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Ecosystem Restoration in the Syrdarya Delta and Northern Part of the Aral Sea

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Ecosystem Restoration in the Syrdarya Delta and Northern Part of the Aral Sea N.KIPSHAKBAEV, J. DE SHOUTTER, V. DUKHOVNY, I. MALKOVSKY, N. OGAR, A. HAIBULLIN V. YAPRYNTSEV, A. TUCHIN, K. YAKHIYAEVA ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION IN THE SYRDARYA DELTA AND NORTHERN PART OF THE ARAL SEA N.KIPSHAKBAEV, J. DE SHOUTTER, V. DUKHOVNY, I. MALKOVSKY, N. OGAR, A. HAIBULLIN V. YAPRYNTSEV, A. TUCHIN, K. YAKHIYAEVA ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION IN THE SYRDARYA DELTA AND NORTHERN PART OF THE ARAL SEA PUBLISHUNG HOUSE «ЭВЕРО» ALMATY - 2010 2 Executive Editor: Mr. E. Zhumartov, Candidate of Technical Science, Proffesor Composite author under the direction of Mr. N. Kipshakbaev, Candidate of Technical Science, Proffesor Mr. Joop de Schutter, Mr. V. Dukhovny, Mr. I. Malkovskii, Ms. N. Ogar, Mr. A. Haibullin, Mr. V. Yaprintsev, Mr. A. Tuchin, Ms. K. Yakhiyaeva Ecosystem restoration in the Syrdarya delta and Northern part of the Aral Sea. - Almaty: «___» 2009. – 200 p. ISBN _____________ The monograph has been written based on results of the research study conducted from 2004 to 2008 in the lower of the Syrdarya river and Northern part of the Aral Sea with financial support from the NATO, Science for Piece. Drying process of the Aral Sea has caused ecology issues in the delta of the Syrdarya river, and which expressed as exposed sea-bed, biodiversity depletion, uncontrolled of water resources and regime of the lakes systems, and brought about ecology catastrophe in the region. Range and consequences of the ecology catastrophe of the Aral Sea are huge. Authors of the research detected causes after investigation and proposed particular measures for restoration of the ecosystems in the delta of the Syrdarya river and northern part of the Aral Sea. This monograph on solving of this issue has been carried out for the first time and meant for scientists, production workers, designers, undergraduates, students and all who concern oneself with ecology issues of the Central Asia. 3 CONTENT CONTENT ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................ 6 1. CURRENT STATUS OF WATER RESOURCES IN THE DELTA OF THE SYRDARYA RIVER................. 8 1.1 FEATURES OF THE EXISTING WATER INFRASTRUCTURE............................................................................................. 8 1.2 HYDROLOGY AND WATER INFRASTRUCTURES OF THE DELTA ................................................................................. 16 1.2.1 River flow regime .......................................................................................................................................... 16 1.2.2 Northern Aral Sea (SAM)............................................................................................................................. 20 1.3 HYDROLOGY REGIMES OF LAKE SYSTEMS............................................................................................................... 25 1.3.1. Kuandarya lake system ................................................................................................................................31 1.3.2 Aksai lake system .......................................................................................................................................... 35 1.3.3 Kamystybas lake system ................................................................................................................................38 1.3.4 Akshatau lake system.................................................................................................................................... 41 1.3.5 Seaside right bank system ............................................................................................................................. 44 1.3.6 Seaside left bank system................................................................................................................................48 2 BIODIVERSITY OF THE SYRDARYA RIVER DELTA......................................................................................53 2.1 PRESENT CONDITION OF THE WETLANDS VEGETATION ........................................................................................... 53 2.2 PISCIFAUNA OF THE ARAL SEA AND LAKES SYSTEMS ............................................................................................. 67 2.3 ECOLOGY REQUIREMENTS OF THE NATURAL OBJECTS AND RESOURCE-VALUABLE TYPES OF FLORA TO WATER QUALITY, REGIME AND VOLUME................................................................................................................................... 76 2.3.1 Requirements for reed................................................................................................................................... 77 2.3.2 Requirements for haymaking ....................................................................................................................... 77 2.3.3 Requirements for tugai ................................................................................................................................. 77 2.3.4 Requirements for landscapes........................................................................................................................ 78 2.3.5 Requirements on conservation of musquash habitat................................................................................... 78 2.3.6 Requirements on conservation of hunting areas ......................................................................................... 78 3 SOIL CONDITION OF THE SYRDARYA DELTA ............................................................................................... 80 3.1 SOIL TRANSFORMATION OF THE PRESENT SYRDARYA RIVER DELTA ....................................................................... 80 3.2 SOIL INVESTIGATION OF THE SYRDARYA DELTA..................................................................................................... 85 3.3 PROPOSALS FOR NEUTRALIZATION OF SOIL DEGRADATION PROCESS ..................................................................... 96 4 ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL CONDITIONS OF THE SYRDARYA RIVER DELTA. 97 4.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT LEVEL ................................................................................................................ 97 4.2 SOCIAL AND ECONOMICAL STATUS OF THE INHABITANTS ....................................................................................... 98 4.3 PARAMETERS OF THE INHABITANTS STANDARD OF LIVING ..................................................................................... 99 4.3.1 Demography ................................................................................................................................................ 102 4.3.2 Medical care................................................................................................................................................ 104 4.3.3 Manpower resources................................................................................................................................... 106 4.4 ECONOMIC PARAMETERS ...................................................................................................................................... 108 4.4.1 Irrigation ..................................................................................................................................................... 108 4.4.2 Pastures and hayfields ................................................................................................................................109 4.4.3 Livestock...................................................................................................................................................... 110 4.4.4 Use of lake resources .................................................................................................................................. 112 4.4.5 Fish farming................................................................................................................................................ 113 4.4.6 Using and processing of cane for industrial purposes............................................................................... 114 4.4.7 Muskart farming ......................................................................................................................................... 115 4.4.8 Tourism ....................................................................................................................................................... 115 4.5 RECOMMENDATION FOR SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES SOLVING ....................................................................... 115 4.6 DAMAGES OF THE LAKES SYSTEMS ....................................................................................................................... 116 4.7 ECONOMIC PARAMETERS FROM LIVING CONDITIONS IMPROVEMENT IN THE REGION ............................................ 117 4.8 CALCULATION OF DIRECT PRODUCTION COSTS AND ASSESSMENT OF PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES ............................ 119 4.9 CALCULATION OF ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY INDICATORS ........................................................................................ 121 5 INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (IWRM) OF THE SYRDARYA RIVER DELTA123 5.1 EXISTING MANAGEMENT OF THE SYRDARYA RIVER BASIN ................................................................................... 123 5.2
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