Lena Van Der Wal P5 Presentation, 10Th of July 2020
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P5 presentation, 10th of July 2020 Impact first development Lena van der Wal P5 presentation, 10th of July 2020 Impact first development Lena van der Wal Marcella Wong The economy was not invented to make money. 4 The economy was created to add value to the collective. 5 But a short-term focus on wealth maximisation... (Jensen, 2010) 6 ...has led to many negative social and environmental impacts. (Jensen, 2010) 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Although recently environmental sustainability gets attention (in business). 14 Also in the built environment. 15 Social sustainability is often forgotten. (Eizenberg & Jabareen, 2017) 16 Especially in the built environment. (Van Honschoten, 2020; Buskens & Heurkens, 2016; Dempsey et al., 2011) 17 As example gentrification 18 In the built environment gentrification is a major source of negative social impacts. (Atkinson, 2002; Atkinson & Bridge, 2005; Chong, 2017) & many more 19 (Jorritsma & König, 2019) 20 Short-term effect of gentrification minimum wealth minimum diversity (“slum”) diversity wealth (Mehaffy, 2019, p. 28) 21 Long-term effect of gentrification minimum wealth maximum wealth minimum diversity minimum diversity (“slum”) (“enclave”) diversity wealth (Mehaffy, 2019, p. 28) 22 Jacob's Curve maximum diversity optimum diversity and wealth combination minimum wealth maximum wealth minimum diversity minimum diversity (“slum”) (“enclave”) diversity wealth (Mehaffy, 2019, p. 28) 23 Jacob's Curve maximum diversity optimum diversity and wealth combination minimum wealth maximum wealth minimum diversity minimum diversity (“slum”) (“enclave”) diversity wealth (Mehaffy, 2019, p. 28) 24 (Lariviere, 2018) 25 “Research evidence overwhelmingly leads to the conclusion that gentrification has a negative impact on the neighbourhoods it affects.” (Atkinson, 2002, p. 16) 26 Approach / Short term Long term Societal impact Societal impact Measurable Short term effects Long term effects Spatial translations characteristics Sub effects sub effects on location in greater city AspectsImpacts Stabilizes Decreased crime Lower educational declining areas in gentrified areas levels Placemaking Urban renewal Visible physical Disinvestment Uneven power Increased often temporary by rehabilitation of in poorer game between attracting start-ups & "architecturally unemployment creative industries desirable areas" property communities income groups Focus on spaces Loss of Reduction in excluding people local identity Increased crime suburban sprawl Low-income individuals 'Coleur locale' Second wave and people of color gentrification First wave Increasing Community Displacing Enclaves gentrification integration Loss of community conflict Segregation Loss of social middle income Exclusive, unaffordable networks diversity Socioeconomic, racial Between old & households Spatial & social neighborhoods, without a and ethnic new residents local identity Displacing Increased Gentrification lower income social mix households Only temporary Poverty Immoral means to (Secondary) Fostering of Inequality Slums deconcentration displace residents Loss of diversity psychological Problem neighborhoods, discriminatory Affecting different groups Functional & social by ‘displacing’ rather than impacts of (No evidence backing this Deprivation, harassment, disproportionally behavior solving social problems up) intimidation & eviction displacees References Housing demand Exponentially Reduction in pressures Health problems of increasing 1 (Allegré & Timbeau, 2015) 11 (Freeman, 2011) 21 (Martinez-Fernandez vacancy displacees property prices incl. rising prices in 2 (Atkinson & Bridge, 2005) 12 (Harvey, 1982) et al., 2012) surrounding areas 3 (Atkinson, 2002) 13 (Henig & Gale, 1987) 22 (Mehaffy, 2019) 4 (Atkinson, 2000) 14 (Hung, 2011) 23 (Perez-Mayo, 2019) 5 (Badcock & Cloher, 1980) 15 (Kennedy & Leonard, 2001) 24 (Power, 2012) 6 (Bailey & Robertson, 1997) 16 (Kwong, 1999) 25 (Power, 1973) Attracting new, Increased property Increase in Rapid economic Underoccupancy & 7 (Brenner, Marcuse & 17 (LeGates & Hartman, 1986) 26 (Tobin & Anderson, 1982) more affluent values and tax rent prices Homelessness investment population loss Mayer, 2012) 18 (Lester & Hartley, 2014) 27 (Van Kempen & Marcuse, households revenues Inflated rents 8 (Cassiers & Kesteloot, 2012) 19 (Lyons, 1996) 1997) 9 (Chong, 2017) 20 (Marcuse, 1985) 28 (Wagner, 1995) 10 (Florida, 2002) Loss of affordable Improvement Price increases housing of local shops & in local shops & Increase in poverty services services Also in surrounding areas Increase in local fiscal revenues Industrial negative effects Loss of restructuring Decreased crime manufacturing from manufacturing to jobs in gentrified areas positive effects retail & restaurant time 27 Approach / Short term Long term Societal impact Societal impact Measurable Short term effects Long term effects Spatial translations characteristics Sub effects sub effects on location in greater city AspectsImpacts Stabilizes Decreased crime Lower educational declining areas in gentrified areas levels Placemaking Urban renewal Visible physical Disinvestment Uneven power Increased often temporary by rehabilitation of in poorer game between attracting start-ups & "architecturally unemployment creative industries desirable areas" property communities income groups Focus on spaces Loss of Reduction in excluding people local identity Increased crime suburban sprawl Low-income individuals 'Coleur locale' Second wave and people of color gentrification First wave Increasing Community Displacing Enclaves gentrification integration Loss of community conflict Segregation Loss of social middle income Exclusive, unaffordable networks diversity Socioeconomic, racial Between old & households Spatial & social neighborhoods, without a and ethnic new residents local identity Displacing Increased Gentrification lower income social mix households Only temporary Poverty Immoral means to (Secondary) Fostering of Inequality Slums deconcentration displace residents Loss of diversity psychological Problem neighborhoods, discriminatory Affecting different groups Functional & social by ‘displacing’ rather than impacts of (No evidence backing this Deprivation, harassment, disproportionally behavior solving social problems up) intimidation & eviction displacees References Housing demand Exponentially Reduction in pressures Health problems of increasing 1 (Allegré & Timbeau, 2015) 11 (Freeman, 2011) 21 (Martinez-Fernandez vacancy displacees property prices incl. rising prices in 2 (Atkinson & Bridge, 2005) 12 (Harvey, 1982) et al., 2012) surrounding areas 3 (Atkinson, 2002) 13 (Henig & Gale, 1987) 22 (Mehaffy, 2019) 4 (Atkinson, 2000) 14 (Hung, 2011) 23 (Perez-Mayo, 2019) 5 (Badcock & Cloher, 1980) 15 (Kennedy & Leonard, 2001) 24 (Power, 2012) 6 (Bailey & Robertson, 1997) 16 (Kwong, 1999) 25 (Power, 1973) Attracting new, Increased property Increase in Rapid economic Underoccupancy & 7 (Brenner, Marcuse & 17 (LeGates & Hartman, 1986) 26 (Tobin & Anderson, 1982) more affluent values and tax rent prices Homelessness investment population loss Mayer, 2012) 18 (Lester & Hartley, 2014) 27 (Van Kempen & Marcuse, households revenues Inflated rents 8 (Cassiers & Kesteloot, 2012) 19 (Lyons, 1996) 1997) 9 (Chong, 2017) 20 (Marcuse, 1985) 28 (Wagner, 1995) 10 (Florida, 2002) Loss of affordable Improvement Price increases housing of local shops & in local shops & Increase in poverty services services Also in surrounding areas Increase in local fiscal revenues Industrial negative effects Loss of restructuring Decreased crime manufacturing from manufacturing to jobs in gentrified areas positive effects retail & restaurant time 28 'Rich enclave' economisation Gentrification Displacement Segregation Inequality 'Poor slum' disinvestment 29 Yet until now, in the Netherlands gentrification is often used as a state-led urban renewal strategy. (Van der Graaf & Veldboer, 2009) 30 For example, in the city's vision for Rotterdam 2030 'gentrification' has been mentioned positively 32 times. (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2007) 31 For a fair and affordable built environment 32 Short-term wealth current economy How can we move from an economy focused on short-term wealth maximisationeconomy for long- term positive societal impact (impact economy)? 33 Positive Short-term societal wealth impact current economy impact economy ...towards an economy for long-term positive societal impact? 34 Impact thinking! Positive Short-term societal wealth impact current economy impact economy 35 Impact 1 | Theory Thinking 36 Impact thinking! Positive Short-term societal wealth impact current economy impact economy New way of thinking 37 Social entrepreneurs Impact investors Impact thinking! CSR's Positive Short-term societal wealth impact current economy impact economy Impact thinking actors 38 Impact thinking! Positive Short-term societal wealth impact current economy impact economy Proving & improving impacts made 39 Amplify impact . Understand p 1 rob lem g n n o i ti n c r a a e e l k a s t 2 u & . o D e u r e n i u t s n n a e o e m c M i h . ** s s g 5 i u Impact Thinking o o n r h t l e m v e t e l s y y s g * e t 3 M a . r M S I t e s p t o i t l m e c p v e a a c D t . p g 4 o a l s m i r u o y e r u t a M * Impact Management & Measurement ** Engage stakeholders throughout based on (Epstein & Yuthas, 2017) 40 "(Urban) development is characterized by many social and environmental challenges, yet from the perspective of private developing parties, who are responsible for a substantial part of (urban) (75% in the Netherlands)