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The Scramble for Land Between the Barokologadi Community and Hermannsburg Missionaries

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The Scramble for Land Between the Barokologadi Community and Hermannsburg Missionaries The Scramble for Land between the Barokologadi Community and Hermannsburg Missionaries Victor MS Molobi https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7824-1048 University of South Africa [email protected] Abstract This article investigates the land claim of the Barokologadi of Melorane, with their long history of disadvantages in the land of their forefathers. The sources of such disadvantages are traceable way back to tribal wars (known as “difaqane”) in South Africa. At first, people were forced to retreat temporarily to a safer site when the wars were in progress. On their return, the Hermannsburg missionaries came to serve in Melorane, benefiting from the land provided by the Kgosi. Later the government of the time expropriated that land. What was the significance of this land? The experience of Melorane was not necessarily unique; it was actually a common practice aimed at acquiring land from rural communities. This article is an attempt to present the facts of that event. There were, however, later interruptions, such as when the Hermannsburg Mission Church became part of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Southern Africa (ELCSA). Keywords: land claim; church land; Barokologadi; missionary movement; Hermannsburg; Melorane; Lutheran Introduction Melorane is the area that includes the southern part of Madikwe Game Park in the North West Province, with the village situated inside the park. The community of Melorane is known as the Barokologadi of Maotwe, which was forcibly removed in 1950. Morokologadi is a porcupine, which is a totem of the Barokologadi community. The community received their land back on 6 July 2007 through the National Department of Land Affairs. It was almost 57 years since 1950, when they had lost their land. The Hermannsburg missionaries established a mission station there in 1872 under E. Wehrmann, long before the forcible removals in 1950. The history of Melorane can be Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae https://doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/7807 https://upjournals.co.za/index.php/SHE/index ISSN 2412-4265(Online)ISSN 1017-0499(Print) Volume 46 | Number 2 | 2020 | #7807 | 17 pages © The Author(s) 2020 Published by the Church History Society of Southern Africa and Unisa Press. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Molobi seen in the ruins, caves and graves, including those of the departed German families (Molobi 2014, 120–121). There are areas like Mekweleng and Makonjwane about which there are few archival records. These places are intensely historical and could provide a good idea of the past history of pilgrimage and courage; and could also provide appreciation and consolation to those living there now. Moreover, these places were the anchor of Barokologadi ancestral roots. This article also gives some history of the Hermannsburg Mission Station (HMS) since the time that Kgosi Maotwe agreed to build it. What is the Problem? The Barokologadi of Maotwe lodged a claim with the Regional Land Claims Commission (RLCC) in June 1996 in areas of Barokologadi, referred to as Melorane consisting of nine farms.1 The sources of such disadvantage are traceable way back to the tribal wars (known as the “difaqane)”2 in South Africa. The RLCC prioritised the claim for investigation. Joint research with the Barokologadi was initiated to determine the property description at the time of dispossession and the rights of the claimants who were dispossessed. Upon investigation, the RLCC discovered that the more substantial part of land forms part of the Madikwe Game Park, though some properties fall outside the boundaries of the game park. The Barokologadi had to convince the Regional Land Claims Commissioner that Melorane belongs to them. From 1902 onwards the German Hermannsburg missionary ministers gave in to pressure from the National Party government to pave the way for a takeover in 1950. The Barokologadi alleged that they (the missionaries) had encroached upon the majority of the farms where the Barokologadi grazed their livestock. The Hermannsburg Mission Station Land In response to the order that the Barokologadi should leave the HMS land in Melorane in early 1950, Rev. Sephuti (son of Caiphas Sephuti)3 filed an objection in a court of law. In response, the native commissioner of Zeerust stated that “with reference to your letter of the 12th July 1950, I have to inform you that the law is that, unless there is an exclusive agreement to the contrary, a building erected on land becomes the property of the owner of such land. The house you claim is built on land belonging to the Roman Catholic Mission and is therefore not your property but that of the Mission.”4 1 See “Parks Board Status Report of Parks and Tourism” dated 20/03/2003 on Barokologadi of Maotwe. 