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Country Advice Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: TZA32275 Country: Tanzania Date: 6 September 2007 Keywords: Tanzania – Zanzibar – Civic United Front (CUF) – Political situation This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein. Questions 1. Please summarise the current political situation in Tanzania and with a focus on Zanzibar. 2. How are supporters of the CUF party treated on the mainland and on Zanzibar? 3 How are activists in the CUF party treated on the mainland and on Zanzibar? 4. Who are the leaders of the CUF in Zanzibar (Secretary General and Deputy Secretary General) - now and since 2002? RESPONSE 1. Please summarise the current political situation in Tanzania and with a focus on Zanzibar. 1.1 Background 1.2 Current political situation in Tanzania 1.3 Opposition parties in Tanzania / The Civic United Front (CUF) 1.4 Current political situation in Zanzibar 1.1 Background Tanzania was formed from the union of Tanganyika (the mainland) and the islands of Zanzibar in 1964. It is now a presidential democratic republic with a multi-party system. The President of Tanzania is both head of state and head of government. From independence until the 1990s, Tanzania was a one-party socialist state. Since 1977 it has been ruled by the Revolutionary State Party (Chama Cha Mapinduzi or CCM). Beginning in the mid-1980s, Tanzania undertook a number of political and economic reforms to move the country towards democracy and a free-market economy. In 1992, the government legislated for multiparty democracy and other political parties were formed. Multiparty national elections for the presidency and parliament have been held in 1995, 2000 and 2005. The CCM has won all the presidential and parliamentary elections to date, both nationally and in Zanzibar. (See Banks, A.S. & Muller, T.C. & Overstreet, N.R. (eds) 2007, Political Handbook of the World: 2007, CQ Press, Washington D.C., pp.1211-1218 – Attachment 1; Mathews, Graham 2003, „Tanzania: Recent History‟ in Africa South of the Sahara 2003, 32nd edn, Europa publications, London, pp.1062-7 – Attachment 2; Day, Alan J. (ed) 2002, Political Parties of the World, 5th ed, John Harper Publishing, London, p.458-60 – Attachment 3; „Country Profile: Tanzania‟ 2007, BBC News, 16 August http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1072330.stm – Accessed 4 September 2007 Attachment 4). 1.2 Current political situation in Tanzania The CCM continues to dominate Tanzanian politics, having won all elections on the mainland comfortably, as well as all elections in Zanzibar despite more vigorous opposition there (see below). The current President is Jakaya Kikwete of the CCM party, who was elected in 2005 with over 80% of the vote. The Vice-president, Ali Mohamed Shein, and the Prime Minister, Edward Lowassa, are also CCM members. The CCM currently holds 264 of the 324 seats in the National Assembly of Tanzania (the parliament) (Banks, A.S. & Muller, T.C. & Overstreet, N.R. (eds) 2007, Political Handbook of the World: 2007, CQ Press, Washington D.C., pp.1213, 1218 – Attachment 1). The political situation in Tanzania since the introduction of multiparty democracy has been characterised by: The regular holding of three sets of presidential and parliamentary elections in 1995, 2000 and 2005; The continued dominance of the presidency and parliament by the CCM; The different situation in Zanzibar, where the CUF has come close to defeating the CCM, and CUF protests have resulted in violent government reactions and arrests. (See Section 1.4 below). The US Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2006 – Tanzania is generally positive about the political situation in Tanzania, with some reservations about Zanzibar: In the December 2005 Union presidential and legislative elections, Jakaya Kikwete was elected president, and the ruling Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) party made significant gains in parliament. Observers considered the Union elections on both the mainland and in Zanzibar to be largely free and fair. The 2005 presidential elections in Zanzibar were more contentious, with serious irregularities and politically motivated violence; however, there were improvements in the administration of the elections. (Introduction) The constitution provides citizens with the right to change their government peacefully, and citizens exercised this right in elections on the mainland and in Zanzibar. However, legal and financial provisions that favored the ruling CCM party, electoral irregularities, and political violence limited the effectiveness of the electoral process in Zanzibar. Elections and Political Participation Separate elections are held on the mainland and on Zanzibar, although sometimes on the same day, in which citizens of the two parts of the Union elect local