THE ARUP JOURNAL

A UIP Vol. 24 No.4 Winter 1989/90 Contents Published by Ove Arup Partnership THEARUP 13 Fitzroy Street, London W1 P 680 Editor: David J. Brown Art Editor: Desmond Wyeth FCSD JOURNAL Deputy Editor: Caroline Lucas Whiteleys of Bayswater, 2 by Ken Hatter, Philip Jordan and Alan Bentley

The management of the 11 Zimbabwe CSC capital development programme, by Simon Murray

The State of the Art, 17 by Poul Beckmann

Cimsteel, 20 by Malcolm Shute

Awards and commendations 1989 22

Front cover: Atrium roof, Whiteleys of Bayswater (Photo: Barry Shapcott) Back cover: New River Wye bridge for Chepstow Inner Relief Road (Photo: Harry Sowden)

Four years later he returned to London with a rather contradictory reputation as both just £10 in his pocket, determined to learn all tyrant and benefactor; on the one hand he he could about retailing. By 1875, he had was not averse to sacking an employee for acquired 18 shops in Westbourne Grove. the smallest misdemeanour, but on the Operating under a slogan that simply read other, he left over £1 m in his will to provide 'The Universal Provider', this remarkable homes for the destitute aged. man claimed that he could provide anything Alongside the daily running of his business from a pin to an elephant - a claim that was which, among other things, included pro­ put to the test by a doubting clergyman who viding 5000 horses for cavalry manoeuvres, at 4 p.m. on the same day of his order was decorating Buckingham Palace, and pro­ Architect: the recipient of a large elephant at his viding two miles of seating for the opening Bulldlng Design Partnership stables. of a tunnel under the River Thames, Whiteley By 1900 Whiteley had a staff of 6000 working commissioned the building of the world's at his stores and factories, and had acquired largest department store. Designed by the Ken Hatter architect John Belcher (1841-1913), this spectacular construction was opened by the Introduction Lord Mayor of London in 1912. The original Whiteleys building was con­ Unfortunately William Whiteley was never to structed at the beginning of this century in see the completion of his store, as on 24 London 's fashionable Bayswater. It became January 1907 he had been shot dead in his famous as the world 's largest department office by a man claiming to be his illegitimate store, but after the war went into decline, to­ son. Whiteley's creation continued to oper­ gether with the surrounding area. In line with ate as a flourishing store, and in 1925 the current trends it has now been refurbished facade to the older northern buildings was and partially rebuilt to form a new shopping rebuilt by Curtis Green in the style of the complex. The rejuvenation of this building Belcher building to complete the present has had a considerable effect upon the loca­ imposing Queensway frontage. lity, wh ich is benefiting from an influx of in­ vestment and once more coming into vogue. After being owned by a succession of com­ panies (and reputedly designated by Hitler to Hlstorlcal background be his British headquarters had the German In 1851 a young Yorkshire man of 20 visited invasion been successful), Whiteleys ex­ the Great Exhibition in Hyde Park and was perienced a less-than-prosperous period, so inspired to create the world's most lavish that when in 1981 Hanson Trust acquired the department store. 1. William Whiteley building from United Draperies Stores, the That man was William Whiteley. The Universal Provider. then owners, they decided to close it.

2 2. Whiteleys at the turn of the century. 3. Construction of Belcher building (Photos: BDP archives) The new complex Scale: metres Aedan Place O 10 20 30 40m The Whiteleys Partnership was formed from a consortium of developers, including Arling­ ton Property Services Ltd. , London Metro­ Two storeys politan Estates Ltd ., and Dartnorth Ltd. , all

030 031 032

QUEENS WW 5. Ground floor plan .

