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Renoncement Et Puissance. La Quête De La Sainteté Dans La Birmanie Contemporaine Guillaume Rozenberg

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Renoncement Et Puissance. La Quête De La Sainteté Dans La Birmanie Contemporaine Guillaume Rozenberg Renoncement et puissance. La quête de la sainteté dans la Birmanie contemporaine Guillaume Rozenberg To cite this version: Guillaume Rozenberg. Renoncement et puissance. La quête de la sainteté dans la Birmanie contem- poraine. pp.306, 2005, 2-88086-334-1. halshs-03237569 HAL Id: halshs-03237569 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03237569 Submitted on 26 May 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Couv. Renoncement et puissance_Couv. Renoncement et puissance 26.05.21 08:44 Page1 E M GUILLAUME U A enoncement et puissance. A voir ces deux termes L L I ROZENBERG U Rainsi reliés l’un à l’autre, on croirait d’abord à une G ROZENBERG opposition. Et pourtant, en terre de bouddhisme, le moine parti dans la forêt, celui-là même qui incarne le renoncement au monde le plus radical, est aussi tenu pour un « superhomme ». Ses contemporains lui attri- buent des facultés extraordinaires qui lui confèrent le pouvoir d’agir sur le monde et de le transformer. RENONCEMENT L’auteur présente dans cet ouvrage la biographie de E huit moines contemporains qui comptent parmi les C E T P U I S S A N C E plus vénérés de Birmanie. Il s’interroge sur leur par- N cours et leur identité. Sur leur capacité de prédire, de A LA QUÊTE DE LA SAINTETÉ DANS LA BIRMANIE CONTEMPORAINE bâtir ou de redistribuer, sans pour autant oublier leurs S S rapports – ambigus – au pouvoir temporel et politique I qui les craint toujours... et qui les utilise parfois! U C’est un voyage au pays de la Colline Ordinaire, de la P Cité Agréable et des Mille Arbres de l’Eveil, un voyage T à l’intérieur de la plus grande statue de bouddha E couché du monde, dans les méandres du delta de T l’Ayeyarwady, un voyage au pays où la loterie est N reine. Un périple qui bouleverse radicalement notre E vision du bouddhisme pour en donner une image plus M réelle, mais toujours humaine et vivante. E C uillaume ROZENBERG est ethnologue, chargé de N recherche au CNRS. Il travaille sur le bouddhisme O G N birman depuis 1997. E R Ouvrage publié avec le concours du LASEMA-CNRS ISBN 2-88086-334-1 ÉDITIONS OLIZANE GENÈVE – SUISSE OLIZANE OLIZANE rozenberg int. 4.0_rozenberg int. 4.0 26.05.21 08:24 Page1 RENONCEMENT ET PUISSANCE LA QUÊTE DE LA SAINTETÉ DANS LA BIRMANIE CONTEMPORAINE rozenberg int. 4.0_rozenberg int. 4.0 26.05.21 08:24 Page2 rozenberg int. 4.0_rozenberg int. 4.0 26.05.21 08:24 Page3 GUILLAUME ROZENBERG RENONCEMENT ET PUISSANCE LA QUÊTE DE LA SAINTETÉ DANS LA BIRMANIE CONTEMPORAINE EDITIONS OLIZANE rozenberg int. 4.0_rozenberg int. 4.0 26.05.21 08:24 Page4 Ouvrage publié avec le concours du LASEMA-CNRS Editions Olizane 11, rue des Vieux-Grenadiers 1205 Genève (Suisse) www.olizane.ch ISBN 2-88086-334-1 © Copyright 2005, Éditions Olizane, Genève Mise en page: Atelier Françoise Ujhazi, Genève Impression et reliure: LegoPrint, Lavis, Italie Toute reproduction, même partielle, de cet ouvrage pour un usage autre que stric - tement privé, par tous moyens y compris la photocopie, est soumise à l’autorisation préalable de l’éditeur, afin de préserver les droits de l’auteur sur son travail. rozenberg int. 4.0_rozenberg int. 4.0 26.05.21 08:24 Page5 A Bénédicte, Bien des fois, elle a expliqué: «Vous ne pouvez pas dire les choses comme ça… ». Et bien des fois, j’ai fini par les dire autrement. Pour Tin Tin, Souvent, elle a pensé: « Il ne comprend pas les Birmans». Jamais, cependant, elle n’a cessé d’espérer. rozenberg int. 4.0_rozenberg int. 4.0 26.05.21 08:24 Page6 Note sur la transcription et les abréviations Depuis 1989, à l’initiative du gouvernement, l’appellation interna- tionale de la Birmanie est «Union du Myanmar». Dans cet ouvrage, l’ancienne désignation de «Birmanie» a cependant été conservée: elle demeure toujours la mieux connue en Occident, et le terme a l’avantage de posséder en français une forme adjecti- vale (birman, birmane). Le gouvernement a également modifié en 1989 la transcription officielle de beaucoup de noms de lieux, fleuves, groupes eth- niques, afin de rapprocher cette transcription de la prononciation birmane. Rangoon est devenu Yangon, Irrawaddy: Ayeyarwady, Karen: Kayin, etc. Cette nouvelle transcription a été adoptée ici, bien qu’elle ne soit pas toujours cohérente et surtout pas toujours bien