officials, members of the National Parliament, and a Union (national) president. In addition Zanzibaris elect a president of Zanzibar and members of the Zanzibar House of Representatives in polls that are not open to mainlanders. In December 2005 Jakaya Kikwete, the CCM candidate, was elected president of the Union with 80.2 percent of the vote in an election widely considered by observers as more free and fair than previous elections; however, the campaigns preceding them were marked by violence in some regions. In National Assembly elections, the CCM won 206 out of 233 elected seats in the Union parliament, while the CUF won 19. In October 2005 voters in the semi-autonomous archipelago of Zanzibar elected a president, legislators, and local representatives for the archipelago. CCM candidate Amani Karume, the incumbent president, won the Zanzibari presidency with 53 percent of the vote in an election marred by irregularities and violence. Harassment of political parties was considerably diminished during the year in comparison with the election year of 2005. (Sec.3 „Respect for Political Rights: The Right of Citizens to Change Their Government‟) (US Department of State 2007, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2006 – Tanzania, 6 March – Attachment 5.) The most recent Freedom House assessment of Tanzania, which covers events up to the end of 2006, is also attached (Freedom House 2007, Freedom in the World: Country Report: Tanzania: 2007 – Attachment 6). It gives a brief assessment of Tanzania‟s three elections, noting accusations of fraud in all three, especially in relation to Zanzibar. The report concludes that: Tanzania is not an electoral democracy. Although opposition parties were legalized in 1992, the ruling CCM continues to dominate the country‟s political life. … Eighteen parties presented candidates in the 2005 legislative elections. Some of these parties are active, but they tend to be divided and ineffectual. … Tanzania has a higher level of press freedom than other countries in its region. Print and electronic media are active, but media impact is largely limited to major urban areas … Constitutional protections for the rights of freedom of assembly and association are generally, but not always, respected. The laws allow rallies only by officially registered political parties. 1.3 Opposition parties in Tanzania/ The Civic United Front (CUF – Chama Cha Wananchi) There are a number of legally registered opposition parties in Tanzania, the strongest being the Civic United Front (CUF), which currently has 30 seats in the National Assembly of Tanzania. For a profile of the CUF and other parties in Tanzania, see Banks, A.S. & Muller, T.C. & Overstreet, N.R. (eds) 2007, Political Handbook of the World: 2007, CQ Press, Washington D.C., pp. 1215-7 – Attachment 1; Day, Alan J. (ed) 2002, Political Parties of the World, 5th ed, John Harper Publishing, London, pp.458-60 – Attachment 3. The CUF was formed in 1992 and has been the strongest opposition party in Tanzania since that time. Though it is based in Zanzibar and most reports of CUF activities concern Zanzibar, it has also established a presence on the mainland (Banks, A.S. & Muller, T.C. & Overstreet, N.R. (eds) 2007, Political Handbook of the World: 2007, CQ Press, Washington D.C., pp. 1215-7 – Attachment 1; Day, Alan J. (ed) 2002, Political Parties of the World, 5th ed, John Harper Publishing, London, p.459 – Attachment 3). The most recent Freedom House assessment of Tanzania notes that “The opposition CUF, based in Zanzibar and Pemba, has sought to establish significant support on the Tanzanian mainland” (Freedom House 2007, Freedom in the World: Country Report: Tanzania: 2007 – Attachment 6). A recent BBC News Online article states that the CUF is strongly supported “by the descendants of the deposed Arabs” and has called for greater autonomy for Zanzibar – some supporters are said to have called for its independence („Regions and territories: Zanzibar‟ 2007, BBC News Online, 16 August http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/3850393.stm – Accessed 5 September 2007 – Attachment 6). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) also notes the racial aspect to support for the CUF, adding that, due to this, support for the party is stronger on the island of Pemba than on the main island of Zanzibar: The political divide in Zanzibar is effectively a geographic divide with the majority of people on Pemba being CUF supporters and the majority on Unguja supporting the CCM. … The CCM view their lack of support on Pemba within a racial framework – despite extensive of inter-marriage, immigration and population movement, Pembans are still regarded as Arabs and CUF is considered an Arab party. (Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2006, DFAT Report No.
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