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Soil and Water Management in Vineyards” Sustainable Viticultural Production OOppttiimmiissiinngg SSooiill RReessoouurrcceess Project CRS 95/1 Compiled by Alfred Cass Final Report to Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation Alfred Cass & Associates VITICULTURAL SOIL & WATER TECHNOLOGIES January 2002 Executive Summary Sustainable Viticultural Production: Optimising Soil Resources (CRS 95/1) The aims of Project CRS 95/1 were, briefly, to: 1. Develop and test a set of soil sustainability criteria relating to vine performance. 2. Describe soil constraints to vine performance for Australian soils. 3. Analyse appropriate soil data and evaluate against soil indicators of sustainability. 4. Group soil types with similar constraints and develop management systems for each. 5. Disseminate information via field days, seminars, technical articles and scientific papers. 6. Produce a comprehensive field manual on soil types and soil management. Soil and viticultural scientific and industry literature was reviewed to develop a comprehensive overview of the role of soil in grape production. The review focuses on how soil physical and chemical properties affect vine root growth. The mechanics of root growth are discussed in detail. Soil sustainability indexes are defined as an aid to guide to selecting, developing and managing viticultural soils. The soil properties and management factors included in these indexes are: soil profile texture forms, available water, soil aeration, internal drainage status, soil strength, soil salinity and sodicity, soil chemical status, soil nutrient status, irrigation water chemistry, gypsum indicators, lime indicators and compost quality criteria. Field trials were established in South Australia on new and established vineyards on several important soils with the aim of monitoring the adverse effects of some soil properties on vine performance. These trials were also used to test a range of soil development techniques and soil management methods targeted to improve the adverse properties. The ultimate aim of this work was to refine development and management packages for the viticultural industry. The soils that were included in this research are: • Rendzina soils at Coonawarra, • Non-sodic duplex soils at McLaren Vale and Padthaway, • Yellow, sodic duplex soil in the Barossa Valley and McLaren Vale, • Dark cracking clay soils at Coonawarra and McLaren Vale. In addition to these trials many other un-replicated, informal trials were established in South Australia in commercial vineyards where soil treatments were tested and monitored with the assistance of industry collaborators. The aim of these trials was to develop concepts further and extend research findings and soil management packages in commercial settings to industry leaders. i CRS 95/1: Executive Summary Soils on 140 Australian rootstock trials were assessed and documented with the aim of refining selection of rootstocks and developing a national overview of a cross-section of viticultural soils. A Microsoft Access database, the Australian Rootstock Soils Database on compact disk, was established as a reference of soil data to aid research workers in interpreting results from the trials. The aim of this work was to refine matching of rootstocks to different soils. This aim has not yet been fully realised because more work needs to be done in coordinating soil and vine performance data. A small national workshop needs to be convened to achieve this objective. The aid of overseas experts in the field of soil and rootstock compatibility should be sought to enhance outcomes from the workshop. Data from field trials on the formal as well as the informal trials and the comprehensive soil information in the Australian Rootstock Soils Database provided a broad national framework of soils used for grape production. These data enabled development of a system for categorising soils in terms that have relevance for selection, development and management of viticultural soils. This system, the Australian Viticultural Soil Key, is correlated with major soil classification systems and vineyard soils can be identified with a range of local and international systems used in viticulture. This enhances acquisition of overseas information about vine performance in relation to soil properties. The Key also provides a powerful framework for conveying information about selecting, developing and managing Australian viticultural soils. Soil selection, development and management information, including diagrams, photographs and slides derived from a comprehensive review of soil and viticultural scientific literature, from results of experimentation and monitoring numerous research experiments and from an assessment of rootstock trials, were delivered to the viticultural industry in the