aol1 Revision for Spring Mocks A War of Words In 1947, Stalin and Churchill engaged in a ‘war of words’ which revealed that trust had completely broken down and misunderstandings were shaping policies. Source 1 - Churchill’s ‘Iron Curtain’ speech in March 1946 “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an ​ iron curtain has descended across the continent. ​ Behind the line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe… all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in the Soviet sphere and are all subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and ​ increasing measure of control from Moscow.” ​ Source 2 - Stalin’s Response to Churchill’s speech, also in March 1946 “Essentially Mr Churchill now adopts the ​ position of the warmonger* and in this Mr ​ ​ Churchill is not alone. He has friends not only in Britain but in the United States of America as well. A point to be noted in this respect is that Mr Churchill and his ​ friends bear a striking resemblance to Hitler and his friends.” ● A person who wants war What was the impact of this ‘war of words’? In the light of these speeches, Truman and Stalin were very concerned about the possibility of a new war. Each leader asked for secret reports from their embassies, to help them understand what their opponents were thinking. Both reports were sent as telegrams. These ​ ​ reports were very important because they greatly influenced the thinking and policies of Truman and Stalin. 1 aol2 Source 3: The Long Telegram Source 4: Novikov’s Telegram This telegram was sent by George This telegram was sent to Stalin by the Kennan, America’s ambassador in Soviet Ambassador in American, Moscow. It reported that Novikov. It reported that: ​ ● Stalin had given a speech in ● Following the death of President Moscow calling for the Roosevelt, the American destruction of capitalism. government had no interest in ● There could be no peace with the working with the USSR. USSR while it remained. ● Truman wanted to use its power determined to resist capitalism. and wealth to dominate the ● The USSR was building up its whole world and eliminate military power, even though the communism. Second World War was over. ● The American public would Why would it be doing this if it support its government if a war had peaceful intentions? broke out against the USSR. How did the USSR become so powerful in Eastern Europe? After the end of the Second World War, the Red Army (the army of the USSR) Red Army remained in the Eastern European countries it had occupied. Thi was because Stalin felt the Soviet Union needed these countries to act as a ‘buffer zone. Stalin ​ ​ wasn’t prepared to allow these countries to have free elections and between 1945 and 1948 Stalin installed pro-Soviet ‘puppet governments’ in Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia. Stalin set up an organisation called ‘Cominform’ to control information in these countries. That was to be no freedom of ​ ​ speech and no alternative political parties in the satellite states. Stalin also set up an organisation called Comecon in 1949. Its role was to control the economies of the ​ ​ satellite states. Mainly it worked to nationalise and collectivise their agriculture and industries because these were the key features of a communist economy. What was ‘The Truman Doctrine?’ As a consequences of the Long Telegram, Truman was determined that America would remain more powerful than the USSR. He was concerned that Stalin would try to extend the influence of communism by offering support to communist groups in European countries. After the war, much of Europe was devastated and people in countries like Italy, France, Greece, and even Britain, were suffering great hardships. Truman understood that communism was highly attractive to poor people because it involved sharing the the money and land of a small group of people and and sharing it out amongst the majority. To make sure that there were no more communist revolutions, Truman in March 1947 set out a new policy that soon became known at “The Truman Doctrine”. 2 aol3 Key Ideas within the Truman Doctrine ● The world had a choice between communist tyranny and democratic freedom. ● America had a duty to fight for freedom and protect the world from the spread of communism, which, he said, was evil. ● America would give military and economic support to any nation which was threatened by a communist takeover because communism must not be allowed to spread to other countries. An example of this: In 1948, the United States gave $400 million to Turkey and Greece in an attempt to stop the communists in these countries winning the civil wars which were being fought between them and pro-Western governments. Why was the Truman Doctrine important? 