DOCSLIB.ORG

Waters of Montenegro

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Waters of Montenegro 1 WATERS OF MONTENEGRO Milan Bošković, Ivana Bajković Hydrometeorological Institute of Montenegro Podgorica, Serbia and Montenegro Abstract Natural resources of surface water in Montenegro (springs, brooks, rivers and lakes) are considerably bigger than the average surface fresh water of the former Yugoslavia, and many times bigger than the average of Europe or of the World. When we adopt as a criterion the specific module of surface runoff q [l·s-1·km-2] which in the World is only 7 l·s-1·km-2 and in the former Yugoslavia 16 l·s-1·km-2, the Montenegro with its 43 l·s-1·km-2 belongs to the most productive regions in the World, because only 3-4% of the total dry land has such or a higher specific runoff . The area of the mountainous territory of Montenegro (with the average level above the sea of 1050 m, and with the average slope of terrain around 30%) is 13.812 km2 (or with the adequate part of the sea atea 16.352 km2). On this territory are formed several main water courses which flow in two directions: toward the Black sea and the Adriatic sea. The considerable part of the area of Montenegro is on the region of the continental dinaric stone, which is without constant surface runoff, but with many crevices, depressions in karst and places where the flow sinks. Sinking waters flow under the surface toward the sea or to another flow outside the territory of Montenegro. The complex of Skadar lake, Drim and Bojana is by the hydrogeography extremely complicated, with the catchments area around 20000 km2. It is formed on the territory of Serbia, Macedonia, Greece, Albania and Montenegro and there is a large number of hydroenergetic power stations in this region. In this work is presented a global review of the available quantities of surface water in Montenegro, and its comparation with the waters of Serbia and Montenegro, the former Yugoslavia, Europe, and the whole Planet. Keywords: specific runoff module, catchments area, discharge, precipitation, transpiration Introduction Montenegrin natural resources in cultivated fields or mineral wealth is under the average of the former Yugoslavija. Instead of it, Montnegro as a whole, and especially its southern parth drained by the Adriatic sea, is one of the most productive regions in the World related to the waters. This fact is often not considered because of the uneven distribution of the precipitation, and then also runoff, in the year, and so of the often and long-term droughts |2|. According to statistics nowadays in the world every year five milions of people dies of thirst, and 1.5 mld. of them do not have sufficient drinking water. Because of the big demographic explosion, acording to some extimates could our planet in 2020 have more than 7 mld. inhabitants. Trying to supply all of them by the water, food, energy and environment will be dificult and, probably, neverending |2|. So that only a prompt and effective planning of using, distribution and protection of the water resources can give satisfying the water-needs with saving our environment. Of course, only with proper and in time given material investments. It is a known fact that the used and published runoff coeficients for all montenegrin rivers are too high. That signs that the brutto percipitations could be higher, that the catchment areas should be corrected or the discharges reduced. Depending of the catchment area we can hardly correct all of this three parameters. Sometimes the modification of only one of them could be sufficient, but "of which one?". Solving of this problem needs also including of experts from other research houses, and is enough for one good M. A. work. From the concept of Montenegro Space plan (Estimation of status and perspectives of development) we have extracted data for maps of hypsometry and slope of terrain, to be useful for analysis in future (tab.1 and tab.2). 2 Table 1. The evidence for the hypsometric map Hup Hto Hmidl Area Percentage Hmidl × Perc. [asl] [asl] [asl] [km2] [%] [asl] 0 200 100 1464.1 10.6 10.6 200 500 350 787.3 5.7 20.0 500 600 550 262.4 1.9 10.4 600 700 650 580.1 4.2 27.7 700 750 725 207.2 1.5 10.9 750 1000 875 2872.9 20.8 182.0 1000 1500 1250 5303.8 38.4 480.0 1500 1700 1600 1339.8 9.7 155.2 1700 2600 2150 994.4 7.2 154.8 ∑ = 13812.0 ∑ = 1051.6 Table 2. The evidence for the slope map Iup Ito Imidl Area Percentage Imid × Perc. [%] [%] [%] [km2] [%] [%] 0 10 5 5649.1 40.9 2.05 10 20 15 1464.1 10.6 1.59 20 30 25 1837 13.3 3.33 30 100 65 4861.8 35.2 22.88 ∑ = 13812 ∑ = 29.85 The tables unite a parcial characteristics available for some catchment areas. And also in table 6. are declared some more parameters of river basins upstream from HS for which is given the hydrological balance. Hydrography, land of Montenegro The area of Montenegro is 13812 km3 and with adequate part of Adriatic sea (2.540 km2) it is 16.352 km2. Waters of the dry land in Montenegro, generally, are drained into two catchment areas – of adriatic and black-sea. The total area of the black-sea catchment area is 7.545 km2 or 54.6% of the territory of Montenegro. This part is drained by the river Ibar and further by the Zapadna Morava and by the rivers Tara, Piva, Lim and Cehotina further by the Drina. 