2 Difaqane means “crushing” or “time of troubles” and it was mainly political and economical in Zululand. The reasons for it was population growth, Boer expansion, military rivalry, unification and centralisation, a militarisation of the Zulu nation, Shaka changes and commercial control among others (Okech 2013, 292; Proske 1990, 44). 3 Rev. Caiphas Sephuti was the first black pastor in the Melorane Hermannsburg Mission Station, information given by his cousin Morokologadi through telephone conversation on 3 April 2020. 4 Referred to in a letter with the heading, Union of South Africa, Native Commissioner, dated July 15, 1950. 2 Molobi The native commissioner signed the letter dated July 15, 1950.5 It seems the commissioner was confusing the case of the neighbouring Sesobe with that of Barokologadi. Both villages (Melorane and Baphalane of Sesobe) experienced the same challenge during the forced removals. However, a white minister represented the Catholics, and in the end, even though it (Barokologadi) was relocated to another area, it retained the power over the more substantial part of the Sesobe community. In Melorane during the forced removals, the Barokologadi community scattered all over different areas and made it difficult for the church to control the people. It was a mockery when the local black minister claimed the mission station. It seems that one of the last German Hermannsburg missionaries (Janssen or Schlehmeyer)6 determined the fate of Melorane. The mission station could have been the asset of the Barokologadi. However, when the Rev. Sephuti insisted that, because a house built on the land belongs to the owner of the land, the Barokologadi congregation could not retain the assets needed for their survival. When they were forcibly removed from Melorane, the Barokologadi community had no assets to claim. The Melorane mission house was demolished—something that had never been experienced before in that community. We should trace Melorane from the arrival of Hermannsburg missionaries in South Africa. How did they acquire the land to build their mission station, and who provided it? According to a veteran, Mr Mishack Nkele (interview in 2013/06/27), the Kgosi provided the missionary who came to Melorane with land to establish a mission station. However, the land was not a gift to missionaries but a space to execute specific essential social duties. For this reason, there was no competition for the church land used to establish the Hf3 Sc8o 3 Molobi Roman Catholic Church but not recognised by the government (Breutz 1953, 343). When the village was relocated to the Trust Farm Ongegund 270 (Pilansberg district),7 the Roman Catholic Church went with the community and remained in power over the entire community, including the chief. That suggests that in the governme4(h)11(a..3 )-4(l)0n34o-3(B)744 Tm 0 g 0 G [(4)] TJ ET Q q 0.000007394 0 496.2 680.4 tlhm 0 g 0 G [(4)] TJ ET Q q 0.000007394 0 496.2 680.4 tltc Churcag8ChWhen tp96.2 ET Q qe(p3)1(m 0 g 0(m )Ma 0 g 0(-6.2 Fn)11(g)11( )11(t)-4(he )20(chi)5(ef)-5(.)11( )22(T)-8(ha)9(t)-4(ef)-5 0[-6.2 Fn)hiha..r-c(cF1 11.0T)-8(ha.0 <7( )] TJ ET Q q 0.000007394 0 496.2 680.4 re W* n BT /F1 11.04 Tf 1 0 0 1 308.83 574.3 Tm679422. 0 0 1 250.63 30.744 Tm 0 g 0 G [( )] TJ ET Q EMC /P4 G bl1 0 0 0 g 0(-6.2 F4. 0 sW1d)30T) (C)4(at)-5(ho)40(>2 )9(glet 0 sW1d)30TCatho>2 gl8ng 0 G 3sv58(ha frs)-5 0[-ert54n BT 55BT BT /F1 11.04 Tf 1 0 0F3c47ve1 0 0 1 4co1 24g4bTf 1 0 0ho>2 gl8ng 0 G 3sh..r-c( g 0 G [( )] TJ ET Q EMC /P4 G bl1 0 0 0 g 0(-6ptifact <</Attached [/Bottom]/Type re085-J1[h)113u0n BT /F1 11.04 Tf 1161r164AP7)1f.ha.03s3.6et 0 sW1dCatho>-F1 1115 4 Molobi strict Lutheran confession emerged from the rural Hermannsburg context, while the cosmopolitan atmosphere of Berlin had developed a united (Reformed and Lutheran) church. The BMS was an independently-organised society, not a mission of the church, and did not stress these confessions. For purist Lutherans, like the Hermannsburgers, this was not acceptable. The ELCSA union took place in December 1975 in Rustenburg. The World Council of Churches (WCC) and the Lutheran World Federation (LWF) promoted Lutheran unity as a witness in the South African context (Winkler 1989, 84). At the beginning of the 1950s, the Lutheran mission, synods, and churches of southern Africa began a difficult period of consolidation and restructuring. They established regional black churches (which included coloureds and Indians), the other two racial categories of the apartheid era, along with some whites, mostly from missionary families.
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