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Espais Latents Espais latents pràctiques artístiques contemporànies vers un urbanisme crític Latent spaces: Contemporary practices in art towards a critical urbanism Marta Serra Permanyer Director: José Luís Oyón Bañales Codirector: José Ángel Sanz Esquide Tesi per optar al grau de doctor amb menció internacional per la Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Barcelona-Tech Departament de Composició Arquitectònica ETSAV-UPC Programa de doctorat de Teoria i Història de l’Arquitectura Sant Cugat del Vallès, octubre 2013 Marta Serra Permanyer Latent Spaces: contemporary practices in art towards a critical urbanism Loraine Leeson 5 de la pràctica comunitària a l’urbanisme col·laboratiu Aquest capítol arrenca de dos casos de pràctica artística col·laborativa i dialògica per recuperar les seves metodologies i formes de treball de cara a plantejar un urbanisme basat en la col·laboració i negociació comunitària. Ambdós projectes, conduïts en part per l’artista Loraine Leeson, se situen entre 1981 i 1986, anys caracteritzats pels moviments socials i l’activisme artístic. El context geogràfic es dóna als barris industrials i obrers del Londres est (Docklands) afectats per un planejament de renovació urbana que conduiria aquesta zona de la ciutat a un llarg procés de gentrificació. La visita al lloc i el contacte i entrevista amb l’artista han facilitat aquesta recerca. El capítol parteix de l’experiència vital de l’artista i la seva implicació directa amb la zona dels Docklands a East London, barri on alhora treballa i resideix. Se situa la percepció de l’artista respecte la transició del model de ciutat industrial a model global generat pel planejament aprovat per una corporació urbanística no elegida democràticament, entrant en els efectes que genera sobre la població local (abolició de la capacitat representativa i política local). A partir d’aquest context es parteix, per una banda, del Docklands Community Poster Project com a pràctica artística comunitària basada en representar la visió de la comunitat, consolidant el significat del barri i visualitzant les polítiques de renovació urbana. S’aprofundeix en la ubicació dels fotomurals que l’artista va crear en col·laboració amb l’artista Peter Dunn, superposant els parcel·laris històrics i actuals amb l’objectiu d’explicar la transformació urbana a partir del rastres, signes i presències, però també de les seves absències i desaparicions. Per altra banda, el People’s Plan for the Royal Docks també va formar part de la campanya comunitària. Es tracta d’un planejament participatiu en el qual the Docklands Community Poster Project en formà part activa. L’experiència de popular planning serà útil per demostrar formes de concretar i projectar que emergeixen d’un procés col·laboratiu. Seguidament s’analitzen quines eines ha utilitzat l’artista per assegurar la continuïtat dels seus projectes de llarg recorregut tot donant forma creativa a les necessitats dels ciutadans. S’ha optat per destacar les consideracions i consells que la mateixa artista argumenta des de la seva pràctica, proposant, com a aportació pròpia d’aquest capítol, una possible translació i equivalència de rols entre artista i urbanista. Finalment, s’analitzen les formes de treball i metodologies organitzatives de l’artista de cara a repensar el paper de l’arquitecte/urbanista que, amb una voluntat socialment compromesa, es disposi a incentivar projectes urbanístics entesos com a un procés creatiu, obert i compartit. 215 Marta Serra Permanyer Latent Spaces: contemporary practices in art towards a critical urbanism Loraine Leeson from community-based practice to collaborative planning This chapter stems from two cases of collaborative and dialogical artistic practice to recover her methodologies and ways of working in order to propose a type of urban planning based on collaboration and community negotiation. Both projects, driven in part by the artist Loraine Leeson, took place between 1981 and 1986, years which were characterised by social movements and artistic activism. The geographical context is in the industrial and working- class areas of East London (Docklands) affected by urban renewal planning which will take this area of the city down the long road to gentrification. A visit to the area, along with contact and an interview with the artist, has facilitated this research. The chapter starts with the life experience of the artist and her direct involvement with the Docklands neighbourhood of East London where she both lives and works. The artist’s perception is set out regarding the transition from the model of an industrial city to a global model generated by planning approved by a non-democratically elected urban planning corporation, including the effects this generates on the local population (abolition of the representative capacity and local politics). Using this context as a starting point, on one hand, the Docklands Community Poster Project represents community artistic practice based on representation of the community and its vision, consolidating the significance of the neighbourhood