6. Model interior. (Photo : BDP) 7. Cross section.

Planning permission was finally granted on have water features. Three of these atria rise cafes and food bars. Also on this floor is the 7 November 1986 with demolition beginning through the full four-storey height of the front entrance to an eight-screen cinema and level that same day. half of the building, with the middle of the access to the customer car park. Over £80 OOO and six months were spent three extended into the fifth storey which It had been intended that the third floor would constructing a 1/50 scale model in four crowns the front central section. Lifts and be for retail-related activities, similar to the mobile sections which could be separated to escalators provide links to the upper levels. lower floors, while the fourth would house a reveal the intricately detailed interior. More The elegant 'La Scala' staircase in the centre spectacular rooftop restaurant. Plans are than 4000 needle lights were incorporated, leads to the first floor, where a Reject Shop currently being reconsidered, however, and allowing life-like photographs to be taken for and two more large stores plus 34 further it is likely that both will be converted to luxury marketing purposes as shown above. rat.ail units are situated. As with the ground office accommodation. Comprising over 100 shops and many floor, spacious malls provide access. There Servicing is provided at basement level leisure facilities, the new centre has three are also escalators leading to the customer where there is ample provision for vehicular main entrances on the ground floor. Passing car park on the roof of the two-storey rear deliveries, goods handling and distribution, along grand malls, the public gain access to section of the building. The fpurth atrium is with goods lifts extending to all floors. 37 varied retail units, and a Marks & Spencer also situated in this rear section. Many tenants on the ground floor have extra food hall. These grand malls interact with The second floor is also occupied by the food sales or storage accommodation within the four dramatic atrium spaces, two of which boulevard, with a choice of 18 restaurants, basement: there is also staff parking space. 3 The construction works The general public now using these facilities are unlikely to be aware of the scale and complexity of the works undertaken in the completion of this project, which occupies a site area of 180m x 90m. The demolition had to be carefully planned in order to retain the original Belcher build­ ing, as well as the later Curtis Green facade. It was necessary to provide temporary stabilization of this facade with lattice steel towers and gantries anchored to piled found­ ations. The demolition works inside the facade included the spectacular felling of an old brick chimney stack and the removal of large quantities of rubble. Bulk excavation quickly followed the demoli­ tion works. New reinforced concrete raft foundations incorporated a waterproof mem­ brane, together with underground drainage and cable ducts. New concrete retaining walls and columns followed immediately, allowing new sus­ pended floor slabs to be constructed, utiliz­ ing polystyrene void formers. These new construction works had to be stitched into the existing Belcher building and Curtis Green facade. While they were taking shape, the alteration and restoration of the Belcher building was carried out. This included cleaning and re­ pairing the facade, and the domes over its two atria. The stability of the existing 1912 steel struc­ ture required upgrading by welding the joints of the framework, and considerable struc­ tural alteration was necessary to form new openings for escalators and service cores. These early construction works utilized the whole site area. It was therefore necessary to provide temporary site office accommoda­ tion stacked on gantries around the building perimeter, beneath which there were facili­ ties for the delivery and off-loading of 4 materials. boundary to the new basement earliest examples of steel­ bearing i:1ressures up to Structural 2 which was relatively clear of the framed construction based on 270kN/m . This was only considerations existing one. However, because the 1909 LCC Regulations. possible through the removal of of its proximity to terraced These allowed, for the first time the frequent 340mm thick solid Philip Jordan housing with shallow footings, in the UK, the frame to be brick fire compartment walls and because of the depth of the designed to carry all the loads provided within the existing The structural works fall into two new basement, the temporary on the building. The design of store. New compartment walls distinct categories: the works wall was regularly this was carried out by a Mr were built using lightweight refurbishment of the Belcher monitored until the new Alexander Drew, a mechanical aerated blocks, generally building and the so-called 'new­ retaining wall and ground floor engineer! 190mm thick. build' areas. The Belcher slab had been constructed. building provides approximately The article also proves that fast­ At the interface of the Belcher Y, of the total floor area. Its An early study comparing the track construction has still building and new-build frame the structure consisting of a steel cost and speed of construction barely caught up with pre-World depth of the new basement frame supporting hollow-pot of new piled foundations against War I achievements. It claims required the underpinning of 12 concrete floors, with foundations a raft favoured the latter solution that five acres of hollow pot bases, up to 5m square. The of steel grillages encased in on both counts. The raft concrete floor slabs were poured major nature of this work led in mass concrete. thickness was 900mm in a period of less than six turn to a proposal by the supporting the basement and months. The whole building was contractor to demolish the rear The new-build areas are in situ two-storey construction at the erected within 13 months of bay of the Belcher building at reinforced concrete on a column rear part of the new-build area. laying the foundation stone, every floor level. Despite the grid of 7.5 x Sm . The front zone including in situ carving of some additional work generated by matches the height of the This thickness was increased to of the decorative stone features. this decision, which had to be Belcher building with the rear 1200mm below the basement approved by English Heritage, it zones being two storeys high and four-storey structure With the contractor maintaining a small team on site from April led to a 'cleaner' structural over a single storey basement. constructed behind the 1925 solution for the rear Belcher facade, increasing in some 1986, initial investigations were Originally, a construction concentrated on proving the frame. This was originally built programme of just over two areas to 1500mm where high as a hybrid of steel columns column loads generated by accuracy of the details given in years was demanded from start the article in The Builder (the and load-bearing brickwork, of demolition to practical service yard spacing which would have required requirements dictated. only source of drawn information completion, with a mere five available), testing materials and extensive propping and stitching months' lead-in time for design. A comparison was also made opening up trial pits in the works to match the planning The client therefore decided to between alternative solutions for basement in conjunction with a requirements of the new shops. negotiate the contract with the new-build structural frame. A site investigation. A common problem arising in Balfour Beatty Building Ltd. In reinforced concrete solution was early steel frameworks is that of clearly identified as preferred by Further investigations became order to obtain a flying start the necessary to gain an identifying an adequate stability works were broken down into an the team on grounds of cost system for horizontal loads. and speed of construction (in understanding of the capacity of early enabling works contract, to the floor slabs and steel frame . Investigations indicated that include demolition, and the main terms of following trades). By while the original Belcher using a one-way !roughed slab in areas of the building subject construction. to major modification. The beam/column connections had spanning between solid strips, some moment capacity it was The crucial decisions had to be maximum headroom was also change from a single identified and resolved early and department store to many well below that required by the provided for landlord's and current wind loading code. On fast, months before planning tenants' services. This provided individual units, public areas approval was received. The and associated facilities with full the other hand the building had a distinct advantage in service stood up satisfactorily for 75 early dialogue between the corridor areas. supporting services, involved the design team, client and insertion of new lifts and years! contractor therefore focussed on Together with the early design escalators, staircases, services After much discussion it was buildability issues. Avoidance of and buildability studies for the risers and roof-top plantrooms. decided to design for a major temporary works to new-build substructure and The existing timber floors were horizontal load on the Belcher existing basement walls and frame, a progressive series of removed and lightweight floor framework of wind load or 0.5% vaults was achieved by not investigations was undertaken build-ups developed to provide a dead load, whichever was lowering the basement under within the Belcher building. stable bed for new high-quality greater. A known stability the Belcher building and by A comprehensive article tiled finishes. All the above system was introduced into the locating the deeper basement appeared in The Builder of 14 modifications were incorporated existing framework by means of levels for storage, car parking June 1912 describing the design without providing additionals welding up a large number of and service yard 6m or more in­ and construction of the Belcher columns or any strengthening beam/column connections to side the existing basement walls. building, both of which had works to the existing form frames or sub-frames well­ A new close-bored pile wall was noteworthy features. The foundations, which were distributed throughout the plan installed along the rear structure consists of one of the founded in London clay with area of the building.

