IMISCOE Research Series Peter Scholten · Maurice Crul Paul van de Laar Editors Coming to Terms with Superdiversity The Case of Rotterdam IMISCOE Research Series This series is the official book series of IMISCOE, the largest network of excellence on migration and diversity in the world. It comprises publications which present empirical and theoretical research on different aspects of international migration. The authors are all specialists, and the publications a rich source of information for researchers and others involved in international migration studies. The series is published under the editorial supervision of the IMISCOE Editorial Committee which includes leading scholars from all over Europe. The series, which contains more than eighty titles already, is internationally peer reviewed which ensures that the book published in this series continue to present excellent academic standards and scholarly quality. Most of the books are available open access. For information on how to submit a book proposal, please visit: http://www. imiscoe.org/publications/how-to-submit-a-book-proposal. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13502 Peter Scholten • Maurice Crul • Paul van de Laar Editors Coming to Terms with Superdiversity The Case of Rotterdam Editors Peter Scholten Maurice Crul Erasmus University Rotterdam Free University Amsterdam Rotterdam, The Netherlands Amsterdam, The Netherlands Paul van de Laar Erasmus School of History Culture and Communication Rotterdam, The Netherlands ISSN 2364-4087 ISSN 2364-4095 (electronic) IMISCOE Research Series ISBN 978-3-319-96040-1 ISBN 978-3-319-96041-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96041-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018961416 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019. This book is an open access publication. 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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents 1 Introduction ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 Peter Scholten, Maurice Crul, and Paul van de Laar Part I Superdiversity in Rotterdam 2 Rotterdam’s Superdiversity from a Historical Perspective (1600–1980) �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21 Paul van de Laar and Arie van der Schoor 3 The Second and Third Generation in Rotterdam: Increasing Diversity Within Diversity ���������������������������������������������������� 57 Maurice Crul, Frans Lelie, and Elif Keskiner 4 Between Choice and Stigma: Identifications of Economically Successful Migrants . 73 Marianne van Bochove and Jack Burgers Part II Rotterdam’s Response to Superdiversity 5 Local Politics, Populism and Pim Fortuyn in Rotterdam �������������������� 87 Julien van Ostaaijen 6 Walking the Walk’ Rather Than ‘Talking the Talk’ of Superdiversity: Continuity and Change in the Development of Rotterdam’s Immigrant Integration Policies ������������������������������������ 107 Rianne Dekker and Ilona van Breugel 7 Laboratory Rotterdam. Logics of Exceptionalism in the Governing of Urban Populations . 133 Friso van Houdt and Willem Schinkel 8 Rotterdam as a Case of Complexity Reduction: Migration from Central and Eastern European Countries . 153 Erik Snel, Mark van Ostaijen, and Margrietha ‘t Hart v vi Contents Part III Rotterdam in Comparative Perspective 9 A Tale of Two Cities: Rotterdam, Amsterdam and Their Immigrants . 173 Han Entzinger 10 The ‘Integration’ of People of Dutch Descent in Superdiverse Neighbourhoods ������������������������������������������������������������ 191 Maurice Crul and Frans Lelie 11 Superdiversity and City Branding: Rotterdam in Perspective ������������ 209 Warda Belabas and Jasper Eshuis 12 Conclusions: Coming to Terms with Superdiversity? �������������������������� 225 Maurice Crul, Peter Scholten, and Paul van de Laar 13 Epilogue: What’s the Matter with Rotterdam? ������������������������������������ 237 Steven Vertovec Chapter 1 Introduction Peter Scholten, Maurice Crul, and Paul van de Laar Migration-related diversity manifests itself primarily in cities. Cities are usually the primary points of entry for new migrants and often the first places where integration in society starts. Many cities have experienced centuries of immigration and con- sider migration as a core element of their identity (such as New York and Amsterdam). In an increasing number of Western European cities, even more than half of the population has a migration background. These cities are referred to as ‘majority-minority’ cities. In Europe, this is already true for cities like Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Brussels or Malmö and substantial parts of greater London, Frankfurt or Paris. Of the children under the age of fifteen in Amsterdam and Rotterdam only one third is still of Dutch descent (Crul 2016). Cities are in the forefront of an ongoing global process of growing mobility and diversity of populations. Although migration to cities is in itself certainly not a new phenomenon, the process of globalization in combination with the availability of faster and cheaper transport, stimulated the movement of more people, at a greater frequency and over larger distances. Cities are often the central hubs in such migra- tion networks. Therefore, diversity within these cities not only increases but also becomes more complex. What is often referred to as ‘diversification of diversity P. Scholten (*) Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] M. Crul Free University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] P. van de Laar Erasmus School of History Culture and Communication, Rotterdam, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] © The Author(s) 2019 1 P. Scholten et al. (eds.), Coming to Terms with Superdiversity, IMISCOE Research Series, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96041-8_1 2 P. Scholten et al. (Hollinger 2006) relates to the diversification of the number of migrant groups but also the diversification within these groups. Group differences tend to grow over time between generations and amongst members of the second and third generation (Crul 2016). Compared to other countries, the socio-economic polarization amongst members of the second generation in the Netherlands has increased. A large group has experienced steep upward mobility, but on the other hand, an equally large group is lagging behind. Its offspring might run the risk of being worse off than their parents (Crul et al. 2013). Differences related to gender, generation, religion add to the complexities of people living together in large cities. Sociologists have described this growing complexity of diversity as ‘superdiver- sity’; a situation in which diversity itself has become so ‘diverse’ that one can no longer speak of clear majorities or minorities (Vertovec 2007; Meissner 2015; Crul 2016). In this situation, the idea of who belongs to the established groups and who are the newcomers in the city also needs to be questioned. In a city like Amsterdam, the total number of people of Dutch descent that moves in and out of the city during a 10 years’ time-interval equals the entire population of Dutch descent in the city. They arrive at Amsterdam for study or work but decide to leave the city again once they have children. Migrants and their offspring, on the other hand, are overall very loyal to the city. Increasingly they have become real city dwellers. The fact that more and more cities became majority-minority cities also has important consequences for how the process of assimilation and integration takes place. In many cases, the children of newly arrived immigrants grow up in neigh- bourhoods and go to schools where children of native Dutch descent are only a small minority. This means that they no longer integrate into a majority group any more on a day-to-day basis but into diverse migrant communities.