Climate and Energy Plan for Ålesund Municipality 2010-2015
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CLIMATE AND ENERGY PLAN FOR ÅLESUND MUNICIPALITY 2010-2015 Programme of Initiatives and Action Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 3 2 WASTE AND CONSUMPTION ............................................................................................................. 5 3 TRANSPORT AND LAND-USE PLANNING ...................................................................................... 11 4 STATIONARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION ......................................................................................... 18 5 GOALS ............................................................................................................................................... 24 6 ACTION PROGRAMME ..................................................................................................................... 26 6.1 WASTE AND CONSUMPTION ................................................................................................................................ 26 6.2 TRANSPORT AND LAND-USE PLANNING ........................................................................................................... 28 6.3 STATIONARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION .............................................................................................................. 31 7 SUMMARY AND FURTHER WORK .................................................................................................. 34 1 Introduction Background The background for this work is the major challenges society faces in the field of climate and energy consumption. Ålesund prepared a climate and energy plan at an early stage. The work began in 2006 when the Committee for Culture, the Environment and Value Creation passed a resolution requesting the Municipality’s Chief Administrative Officer to prepare a climate and energy plan for Ålesund. “Climate and Energy Plan for Ålesund 2008-12” was adopted by Ålesund City Council on 13 March 2008. In the same year the Ålesund Region Development Corporation (ÅRU) took the initiative for preparing a climate and energy plan for its member municipalities. In a meeting on 12 February 2009 Ålesund City Council passed a resolution (Business Item No. 11/09) to participate in this collaboration with nine other municipalities (Giske, Haram, Sandøy, Skodje, Ørskog, Sykkylven, Stranda, Norddal and Stordal) in north Sunnmøre County. ÅRU hired Norconsult to carry out the work on the plan itself. A number of meetings were held with representatives of administration and political management and the result was presented at a meeting in Ørskog in January 2010. Norconsult’s report consists of two parts: A general part (Part 2) which describes the challenges and an initiative part (Part 1) for each individual municipality. The part describing the challenges relating to climate and energy forms an attachment to the Programme of Initiatives and Action. With regard to Ålesund it is natural to consider the Programme of Initiatives and Action (Part 1) to be a continuation of the 2008 Climate and Energy Plan. The structure of the Programme of Initiatives and Action The division into subject areas is in line with the division used in the official Norwegian statistics for greenhouse gas emissions. This means that the review is divided up into the following sources of emissions: • Industrial emissions as defined by Statistics Norway (SSB) include gas emissions from waste disposal sites, emissions from industrial processes, natural emissions from agriculture and greenhouse gas emissions from waste treatment. In this plan, these are dealt with in connection with the terms “waste” and “consumption” because of their contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. • Mobile emissions. These are connected with transport activity on roads, in the air and at sea. For aircraft and ships, limits have been placed on how much of this traffic shall be considered to produce municipal emissions. In the case of air transport, only flight lower than 100 metres is included in the statistics. Only domestic air and seagoing transport is considered to contribute to local emissions. This category of emissions also includes building and construction machinery and a wide range of mechanical equipment. • Stationary emissions. These are emissions from energy consumption connected with fixed installations such as residential property, industrial buildings, factories, and so on. Stationary energy consumption also includes energy supply to airports and harbours, but not energy consumption by the means of transportation itself, such as road vehicles, aircraft and ships, although electrical vehicles, for example, are in a grey area. 2 Waste and consumption Connections between waste, consumption and greenhouse gas emissions Greenhouse gases ascribed to industrial emissions, including emissions from waste disposal sites, industrial processes, agriculture and other sources, amounted to approximately 10 per cent of the total emissions in 2007. This means that the effects of the initiatives in the fields of waste treatment and consumption do not appear as a reduction in the Municipality’s direct emissions of greenhouse gases. This is also connected with the fact that most of the waste is treated outside the Municipality. The manufacture and transport of all goods result in the consumption of natural resources and energy at all stages. By a reduction in consumption and increased re-use of products, one can reduce the use of resources connected with manufacture, transport, distribution and waste management connected with new products. This will vary considerably from product to product. For example, the production and distribution of 1 kg of plastic for the manufacture of bags results in approximately 8 kg of CO 2 emissions (1 kg of pure polyethylene gives 2 kg of CO 2), while 1 kg of paper for the manufacture of bags results in approximately 2 kg of CO 2, 1 kg of meat gives approximately 16 kg, 1 kg of fruit or vegetables gives approximately 1 kg and 1 kg of leather (for use in shoes) results in approximately 4 kg of CO 2 emissions. It is estimated that this results in an average of approximately 2-3 kg of CO 2 emissions per kilogram of product which can be saved by reducing consumption. These are indirect emissions which only occur to a limited extent in Ålesund. The saving in resources achieved by means of waste reduction, re-use and recycling of materials has not been included in the available emissions statistics from SSB. Direct emissions are those which result from waste treatment such as incineration or landfills. There is a clear connection between greenhouse gas emissions and various forms of waste treatment, as described in a recent report produced by Østfold Research for Waste Management Norway 1. These figures are a combination of direct and indirect emission reductions. Reduced generation of waste also leads to lower emissions from the entire waste handling process – collection, transport, treatment and final disposal. It is estimated that the combined waste treatment in Norway in 2006 of 2.6 million tonnes per year resulted in emissions of approximately 353,000 tonnes of CO 2, or approximately 135 kg of CO 2 per tonne of waste on average. This is in addition to the savings in manufacturing resources resulting from waste reduction. In the Ålesund region, a larger proportion of waste is treated in connection with energy recovery than the Norwegian average. As a result, emissions in the region are approximately 41 kg of CO 2 per tonne of waste. The emissions are calculated on the basis of the report from Waste Management Norway and have been used in calculating the effects for the Municipality. 1) Waste Management Norway – rapport 1/09, Klimaregnskap for avfallshåndtering [Report No. 1/09: Emissions accounting in waste management.] Phase I: [Glass packaging, metal packaging, paper, cardboard, plastic packaging and wet organic waste.] (in Norwegian). The principal results of Waste Management Norway’s report in ranking the methods of treatment considered in relation to the net greenhouse gas emissions associated with the various types of waste and treatment systems are: 1. Recovery of materials results in the lowest greenhouse gas impact for the waste types: glass packaging, metal packaging and plastic packaging. 2. Biological treatment (biogas production) results in the lowest greenhouse gas impact in connection with the treatment of wet organic waste. 3. Improved energy efficiency results in the lowest greenhouse gas impact in the treatment of paper and cardboard. 4. Landfills result in the greatest greenhouse gas impact for all the waste types analysed, except for plastic and glass packaging. 5. Transport-related greenhouse gas emissions are generally of relatively low significance in relation to the environmental benefits resulting from recovery of materials and/or improved energy efficiency. Figure 1. Net greenhouse gas emissions in the treatment of different types of waste analysed by Østland Research Methods and provisions for measures connected with waste and consumption patterns Waste minimisation Many initiatives exist which should contribute to a reduction in waste amounts, as described, for example, in Norwegian Government Report (NOU) 2002:19 2. Households present a significant challenge. To achieve minimisation of waste in this group, changes in behaviour, among other things, are necessary which depend on a number of factors. Many initiatives must be implemented