and visualising the policies of urban renewal. More detail is given on the location of photomurals that the artist created in collaboration with artist Peter Dunn, superimposing the current and historical plots of land and explaining urban transformation through the use of traces, signs and presences, as well as their absence and disappearance. The People’s Plan for the Royal Docks formed another part of the community campaigning. This is participatory planning in which the Docklands Community Poster Project took an active role. The experience of popular planning will be helpful to demonstrate ways of specifying and designing projects that emerge from a collaborative process. Next, an analysis is made of which tools have been used by the artist to ensure the continuity of long-term projects giving creative form to citizens’ needs. It was decided to highlight the considerations and advice that the artist herself argues from her practice, proposing, as a contribution that is specific to this chapter, a possible transfer and equivalence of roles between artist and urban planner. Finally, the artist’s ways of working and organisational methodologies are analysed in order to rethink the role of the architect/urban planner who, out of social commitment, is prepared to encourage urban planning projects that are understood as a creative, open and shared process. 216 Marta Serra Permanyer Espais latents: Pràctiques artístiques contemporànies vers un urbanisme crític Si bé en l’època clàssica la responsabilitat de transformar la societat i millorar les condicions de vida requeia sobre l’individu i el seu poder com a actor o persona política, actualment tal responsabilitat ha estat traslladada a l’economia, agent que ha pres el lideratge i protagonisme i ha creat relacions de supeditació i ments guiades per la racionalitat econòmica servil al capitalisme dominant (Naredo 2000). Les ciutats contemporànies han estat el mirall on es reflectia aquesta translació i l’art activista ha estat una de les primeres tàctiques en l’intent de subvertir les relacions de poder entre els interessos econòmics i les necessitats de la majoria de la població. Molts dels referents en art i activisme els podem situar en el context dels Estats Units entre les dècades dels anys setanta i vuitanta al voltant de les grans metròpolis, per exemple la fundació del Group Material (1979), el text de R. Deutsche “The fine art of gentrification” (1984) i el seu posterior article “Agorafobia” (1996), també les reflexions teòriques de N. Felshin But is it art? The spirit of art as activism (1995) entre molts d’altres com S. Lacy o M. Rosler. Durant aquest bienni el continent europeu no va ser cap excepció. Londres va ser focus d’emergència creativa i contestatària on es formà l’artista en qüestió Loraine Leeson. Ella mateixa fa referència a la publicació Community, Art and their State: storming the citadels de Owem Kelley (1984) com a reflex del compromís que l’art adquiria en la transformació social d’aquells anys. El desplaçament de l’artista a l’espai públic en detriment de la galeria, la llibertat d’expressió, la introducció de noves tecnologies, i la consolidació del fenomen de l’artista activista compromès social i políticament amb el seu entorn van ser algunes de les conseqüències en el canvi de llenguatge. La figura de Leeson pren solidesa en aquest últim context en què l’acció creativa de l’artista era capaç d’assaltar qualsevol poder per tal de millorar i canviar les condicions socials malmeses per l’economia neoliberal emergent. Aquest art socialment implicat obria nous camins interdisciplinaris que passaven per la participació ciutadana, la mobilització, la mediació i la col·laboració donant forma a les anomenades pràctiques artístiques comunitàries que la mateixa nordamericana Martha Rosler1 desenvoluparia en un context molt similar amb el projecte If you lived here –iniciat el 1989-. Aquestes pràctiques socials que Lacy també van ser teoritzades com a nou gènere d’art públic en el simposi Mapping the terrain: new genre públic art l’any 19912. Per a tots aquests artistes, la ciutat va esdevenir el seu espai de treball, laboratori i principal camp de batalla. La transformació a través de planejaments de renovació urbana molt ambiciosos respondria a les polítiques econòmiques conservadores del moment i seran, per tant, contestades des de l’art per la lluita d’una ciutat més justa. La relació entre l’artista compromès i la seva capacitat de decisió sobre el territori urbà que li és propi esdevé per tant el punt de partida. L’articulació entre l’artista i les dinàmiques de transformació de la ciutat activarà altres processos de treball. Els projectes de Leeson se centren en cercar formes de negociació que, des de la pràctica artística comunitària, poden donar resposta als efectes generats per la transformació urbana, fent de l’urbanisme un àmbit que correspon al ciutadà. L’artista posa èmfasi en la necessitat d’una experiència pedagògica multidireccional i interdisciplinària per tal de fomentar nous coneixements i eines per a la transformació social.
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