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Réduire La Pollution Sonore Ferroviaire DIRECTION GÉNÉRALE DES POLITIQUES INTERNES DÉPARTEMENT THÉMATIQUE B: POLITIQUES STRUCTURELLES ET DE COHÉSION TRANSPORT ET TOURISME RÉDUIRE LA POLLUTION SONORE FERROVIAIRE ÉTUDE Ce document a été demandé par la commission du transport et du tourisme du Parlement européen. AUTEURS Uwe CLAUSEN Claus DOLL FRANCIS JAMES FRANKLIN Gordana Vasic FRANKLIN Hilmar HEINRICHMEYER Joachim KOCHSIEK Werner ROTHENGATTER Niklas SIEBER ADMINISTRATEUR RESPONSABLE Piero SOAVE Parlement européen Département thématique B: Politiques structurelles et de Cohésion B-1047 Bruxelles E-mail: [email protected] ASSISTANCE ÉDITORIALE Nora REVESZ VERSIONS LINGUISTIQUES Original: EN. Traductions: DE, FR. À PROPOS DE L’ÉDITEUR Pour contacter le Département thématique B ou vous abonner à sa lettre d’informations mensuelle, veuillez écrire à l’adresse suivante: [email protected] Manuscrit achevé en mars 2012. Bruxelles, © Union européenne, 2012. Ce document est disponible sur Internet à l’adresse suivante: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/studies CLAUSE DE NON-RESPONSABILITÉ Les opinions exprimées dans le présent document sont celles de l’auteur et ne reflètent pas nécessairement la position officielle du Parlement européen. Reproduction et traduction autorisées, sauf à des fins commerciales, moyennant mention de la source, information préalable de l’éditeur et transmission d’un exemplaire à celui-ci. DIRECTION GÉNÉRALE DES POLITIQUES INTERNES DÉPARTEMENT THÉMATIQUE B: POLITIQUES STRUCTURELLES ET DE COHÉSION TRANSPORT ET TOURISME RÉDUIRE LA POLLUTION SONORE FERROVIAIRE ÉTUDE Résumé Le bruit ferroviaire touche 12 millions de citoyens dans l’Union européenne pendant la journée et 9 millions pendant la nuit. La présente étude établit un inventaire des mesures, des financements et des réglementations destinés à réduire ces émissions sonores. La modernisation du matériel roulant constitue la mesure la plus efficace de réduction du bruit. À court terme, la mesure prioritaire est le remplacement des semelles de frein en fonte des véhicules de fret ferroviaire par des semelles de frein en matériau composite. Il est crucial d’élaborer un programme de réglementation visant à mettre en service, de façon progressive, du matériel roulant peu bruyant dans le cadre d’une stratégie de réduction du bruit ferroviaire. IP/B/TRAN/FWC/2010-006/LOT4/C1/SC2 2012 PE 474.533 FR 3 Réduire la pollution sonore ferroviaire ____________________________________________________________________________________________ TABLE DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS 5 LISTE DES TABLEAUX 7 LISTE DES FIGURES 9 SYNTHÈSE 11 1. DÉFINITIONS ET INCIDENCE DU BRUIT 17 1.1. Bruit et bruit ferroviaire 17 1.2. Le mesurage du bruit 17 1.3. L’incidence du bruit 18 1.4. Résultats de la cartographie du bruit 19 1.5. Groupes de défense de l’environnement et habitants touchés 22 2. CADRE JURIDIQUE 25 2.1. Recommandations générales, limites et seuils de bruit ambiant 25 2.2. Directive 2002/49/CE relative au bruit dans l’environnement 31 2.3. Refonte du premier paquet ferroviaire 45 2.4. STI «Bruit» 46 2.5. Mesurage et estimation du bruit ferroviaire 47 3. BRUIT FERROVIAIRE – SOURCES ET MESURES DE PREVENTION 51 3.1. Sources du bruit ferroviaire 51 3.2. Évolution des émissions sonores en fonction du matériel roulant 54 3.3. Mesures visant à éviter le bruit ferroviaire 58 3.4. Synthèse des principales mesures de réduction du bruit 69 3.5. Nombre de wagons de fret à moderniser 75 4. ÉTUDES DE CAS 77 4.1. Descriptions générales du bruit ferroviaire ambiant dans les zones ou les pays choisis 77 4.2. Analyse détaillée des tronçons choisis 89 3 Département thématique B: politiques structurelles et de cohésion ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. ÉVALUATION 99 5.1. Les incitations économiques 99 5.2. Analyse des possibilités de réglementation 104 5.3. Analyse des commentaires des parties prenantes sur les incitations économiques et la réglementation 107 6. CONCLUSIONS 109 6.1. Mesures recommandées 109 6.2. Recommandations d’activités parlementaires 114 REFERENCES 117 ANNEXE I: ÉMISSIONS DE BRUIT DANS L’ENVIRONNEMENT DANS LES ÉTATS MEMBRES ET LES AGGLOMÉRATIONS (RÉFÉRENCES [CTE 2010]) 127 ANNEXE II: NIVEAUX DE BRUIT MAXIMAUX DU MATÉRIEL ROULANT SELON LA STI «BRUIT» 129 ANNEXE III: COMPARAISON DE LA COUVERTURE DES BOGIES DE DIFFÉRENTS MATÉRIELS ROULANTS MODERNES 131 ANNEXE IV: RÉGLEMENTATIONS IMPORTANTES ET ANALYSÉES 133 4 Réduire la pollution sonore ferroviaire ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS AEA AEA Technology Rail BV, Pays-Bas AEE Agence européenne pour l’environnement BIMSchV Bundes-Immissions-Schutz-Verordnung (ordonnance allemande sur la protection contre le bruit de la