nshimwe Chobe

90Joined the newly formed BMD 91Joined the newly formed BMD 92Joined the newly formed BMD 93Joined the newly formed BMD and later returned to the ruling party (BDP). 94Joined the newly formed BMD 95Joined the newly formed BMD 96Left the ruling party to form a new party (BMD) and became Leader of Opposition 97Joined the ruling party BDP in November 2010 from BNF 98Independent MP joined the newly formed party BMD

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 48 THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 49 APP.13: ABBREVIATIONS BPFP Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party BPLP Bechuanaland Protectorate Liberal Party BPP Bechuanaland (Botswana) Peoples Party BIP Bechuanaland(Botswana)Independence Party BDP Bechuanaland (Botswana) Democratic Party BNF Botswana National Front BFP Botswana Freedom Party BLP Botswana Labour Party BPU Botswana Progressive Union BTTO Botswana Tlhoko Tiro Organisation LLB Lesedi La Botswana USP United Socialist Party BWF Botswana Workers Front BCP Botswana Congress Party BAM Botswana Alliance Movement IFP Independent Freedom Party IEC Independence Electoral Commission ECF Electoral Commissions Forum of SADC Countries MELS Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin Movement of Botswana BMD Botswana Movement for Democracy

THE ROAD TO BOTSWANA PARLIAMENT 50