3 Figure 1. Montenegro - the black-sea and the Adriatic catchments area The Montenegro part of the adriatic catchment area is around 6560 km2 or 45.4% of the territory. The biggest water courses are the Zeta and the Moraca, or the Moraca after their confluence in Podgorica, and the Bojana as an international flow. The Skadar lake is the largest in Balkan, and by the volume of retained water the second after the Ohrid lake. The complex of Skadar lake, Drim and Bojana is by the hydrogeography extremly complicated, with the catchment area around 20000 km2. It is formed on the territory of Serbia, Macedonia, Greece, Albania and Montenegro and there is a large number of hydroenergetic power stations: Globočica and Špilje in Makedonia, Vaudeis, Fierza i Komana in Albania, and Perućica in Montenegro in it, with the total useful volume around 3.109 m3 of acumulated water. Besides Bojana also the Sutorina, Drenovštica, Lukavac, Građevica, Bečićka and Reževića river, Željeznica, Rikavac, Bratica, Brdela, and Međureč emjpty immediately to the Adriatic sea. Many people don`t know that the Bojana river is, related to quantity of water, the forth water course between the biggest rivers in the former Yugoslavia – after the Danube, the Sava and Tisa, and before the Drava, Drina and Neretva. And in the territory of the former Yugoslavia there are only ten rivers richer in water than the Morača in the mouth to Skadar lake. Let us show some basic quantitative parameters for the most rich and known rivers in Montenegro. Table 3. Basic quantitative parameters Specif. runoff Average Water Catchments Course Average module Profile year prec course area length. discharge upper lower sum course course - - 2 3 [l.s [l.s [km ] [km] [m /s] [mm] 1.km-2] 1.km-2] Zeta mouth 1597 85 100 65.8 62.6 2376 Morača mouth 3270 102 202 70.9 61.8 2232 Piva mouth 1784 94 75.0 53.7 42.0 1837 Tara mouth 2040 147 77.5 56.3 38.0 1628 Ćehot. Gradac 810 77 12.5 20.5 15.4 930 Lim Dobrak. 2805 123 71.0 52.3 25.3 1235 Ibar Bać 405 34 6.0 25.5 14.8 982 4 All of the montenegrin rivers are hydrograpically well-built, especially in their upper courses. Considering by river basins, the most complex is the basin of the Lim river, and the less complicated is basin of the Ćehotina. Because in Montenegro there is a lot of karst terrains (especially in the coast and in the central region), we can find there also many structures related to surface and groundwaters |1|. This large number of hydrographic structures is the result of geology, structure of the rock and of the big volume of precipitation falling in this region where stand face to face two climats: the milder mediteranian and the sharper continental. For example in the region from Cetinje to the northwest toward Crkvice there are locations with the highest precipitations in Europe (Cetinje with average annual sum of perc. 3230 mm and Crkvice with 4600 mm). Precipitations 2500 – 3000 mm per year are present in upper courses of Zeta, Morača, Piva, Tara and also the Lim. The average percipitations for the catchment areas are in interval from 1200 mm (Lim) until 2400 (Zeta and Morača). Let's remind that the annual volume of perciitation in many regions of Povardarje, Pomoravlje, Šumadija and Vojvodina only 650 – 750 mm. This qantity falled in Cetinje in 5 days of its famous flood, in february 1986 |1|. Basins with the least water content in Montenegro are Ćehotina and Ibar basins, with average annual precipitation volume of 900 to 1000 mm, and according to that and with lower specific runoff modul which are, however, around the Yugoslavia average, so that cannot be underestimated. Thi high precipitation concentrations, especially in higher source parts have and expresive inequality and there arise the problems with inequal flow in all basins of mentioned rivers.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Rivers and Lakes in Serbia
    NATIONAL TOURISM ORGANISATION OF SERBIA Čika Ljubina 8, 11000 Belgrade Phone: +381 11 6557 100 Rivers and Lakes Fax: +381 11 2626 767 E-mail: [email protected] www.serbia.travel Tourist Information Centre and Souvenir Shop Tel : +381 11 6557 127 in Serbia E-mail: [email protected] NATIONAL TOURISM ORGANISATION OF SERBIA www.serbia.travel Rivers and Lakes in Serbia PALIĆ LAKE BELA CRKVA LAKES LAKE OF BOR SILVER LAKE GAZIVODE LAKE VLASINA LAKE LAKES OF THE UVAC RIVER LIM RIVER DRINA RIVER SAVA RIVER ADA CIGANLIJA LAKE BELGRADE DANUBE RIVER TIMOK RIVER NIŠAVA RIVER IBAR RIVER WESTERN MORAVA RIVER SOUTHERN MORAVA RIVER GREAT MORAVA RIVER TISA RIVER MORE RIVERS AND LAKES International Border Monastery Provincial Border UNESKO Cultural Site Settlement Signs Castle, Medieval Town Archeological Site Rivers and Lakes Roman Emperors Route Highway (pay toll, enterance) Spa, Air Spa One-lane Highway Rural tourism Regional Road Rafting International Border Crossing Fishing Area Airport Camp Tourist Port Bicycle trail “A river could be an ocean, if it doubled up – it has in itself so much enormous, eternal water ...” Miroslav Antić - serbian poet Photo-poetry on the rivers and lakes of Serbia There is a poetic image saying that the wide lowland of The famous Viennese waltz The Blue Danube by Johann Vojvodina in the north of Serbia reminds us of a sea during Baptist Strauss, Jr. is known to have been composed exactly the night, under the splendor of the stars. There really used to on his journey down the Danube, the river that connects 10 be the Pannonian Sea, but had flowed away a long time ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin
    Confluence of Lim River and Drina River, Republika Srpska, Bosnia & Herzegovina Summary of key facts related to HPPs in country reports Belgrade, January 25, 2016 Outlook on presentation • Electricity generation and consumption structure in Serbia • High voltage grid in Serbia • General situation of hydropower in Drina river basin • Existing hydropower plants in Drina river basin • Conceivable hydropower plants in Drina river basin • Recommendations 2 Production and consumption in Serbia 2010 2030 Production Consumption 3 Production and consumption in Bosnia 2010 2030 Consumption Origin of electricity 4 Production and consumption in Montenegro 2010 2030 Origin of electricity Consumption 5 High voltage grids Serbia Bosnia & Herzegovina Montenegro - Max. 400 kV - Max. 400 kV - Max. 400 kV - Ring structure - No ring structure - No ring structure - 6 links to foreign grids - 30 links to foreign grids - 11 links to foreign grids 6 Existing HPPs in Drina river basin SAVA 9 HPPs existing in Drina river basin DRINA CEHOTINA UVAC TARA PIVA LIM 7 Potential HPPs in Drina river basin 37 HPPs conceivably developable in Drina river basin 8 Existing / potential HPPs in Drina river basin Existing HPPs Conceivable HPPs BiH 1 + 2 BiH 9 + 7 Montenegro 1 Montenegro 17 Serbia 5 + 2 Serbia 4 + 7 Total 9 Total 37 1’964 MW Planned HPPs BiH 9 + 7 Montenegro 6 Serbia 3 + 7 Total 25 1’494 MW +76% power 9 Serbia – Present / conceivable HPPs • 2015: 7 HPPs in operation Total = 1’289 MW - Drina River : 2 HPPs Zvornik (96 MW), Bajina Basta HPP (368 MW) *) - Uvac River : 3 HPPs Radoinja (103 MW), Kokin Brod (21 MW), Uvac (36 MW) - Lim River : 1 HPPPotpeć (51 MW) - Pumped-storage PP Bajina Basta PSPP (614 MW) Environmental flow Up to 60 m3/s • 10 projects of new HPPs Total power 781 MW Total cost Ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Croatia and Marine Protected Areas
    CROATIA AND MARINE PROTECTED AREAS LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ASSESSMENT FOR CONSERVATION OF COASTAL AND MARINE BIODIVERSITY Regional Activity Centre AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MPAS for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA) Boulevard du Leader Yasser Arafat B.P. 337 - 1080 Tunis Cedex - TUNISIA Tel. : +216 71 206 649 / 485 / 765 Fax : +216 71 206 490 e-mail : [email protected] www.rac-spa.org Croatia and Marine Protected Areas Legal and Institutional framework assessment for conservation of coastal and marine biodiversity and the establishment of MPAs 2014 The present document was prepared by: The designation of geographical entities in this UNEP/MAP – United Nations Environment Programme / Mediterranean Action Plan book, and the presentation of the material, do not RAC/SPA – Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas (RAC/SPA) on the part of UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, IUCN, or the Boulevard du Leader Yasser Arafat MAVA Foundation concerning the legal status of B.P. 337, 1080 Tunis Cedex, Tunisia any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, Tel: +216 71 206 649 / 71 206 485 / 71 206 765 or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or Fax: +216 71 206 490 boundaries. www.rac-spa.org The views expressed in this publication do not And necessarily reflect those of UNEP/MAP-RAC/SPA, IUCN, or the MAVA Foundation. IUCN-Med: International Union for Conservation of Nature - Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation Reproduction of this publication for educational C/ Marie Curie 22 or other non-commercial purposes is authorized 29590 Campanillas, Malaga, Spain without prior written permission from the copyright Tel: +34 952 028430 holder provided the source is fully acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping of Sandžak
    MAPPING OF SANDŽAK SANDŽAK IN THE REGIONAL CONTEXT: MAPING INFLUENCES AND PROPOSING SOLUTIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF THE SOCIO-POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT IN SANDŽAK Belgrade, June 2017 The views expressed in this Policy Paper are those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the Embassy of the Netherlands 2 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS The present policy paper has been prepared in the framework of the project "Sandžak in a Regional Context - Mapping Influences and Proposing Solutions for Improvement of the Socio-Political Development in Sandžak", funded by the Embassy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to Serbia. Members of the research project team who were involved in writing the policy paper are: Dušan Janjić, PhD, head of team; Sarina Bakić, MSc; Nebojša Čagorović, PhD; Marija Krstić – Draško; Nadxmedin Spahiu, PhD; Safuadan Plojović, PhD, and Mirjana Rašević, PhD. The main objective