circulation) BMVIT Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie (ministère fédéral autrichien des transports, de l’innovation et de la technologie) BS British Standard (norme britannique) BVU Beratergruppe Verkehr + Umwelt (consultants dans les domaines du transport et de l’environnement) CE Conseil européen CER Communauté européenne du rail et des compagnies d’infrastructure DB Deutsche Bahn (Chemins de fer allemands) DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs of UK (ministère britannique de l’environnement, de l’alimentation et des questions rurales) DG Direction générale de la Commission européenne DG ENTR Direction générale des entreprises et de l’industrie DG ENV Direction générale de l’environnement DG RTD Direction générale de la recherche et de l’innovation DG TREN Direction générale de l’énergie et des transports DIR Directive ECML East Coast Main Line (ligne principale de la côte est au Royaume-Uni) ERFA Association européenne des opérateurs de fret ferroviaire ETC-LUSI Centre thématique européen sur l’occupation des terres et l’information spatiale FS Trenitalia (Chemins de fer italiens, anciennement Ferrovia dello Stato) LDAY Indice du niveau sonore moyen pondéré pour la période de jour (6 heures-22 heures) LDEN Indice du niveau sonore moyen pondéré sur une journée (24 heures) LNIGHT Indice eau sonore moyen pondéré sur une nuit (22 heures- 6 heures) 5 Département thématique B: politiques structurelles et de cohésion ____________________________________________________________________________________________ MF Modificateur de frottement NDTAC Noise Depending Track Access Charge (redevance d’accès aux voies en fonction du niveau d’émission sonore) NSR Niveau supérieur du rail ÖBB Österreichische Bundesbahn (Chemins de fer autrichiens) OMS Organisation mondiale de la santé PE Parlement européen PPG Planning Policy Guidance (note explicative en matière de politique de planification) RAE Rame automotrice électrique RENFE Red Nacional de Ferrocarriles Españoles (Chemins de fer espagnols) RFI Rete Ferroviaria Italiana (Société italienne de gestion de l’infrastructure ferroviaire) SBB Schweizer Bundesbahn (Chemins de fer suisses) Semelles de Semelles de frein en matériau composite de type K type K Semelles de Semelles de frein en matériau composite de type LL type LL SESF Société d’exploitation de services ferroviaires STI Spécification technique d’interopérabilité STIB Société des transports intercommunaux de Bruxelles TAC Track Access Charge (Redevance d’accès aux voies) UE Union européenne UIC Union internationale des chemins de fer UIP Union internationale des wagons privés UIRR Union internationale des sociétés de transport combiné Rail- Route UITP Union internationale des transports publics UNIFE Union des industries ferroviaires européennes VDV Verband Deutscher Verkehrsunternehmen (Union allemande des sociétés de transport) VPI Vereinigung der Privatgüterwagen-Interessenten (Association allemande des propriétaires de wagons privés) WCML West Coast Main Line (ligne principale de la côte ouest au Royaume-Uni) 6 Réduire la pollution sonore ferroviaire ____________________________________________________________________________________________ LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1 Recensement des personnes touchées par le bruit ambiant lors de la première phase de cartographie 19 Tableau 2 Seuil de bruit ambiant pendant la nuit permettant d’éviter les risques pour la santé d’après les recommandations de l’OMS 26 Tableau 3 Seuils recommandés pour les plans d’action par l’Office fédéral allemand de l’environnement 27 Tableau 4 Plafonds de bruit ambiant pour les nouvelles infrastructures de transport ou les infrastructures modifiées en Allemagne 28 Tableau 5 Valeurs limites pour les plans d’action autrichiens 28 Tableau 6 Valeurs seuils de bruit intérieur causé par le bruit ambiant (Royaume-Uni) 28 Tableau 7 Catégories d’exposition au bruit pour les habitations 30 Tableau 8 Niveaux de bruit correspondant aux catégories d’exposition pour les habitations 30 Tableau 9 Valeurs limites pour les plans d’action en Espagne 31 Tableau 10 Feuille de route pour la mise en œuvre de la directive 2002/49/CE 33 Tableau 11 Étape supplémentaire dans la cartographie du bruit aux termes de la directive 2002/49/CE 34 Tableau 12 Calendrier pour l’établissement des cartes de bruit et des plans d’action pour la réduction du bruit 34 Tableau 13 État d’avancement de la mise en œuvre de la directive 2002/49/CE 35 Tableau 14 Actions des pays européens pour la réduction du bruit ferroviaire lorsque les informations sont disponibles 36 Tableau 15 Analyse des études sur l’adéquation des incitations à la réduction du bruit ferroviaire 50 7 Département thématique B: politiques structurelles
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