1. The Truman Doctrine was important because it was a fundamental change in the foreign policy of the United States. This new policy was called ‘containment’. Before being dragged into the Second World War, America had maintained a policy of ‘isolationism’. Isolationism meant that the United States did not get involved in international affairs unless it absolutely had to. Containment meant that now the United States would do all that it could (apart from actually going to war) to stop the spread of communism. 2. The Truman Doctrine was important was because it formally ended the Grand Alliance and started what became known as the Cold War. It was Truman’s way of telling the world that there could be no co-operation between the superpowers so long as the USSR remained a communist country. 3. The Truman Doctrine was important because, ss far as Stalin was concerned the Truman Doctrine was an act of aggression. Stalin saw it as a declaration of war against the Soviet Union, since Soviet Union was the only Communist country at this time (China didn’t ‘turn’ Communist until 1949). The Death of Joseph Stalin 1953 Stalin died in 1953; this was bound to lead to some kind of change as he had been in charge of the USSR since the 1920s. How did the death of Stalin affect the relationship between the superpowers? 1. Soviet policies under the new leader, Nikita Khrushchev, initially seemed less harsh than Stalin’s. 2. This was known as ‘the thaw’ in the Cold War. 3. Khrushchev said that he was in favour of ‘peaceful co-existence’ ; he met with President Eisenhower of America at the Geneva Summit in 1955. 4. Khrushchev agreed to withdraw Soviet troops from Austria at the same time as the US, France and Britain. He also freed many political prisoners and reduced censorship 5. Finally, in 1959, despite events in Hungary in 1956, he became the first Soviet leader to visit the USA suggesting that the thaw in the Cold War was real. 3 aol4 What happened in Hungary in 1956? Hungary had suffered a lot under Stalin’s control. Instead of the Soviet Union helping Hungary recover from the effects of the Second World War, food and industrial products were taken FROM Hungary and shipped off to Russia. All non-communist political parties had been banned and Russian officials controlled the government, the police and the army. Matyas Rakosi was made the Dictator of Hungary and the people gave him the nickname ‘the Budapest Butcher’. Under his rule, 387,000 Hungarians were imprisoned and more than 2,000 more were murdered. In 1956, the new Russian leader, Nikita Khrushchev made a very important speech. Although it was called ‘the Secret Speech’ it didn’t remain secret for long. In this speech, Khrushchev promised an end to the brutality of Stalinism, under which around 20 million people had died. The people of Eastern Europe looked forward to a far less oppressive style of government. Encouraged by the hope of reform, students in Budapest rioted and attacked the police and army. The police lost control and the protests spread to other major cities. Rather than crush the protest, Khrushchev stopped in and agreed to the replacement of the hated Rakosi by a more liberal leader called Imre Nagy. Nagy began to introduce reforms but in November 1956 he want too far. He promised to: ● Turn Hungary into a Western style democracy with free elections. (Nagy was himself a communist but he believed in a less repressive form of communism) ● Withdraw Hungary from the Warsaw Pact ● Ask the United Nations for protection from Russia What was Khrushchev’s Response?. 1. Khrushchev believed that if he allowed this to happen, other Eastern European countries would copy Hungary and soon the Soviet Union’s ‘buffer zone’ would be gone. He couldn’t allow this to happen so he sent in 200,000 Soviet troops and 5,000 tanks to crush the anti-Communist movement. In the two weeks of bitter fighting which followed around 20,000 Hungarians were killed. Nagy was arrested, put on trial for treason and found guilty. He was hanged in June 1958; Khrushchev said that Nagy’s fate “was a warning to the leaders of all socialist countries”. 2. A new leader, called Janos Kadar who was loyal to the USSR, was installed as leader of Hungary. 3. Kadar promised to: re-establish communist control of Hungary, use Hungarian troops to stop attacks on Soviet troops; keep Hungary in the Warsaw Pact; negotiate for the removal of Soviet troops once the crisis was over. 4 aol5 Although the West protested, it ignored the pleas of the Hungarians for military help. American President Eisenhower did offer $20 million worth of food and medical aid to Nagy’s government and praised the bravery of the Hungarian people, encouraging them to fight on.