of the policy paper is to examine and depict basic trends and features of life in Sandžak, including practices and ceremonies (social gatherings and/or celebrations); institutions and policies that contribute to preserving a concept of "Sandžak"; socio-cultural phenomena and social structures that existed in the past, or exist now or those that can be developed in the future. It is our intention to shed light on the topic of Sandžak; to encourage public debate, i.e. namely to map, inscribe and unveil the Sandžak region on the map of the Western Balkans, and especially of Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo; to identify current issues and chart path to the future; to examine whether this could be the "common European future"; and to elaborate the importance of normalization of life in the Western Balkans and mutual relations between the peoples and countries in this region, and thus the normalization of regional cooperation.
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment in the Sava River Basin
    PRELIMINARY FLOOD RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE SAVA RIVER BASIN July, 2014 Date Document Revision History Document Author/Reviser 23 September 2013 Initial draft – sent to PEG FP for comments Secretariat/ PEG FP 17 December 2013 Draft 2 – sent to PEG FP for comments Secretariat/ V. Tusić, M. Babić Mladenović 30 January 2014 Draft 2.1 – reviewed at 23rd PEG FP meeting Secretariat/ PEG FP 20 March 2014 Draft 3 – sent to PEG FP for comments Secretariat/ V. Tusić, A. Bezdrob 14 April 2014 Draft 3.1 – sent as doc. for 24th PEG FP meeting Secretariat/ PEG FP 02 June 2014 Draft 4 – sent to PEG FP for comments Secretariat/ V. Tusić 10 June 2014 Draft 4.1 – sent to PEG FP for approval Secretariat/ PEG FP (no comments) 18 June 2014 Draft 5 – sent to ISRBC Secretariat/ ISRBC 01 July 2014 ISRBC accepted and approved publishing on web ISRBC International Sava River Basin Commission Kneza Branimira 29 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia T: + 385 1 488 69 60 F: + 385 1 488 69 86 [email protected] www.savacommission.org TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................... 1 2 GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE SAVA RIVER BASIN .................................................................. 3 3 OVERALL APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................... 4 3.1 SLOVENIA ...........................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental and Social Management Framework for Montenegro Draft
    SAVA DRINA RIVER CORRIDORS INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR MONTENEGRO DRAFT December 2019 SAVA DRINA RIVER CORRIDORS INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ESMF MNE Table of Contents 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 1 2 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Brief Project Description ............................................................................................................................ 4 2.1.1 Objectives .........................................................................................................................................4 2.1.2 Components .....................................................................................................................................4 2.1.3 Implementation arrangements ........................................................................................................5 2.1.4 Timeline and budget ........................................................................................................................5 2.2 Objectives of this Environmental and Social Management Framework ................................................... 5 2.3 Basic information about the country......................................................................................................... 7 3 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL
    [Show full text]
  • Montenegro's Contested Identity and the Failure of Yugoslavia
    23 ZuZana Poláčková – Pieter C. van Duin independence lost and regained: Montenegro’s contested identity and the failure of Yugoslavia (1918-2006) This article examines the political evolution of Montenegro during the era of Yugoslavia (1918- 1992) and the subsequent years of political conflict that eventually led to the regaining of Montenegrin independence in 2006. The First World War and the formation of the Yugoslav state not only meant the end of independent Montenegro but also the emergence of a new political context in which internal Montenegrin antagonisms were played out. While a considerable proportion of Montenegrin Orthodox Slavs supported the multinational but Serb-dominated Yugoslav state, there was also a growing number of Montenegrins who wanted to restore the country’s autonomous or even independent status. This was implemented to some degree in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia but then was endangered again during the crisis of Yugoslavia in the 1980s and 1990s. In addition there was growing unrest among the Muslim minorities and civil protests against Montenegro’s participation on the side of the Serbs in the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s. The final result was a stronger anti-Serbian stance not only among a part of the general population but also among a significant section of the old political elite. This eventually led to Montenegro regaining independence through a referendum in 2006. However, achieving independence meant that Montenegro’s other serious problems, including corruption, uneven economic development and deficient democratisation, came even more emphatically to the fore. key words: Montenegro; Yugoslavia; national identity; political conflict; religious friction; demo- cratic change introduction ‘The national question permeated every aspect of Yugoslavia’s public life after 1918.