form of draft chapters in the Grape Production Series No. 2 publication and the Manual that underpinned the Research to PracticeTM Water Management Seminar series. Although Grape Production Series No. 2 has yet to be published, the Research to PracticeTM Seminars proved to be very successful in delivering information to industry and in facilitating adoption of the technology. All members of the research group actively participated in delivery of research material to the industry in the form of a series of workshops, seminars, field days and industry publications over the period 1994 to 1999. Some of these activities were conducted under the auspices of the Barossa Valley Rotary Club Foundation Fellowship, awarded to Philip Myburgh (some 30 field days, seminars and workshops were held in 1996), the Research to PracticeTM seminar series (some 34 workshops between 1997 and 1999) and many other seminars and field days held under the banner of the CRC for Soil and Land Management or industry sponsors (some 20-30 field days and seminars). These events reached many hundreds, possibly thousands of grape growers, industry planners and researchers. Information gathered during the course of this project has been organised into a set of “Best Practice” soil selection, development and management packages that have been extensively tested in Australia and California. This information served as the basis for contributions to the proposed Grape Production Series No. 2 publication and the Research to PracticeTM Water Management Manual. However, the project matured considerably after this period and these packages need updating at this stage. They should be published in the form of an industry ii CRS 95/1: Executive Summary Manual after integration with the information derived from the Australian Rootstock Soils Database and the Australian Viticultural Soil Key. Additional work will be required to reconfigure the information against the new perceptions that have become apparent with finalisation of the Australian Viticultural Soil Key. Publications and extension events produced (or scheduled for production, in parentheses) that flowed from this project during the period 1996 to 2000 include the following: • Manual(s) or Book Chapters: 4 (2) • Papers or Conference Proceedings: 19 (12) • Industry Journal Articles: 11 (10) • Dissertations: (2) • Data on Compact Disk: 1 • Review Article, available on the Internet: (1) • Seminars, workshops and field days: more than 75. iii CRS 95/1: Executive Summary Final Report Sustainable Viticultural Production: Optimising Soil Resources (CRS 95/1) CONTENTS 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………… 1 2. Summary Literature Review: Grapevine Performance and Soil Conditions…………. 5 3. Research on Soil Management and Vine Performance……………………………….. 16 3.1 Soil Mounding and Mulching Trials at Nuriootpa………………………………. 16 3.2 Soil Amelioration Trials at Lyndoch……………………………………………. 18 3.3 Improving Soil Structure in a Seasonally Waterlogged, Duplex Soil at McLaren Vale…………………………………………………………………… 25 3.4 Improving Soil Structure in a Cracking Clay at McLaren Vale.………………… 29 4. Soil Waterlogging and Vine Performance Research………………………………….. 34 4.1 Sodic, Duplex Soil at Nuriootpa………………………………………………… 34 4.2 Non-Sodic, Duplex Soil at McLaren Vale………………………………………. 40 4.3 Poorly Structured Cracking Clay at McLaren Vale……………………………... 44 4.4 Black Earth Cracking Clay at Coonawarra……………………………………… 49 4.5 Drained Groundwater Rendzina at Coonawarra………………………………… 52 4.6 Vine Response to Early Season Waterlogging…………………………………... 55 5. Soil Water Management Research: Outcomes from Research at Nuriootpa………….. 59 6. Development of Research Tools………………………………………………………. 62 7. Rootstock Trial Soil Properties………………………………………………………… 67 8. Australian Viticultural Soil Key……………………………………………………….. 77 9. Delivery of Outcomes to Industry……………………………………………………… 88 9.1 Barossa Rotary Club Foundation Fellowship…………………………………… 88 9.2 Grape Production Series No. 2………………………………………………….. 93 9.3 Water Management for Grape Production Research to PracticeTM Manual and Workshops………………………………………………………. 94 9.4 Industry Manual: Selection, Development and Management of Viticultural Soils………………………………………………………………… 97 10. Optimal Soil Management of Australia Vineyards – Appropriate Earthworms……… 102 11. Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………… 109 12. Appendix: Organisations, Staff and Collaborators…………………………………… 111 Bibliography: Grapevine Performance and Soil Conditions……………………………… 115 iv CRS 95/1: Contents Sustainable Viticultural Production Optimising Soil Resources 1. Introduction In the early 1990’s Australian wine production was in the midst of an unprecedented development of a greatly increased foreign market and consequent expansion of production. Large new plantings
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