instituée (la transcription d’un nom propre pouvant varier d’un document à l’autre, même dans les publications officielles birmanes). Les noms communs birmans sont signalés par des caractères italiques (weikza). Ils ont généralement été transcrits selon le sys- tème anglo-saxon le plus répandu, celui de «transcription conven- tionnelle», recommandé par John Okell dans A Guide to the Romanization of Burmese (1971 : 66-67, plus modifications ulté- rieures apportées par l’auteur). Les tons n’ont pas été marqués. Les termes p›li, la langue des textes doctrinaux dans le boud- dhisme du Therav›da, sont en italique et précédés de la mention «p.» (p. vijj›). rozenberg int. 4.0_rozenberg int. 4.0 26.05.21 08:24 Page7 Remerciements Cet ouvrage est issu d’une thèse inédite ainsi que d’articles parus ou en cours de publication dans des revues et ouvrages spécialisés en français ou en anglais (pour la liste de ces travaux, se reporter à la bibliographie). L’année de post-doctorat passée à l’Asia Research Institute (Université de Singapour) m’a permis d’en achever la rédaction. Nombreux sont ceux qui, ici ou là-bas, m’ont guidé tout au long de ces années. Cet ouvrage leur doit énormément, et j’espère qu’ils y retrouveront un peu d’eux-mêmes. Quant à tous ceux qui m’ont soutenu autrement, je souhaite que ces pages répondent à leur interrogation: mais que fait-il au juste, et dans quel monde vit-il? rozenberg int. 4.0_rozenberg int. 4.0 26.05.21 08:24 Page8 Chine Yangtsé apoutre Brahm ÉTAT KACHIN Myitkyina y M Inde d ékong a w r a y Chindwin e DIVISION Ay DE SAGAING Birmanie Bangla- Haka desh Sagaing ÉTAT Mandalay CHIN ÉTAT SHAN Nyaung Bawdi Pin Aing Tahtaung Bagan DIVISION DE Konlon MANDALAY Taunggyi Sittwe Magway w in É an l T Loikaw Th A DIVISION DE T MAGWAY R Golfe A K ÉTAT KAYIN H DIVISION Thaïlande I Sittang N du E DE BAGO Kyaikhtisaung Bengale Bago Myaing Gyi Ngu DIVISION DE Yangon AYEYARWADY Hpa- Pathein DIVISION An Thamanya DE Mawlamyine Konawin YANGON Winsein ÉTAT MON Chao Phraya Golfe de Martaban D I V I Dawei S I Bangkok O N Mer d’Andaman D E T A N I N T H A R Y I Golfe îles d’Andaman du 0 100 200 km Siam © Editions Olizane, 2005 rozenberg int. 4.0_rozenberg int. 4.0 26.05.21 08:24 Page9 Huit moines Cet ouvrage traite de la sainteté bouddhique dans la société bir- mane contemporaine à partir de l’étude de la trajectoire et des acti- vités de huit moines. Est fournie ci-dessous la liste de ces moines avec le titre par lequel ils sont généralement désignés par les Bir- mans (Bawdi Tahtaung Hsayadaw), suivi du nom propre religieux qui leur fut donné au moment de leur ordination (U Narada). Entre parenthèses, figurent l’année de naissance et la région de résidence de ces personnages à l’époque où les recherches ont été réalisées (1997-2001). Le terme hsayadaw, à partir duquel est forgé le titre de ces moines, signifie à la fois moine vénéré et moine supérieur de monastère. Il est rendu dans cette étude par «grand moine». «U» est un préfixe respectueux placé devant le nom d’un moine ou d’un homme relativement âgé. Bawdi Tahtaung Hsayadaw, U Narada (1931, Division de Sagaing) Konawin Hsayadaw, U Wayameinda (1959, Division de Ayeyarwady) Konlon Hsayadaw, U Tayzaniya (1907, État shan) Kyaikhtisaung Hsayadaw, U Pyinnyadipa (1930, État môn) Myaing Gyi Ngu Hsayadaw, U Thuzana (1948, État kayin) Nyaung Pin Aing Hsayadaw, U Nandawbatha (1922, Division de Sagaing) Thamanya Hsayadaw, U Winaya (1912, État kayin) Winsein Hsayadaw, U Kaythara (1922, État môn) Ci-contre: carte des lieux de résidence des huit moines rozenberg int. 4.0_rozenberg int. 4.0 26.05.21 08:24 Page10 rozenberg int. 4.0_rozenberg int. 4.0 26.05.21 08:24 Page11 COMMENT DEVIENT-ON SAINT? rozenberg int. 4.0_rozenberg int. 4.0 26.05.21 08:24 Page12 rozenberg int. 4.0_rozenberg int. 4.0 26.05.21 08:24 Page13 Faut-il le dissimuler: le bouddhisme m’a toujours ennuyé. Je n’ai jamais été sensible à sa doctrine, jamais su trouver dans sa «philo- sophie» un quelconque secours intellectuel ou psychologique, d’autant qu’elle s’exprime dans des textes souvent fastidieux, par- fois excessivement systématiques et techniques, boursouflés à l’excès, saturés de répétitions et d’énumérations interminables. On comprendra alors que, durant toutes ces années, je renâclais inté- rieurement à subir les prêches improvisés mais ô combien stéréo- typés que m’imposait parfois certain moine ou laïc que je rencon- trais, et qui semblaient tout droit sortis de textes doctrinaux auxquels j’espérais naïvement avoir échappé.
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