    [Show full text]
  • Gordana Grujic
    SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE LIM RIVER BASIN 1Gordana Grujic, 2Sava Petkovic, 3Uros Tatomir E: [email protected] 1 OASIS, Belgrade, Serbia 2 The Faculty of Agriculture of the Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia 3Estavela d.o.o, Podgorica, Montenegro 1.0. THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIM RIVER BASIN 3. SOIL EROSION Given the natural and anthropogenic factor, the whole area is affected by pluvial and fluvial erosion of various types and intensity. Terrain on the slopes over 5% is affected by intensive degree of erosion, while strong to medium degree covers 70% of the area. On the terrain that is built on the diabase–chert formation is registered a large number of both, active and passive landslides. In the Lim River Basin were built hydro-energetic systems and accumulations of ‘Bistrica’ (105 MW), ‘Uvac’ (36 MW) , ‘Potpec’ (54 MW) and ‘Kokin Brod’ (21 MW) which may to a certain extent successfully regulate the water regime downstream and to reduce the negative impact on the processes of water erosion. However, siltation of accumulation reduces their useful volume and threatens the basic functions (water reservoirs), especially those for water supply, irrigation and energy production in particular is affected HPP ‘Potpeć’ that has lost a significant part of the usable volume due to accumulated sediments. Figure 1 – The Lim River Basin Observed Accumulation Reduced Average annual period volume volume siltation The Lim River is raised in Plav lake in Montenegro and in the length of 220 km flows through 6 3 6 3 3 10 m 10 m m /year Montenegro Serbia and B&H until the Drina River.
    [Show full text]
  • Surface Water Bodies in the Sava River Basin
    Sava River Basin Management Plan Background paper No.1 Surface water bodies in the Sava River Basin March 2013 This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the beneficiaries and can under no circumstances be regarded as reflecting the position of the European Union. Sava River Basin Management Plan Table of Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 5 2. Description of the Sava River and its main tributaries ......................... 5 2.1 Sectioning of the River Sava.................................................................................................. 8 3 Delineation of surface water bodies ............................................................ 10 4 Surface water monitoring network in the Sava River Basin ............... 18 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 18 4.2 Assessment of the existing national and Danube basin wide monitoring networks .................................................................................................................................... 19 4.3 Danube Transnational Monitoring Network ...................................................................... 21 4.4 Comparability of monitoring results ....................................................................... 23 4.5 Monitoring
    [Show full text]
  • Code: WBEC-REG-ENE-01 REGIONAL STRATEGY for SUSTAINABLE HYDROPOWER in the WESTERN BALKANS
    Code: WBEC-REG-ENE-01 REGIONAL STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE HYDROPOWER IN THE WESTERN BALKANS Background Report No. 2 Hydrology, integrated water resources management and climate change Final Draft 4 November 2017 IPA 2011-WBIF-Infrastructure Project Facility- Technical Assistance 3 EuropeAid/131160/C/SER/MULTI/3C This project is funded by the European Union Information Class: EU Standard The contents of this document are the sole responsibility of the Mott MacDonald IPF Consortium and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. This document is issued for the party which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above-captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other purpose. We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties. This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from us and from the party which commissioned it. This r epor t has been prepared solely for use by the party which commissioned it (the ‘Client ’) in connection wit h the captioned project . It should not be used for any other purpose. No person other than the Client or any party who has expressly agreed t erm s of reliance wit h us (the ‘Recipient ( s)’) may rely on the content, inf ormation or any views expr essed in the report.
