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Austroboletus Subflavidus and Fistulinella Gloeocarpa (Boletaceae, Boletales) from the Dominican Republic

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Austroboletus Subflavidus and Fistulinella Gloeocarpa (Boletaceae, Boletales) from the Dominican Republic MYCOBIOLOGY 2021, VOL. 49, NO. 1, 24–45 https://doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2020.1843221 RESEARCH ARTICLE Outstanding Pinkish Brown-Spored Neotropical Boletes: Austroboletus subflavidus and Fistulinella gloeocarpa (Boletaceae, Boletales) from the Dominican Republic Matteo Gelardia, Claudio Angelinib,c, Federica Costanzoa, Enrico Ercoled, Beatriz Ortiz-Santanae and Alfredo Vizzinid aAnguillara Sabazia, Italy; bPordenone, Italy; cNational Botanical Garden of Santo Domingo, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic; dDepartment of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy; eUSDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Center for Forest Mycology Research, Madison, WI, USA ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The occurrence of Austroboletus subflavidus and Fistulinella gloeocarpa is documented from Received 23 August 2020 the Dominican Republic. The latter species is reported for the first time outside its original Revised 19 October 2020 locality in Martinique, extending the geographic range for this uncommon pinkish-spored Accepted 22 October 2020 bolete. A detailed morphological description is provided for each species and accompanied KEYWORDS by color pictures of fresh basidiomes in habitat and line drawings of the main anatomical Boletales; molecular features. Both species represent independent lineages within their respective genera based phylogeny; Greater Antilles; on phylogenetic inference. In addition, A. subflavidus clusters in a sister lineage to the core neotropical Austroboletus clade (Austroboletus clade I) here named as Austroboletus clade II. In order to boletes; taxonomy confirm the accuracy of species identification, their identity and relationships were subjected to multilocus phylogenetic analyses of three gene markers (ITS, nrLSU, RPB2) including gen- etic material already available in public databases. Austroboletus subflavidus is a widely dis- tributed species in North and Central America, whereas F. gloeocarpa is apparently highly localized and seems to appear sparingly in the Dominican Republic, Martinque, and southern Florida. Comparisons with morphologically similar and molecularly inferred allied species are also presented and discussed. 1. Introduction experience with tropical species of Strobilomycetaceae at least Heimiella and subgen. With the recent advancement of molecular techni- ques applied to the study of boletoid mushrooms Austroboletus have to be considered as good and and related groups (Boletaceae, Boletales), several independent genera within the taxonomic frame- different generic and infrageneric lineages have been work of the boletes". C.B. Wolfe and R.H. Petersen extensively investigated, revealing an extraordinary critically reevaluated the infrageneric limits of diversity mainly distributed across temperate, sub- Porphyrellus E.-J. Gilbert s. l. and Boletus subgen. tropical, and tropical environments of both hemi- Austroboletus [11] and shortly after Wolfe [12] spheres [1–8]. Yet, the increasing number of genera upgraded Austroboletus to genus rank, providing in the Boletaceae has barely been investigated with a further insights into the taxonomy and a compre- molecular approach, thus determining largely unre- hensive revision of several type specimens. The rec- solved phylogenetic relationships, unclear taxonomic ognition of Austroboletus at the generic rank was limits, and often revealing a polyphyletic nature in subsequently disputed by Corner [13] but accepted their original circumscription, as in the case of the and integrated with additional taxa and new combi- pinkish brown-spored Fistulinella Henn. and nations by Pegler and Young [14], Singer [15,16], Austroboletus (Corner) Wolfe. and by Horak [17,18], Watling and Gregory [19], E.J.H. Corner first introduced Austroboletus, typi- and Singer et al. [20] based on fungal material fied by Porphyrellus dictyotus Boedijn, as a subgenus yielded in Australasia and Latin America. of his broadly conceived Boletus Fr. s. l. to accom- Austroboletus currently comprises some 36 species modate a number of Malaysian boletes with orna- [21] and incorporates taxa assigned by Singer [22] mented basidiospores [9]. A few years later, E. to Porphyrellus sect. Graciles Singer and sect. Tristes Horak [10] stated that “according to our personal Singer and successively placed by Smith and Thiers CONTACT Alfredo Vizzini [email protected] ß 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of the Korean Society of Mycology. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. MYCOBIOLOGY 25 [23]inTylopilus sect. Graciles A.H. Smith Fistulinella, typified by F. staudtii Henn., was first and Thiers. recognized by the German mycologist P. Hennings The genus as presently outlined is characterized at the beginning of the twentieth century based on from the morphological viewpoint by boletoid fruit- material recorded in Cameroon, central Africa [50]. ing bodies with dry to viscid or even mucilaginous The genus includes the species assigned by Singer pileus and stipe surfaces, initially whitish or pale [51]toPorphyrellus sect. Pseudotylopili subsect. cream becoming flesh-pink to vinaceous pink or Viscidini Singer and encompasses at present more brownish pink tubular hymenophore at maturity, than 20 species worldwide [21]. Fistulinella is char- smooth, furfuraceous-fibrillose to more often mark- acterized by stipitate-pileate to occasionally seques- edly reticulate-alveolate, lacerate or lacunose stipe, trate fruiting bodies having relatively small size, generally unchanging tissues, flesh-pink, pinkish slender and gaunt habit, velate, or evelate, usually vinaceous, purplish brown, rust brown to chocolate viscid to strongly glutinous pileus and stipe surfaces, brown spore print, variously ornamented (finely pileus sometimes scrobiculate, initially whitish verrucose or warted to irregularly pitted but also becoming pinkish to vinaceous pink or brownish flat-tuberculate to subreticulate) amygdaliform to pink tubular hymenophore, slim stipe with a ellipsoid-fusiform basidiospores, trichoderm or smooth, rarely reticulate but not alveolate-lacunose ixotrichoderm pileipellis, bilateral-divergent hyme- surface, unchanging tissues, vinaceous pink to red- nophoral trama of the “Boletus-type”, gymnocarpic, dish brown or rust brown to cocoa brown spore velangiocarpic (primary angiocarpy), or pseudoan- print, narrowly elongate fusoid, inamyloid to dextri- giocarpic (secondary angiocarpic) ontogenesis and noid, smooth basidiospores, trichoderm to ixotricho- ectomycorrhizal (ECM) association with several derm or ixocutis pileipellis, strongly gelatinized plant families including Fagaceae, Pinaceae, bilateral-divergent hymenophoral trama of the “Boletus-type”, suspected gymnocarpic ontogenesis in Dipterocarpaceae, Myrtaceae, and caesalpinoid some species but probably also velangiocarpic (pri- legumes [8,9,12,14,16–18,20,21,24–35], although mary angiocarpy) in others and presumably but not some species are suspected to be saprotrophic or proved ECM association with members of the only facultative ECM [32]. Austroboletus appears to Polygonaceae, Sapotaceae, Myrtaceae, Euphorbiaceae, be scarcely represented in temperate woodlands of Fagaceae, Nothofagaceae, and caesalpinoid legumes both hemispheres but is particularly diverse in mesophytic and hygrophytic forests ([14,16,20, throughout the pantropical belt, especially across the 21,30,32,50,52–58] this study). The biogeographic dis- neotropical latitudes of Central and northern South tribution of Fistulinella is more or less overlapping America and all along the Australasian region that of Austroboletus, the majority of species being [9,16,18,20,26,30,32–34,36]. distributed in the pantropical belt with only a few Molecular analyses have clearly inferred a distant extending to temperate regions of both northern and phylogenetic relationship of Austroboletus from southern hemispheres [16,32]. Despite the long- Tylopilus P. Karsten s. str. and conversely an affinity standing of Fistulinella, an unanimous taxonomic with other boletoid pinkish-spored genera segre- interpretation of the genus has never been reached gated from Tylopilus s. l., such as Fistulinella Henn., [6,27,56]. From the phylogenetic perspective, Mucilopilus Wolfe, and Veloporphyrellus L.D. Fistulinella is inferred to be related to Austroboletus, Gomez & Singer and possibly with the sequestrate Mucilopilus, Veloporphyrellus, and apparently genus Carolinigaster M.E. Smith & S. Cruz Carolinigaster [5,7,8,37–39,43,45–47] and it seems to – [5,7,8,31,37 47]. The former three genera, along occupy a sister position to the remainder of the with Austroboletus, have been accommodated in the Austroboletoideae [5,7,39,41,43,45,47]. On the other subfamily Austroboletoideae G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang, hand, preliminary molecular analyses suggested this as they cluster in an well-delimited grouping with genus to be polyphyletic [31,37] and accordingly an respect to other lineages in the Boletaceae [7]. inclusive revision complemented by further sampling Despite the increasing number of morphologically from different geographic regions aiming at a better and molecularly-based novel species assigned to understanding of its generic boundaries would be Austroboletus in the last
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