    [Show full text]
  • And Hydrology in the Hutovo Blato Natural Park (Neretva River Delta, Bosnia and Herzegovina)
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Phyton, Annales Rei Botanicae, Horn Jahr/Year: 2003 Band/Volume: 43_2 Autor(en)/Author(s): Jasprica Jasprica Nenad, Caric Marina, Batistic Mirna Artikel/Article: The Marshland Vegetation (Phragmito-Magnocaricetea, Isoëto-Nanojuncetea) and Hydrology in the Hutovo Blato Natural Park (Neretva River Delta, Bosnia and Herzegovina). 281-294 ©Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., Horn, Austria, download unter www.biologiezentrum.at Phyton (Horn, Austria) Vol. 43 Fasc. 2 281-294 29. 12. 2003 The Marshland Vegetation (Phragmito-Magnocaricetea, Isoeto-Nanojuncetea) and Hydrology in the Hutovo Blato Natural Park (Neretva River Delta, Bosnia and Herzegovina) By Nenad JASPRICA*), Marina CARIC*) and Mirna BATISTIC*) With 3 Figures Received September 19, 2002 Keywords: Marshland vegetation, hydrology. - Neretva River delta, Hutovo Blato Natural Park, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Europe. Summary JASPRICA N., CARIC M. & BATISTIC M. 2003. The marshland vegetation (Phrag- mito-Magnocaricetea, Isoeto-Nanojuncetea) and hydrology in the Hutovo Blato Natural Park (Neretva River delta, Bosnia and Herzegovina). - Phyton (Horn, Aus- tria) 43 (2): 281-294, 3 figures. - English with German summary. The natural park of Hutovo Blato, Bosnia and Herzegovina, is one of the most important parts of the upper reaches of the Neretva River delta. In total, 11 plant communities of Phragmito-Magnocaricetea, and three plant communities of Isoeto- Nanojuncetea were noted, based on 64 phytocoenological releves. Of all the associa- tions of the Phragmition alliance, the stands of the Scirpetum lacustris colonize the areas with deepest waters - 0.5-1 m. The association Phalaridetum arundinaceae develops on the dryest habitats on the external margins and in terrain depressions along the Krupa River.
    [Show full text]
  • Šefko Almerovic Sandžak
    Šefko Almerovic1 Sandžak - From a Paradigm of Political Crises and a Potential Safety Crisis-Spot in Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to its Possible Role as an Integrating Area of Serbia and Montenegro Each conversation about Sandžak as one of the paradigms of political crises in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, that is in Serbia and Montenegro, would have to be started with basic data about the area itself about the causes and the nature of problems that exist concerning Sandžak and within it, starting from the time when it was, under the title the “Sandžak question”, for the first time the subject of interest of the international community, far away in 1858.2 Unfortunately, the “Sandžak question” or, the “Muslim-Bošnjak question”3, with smaller or greater intensity, has lasted a hundred and fifty years and there is a great number of facts 1 Šefko Almerovic is the president of Helsinki Committee for human rights from Sandžak. 2 Under the title "Sandžak question" about political problems of Muslims -Bošnjaks from Sandžak an international scene is being discussed, from time to time, for more than hundred years. Unfortunately, the most common reasons to discuss Sandžak were sufferings of Muslim Bošnjak population or, as it would be said today, human rights violations. Because of these reasons about Sandžak was the first time discussed an international scene in 1858, concerning so-called “Kolašin affair”. At that time horrible cruelty in the slaughter of almost 600 Muslims in Kolašin was the reason it was discussed about Bošnjaks an international scene and decisions about pretending that performed ethnic cleansing of Kolašin and its surrounding did not exist were made.
    [Show full text]