Above: Rear bay of the Belcher building after demolition works. Right: Rear stabilization of Curtis Green fai,ade . (Photos: Barry Shapcott) 5 Smoke control zone the malls with a vertical pattern of sub-zones; the smoke Alan Bentley reservoirs are consistent with each sub-zone. Each vertical The malls have a dedicated zone has four riser shafts, each smoke ventilation system to vertical shaft having a horizontal allow the public safe means of duct at every level to the escape in the event of a fire. associated smoke reservoir. The ~ Unusually for this type of schematic arrangement of the ~ · system, the automatic controls malls (Fig. A) illustrates the Third floor mall First floor mall are microprocessor-based and zoning, sub-zoning and smoke software-driven. Continuous and reservoir principle. close collaboration with Arup R&D's Controls Group has been In accordance with the accepted essential in order to develop the principles in the Fire Research design into its final form to meet Station's smoke control design the stringent requirements of guide for shopping centres, the Westminster City Council 's smoke from a fire within a retail Building Control Department. unit is vented into the mall. The mall fire detection system will Second floor mall Ground floor mall This ventilation system is made initiate the dropping of all up of the following parts: smoke curtains within the centre (1) Drop curtains around the except in either the ground or D Zone 1 • Zone 2 • Zone 3 Zone 4 void edges and between the first floor where, for smoke zones on the ground and first extract purposes only, particular A. floors, to form high-level smoke inter-zone curtains will be Schematic arrangement of common riser shafts. reservoirs inhibited from dropping. This will (2) Fire-protected ducts with create a double-sized sub-zone standby generator be providing housekeeping functions and connections to the smoke with eight regularly spaced the motive power, it is essential graphics operations. reservoirs incorporating points of extract. The sequence that fans do not start However, the controllers' addressable, normally open, of pairing neighbouring zones is simultaneously and overload the application software also resides smoke dampers pre-determined in accordance generator. with the table below: within the CPU as a back up. (3) Reversible axial flow fans to The controls diagram (Fig. C) It is important to realise that the extract smoke or supply make­ illustrates how the various parts Alarmed Zone Coupled various micro-processor up air of the system communicate with (Ground/1 st) with .. . packages used are standard (4) A controls system that each other via the two separate components within the specialist operates automatically but data loops. Electronic interface manufacturer's HVAC Building incorporates manual over-ride 4 units enable the controllers and Management System (BMS) . for Fire Brigade use. central processing unit (CPU) to 2 4 transmit and receive data from The decision to proceed with the The fire detection/alarm system micro-processor controls option provides the data to the the fire alarm system, dampers, 3 4 fans and the fire brigade panel. was based on the following automatic controls and enable advantages over the more the ventilation system to operate 4 2 The inherent security of the conventional option: effectively. system is provided by the • from a generalised flow A mechanical smoke ventilation following features: diagram it is relatively easy to system was used, following the The smoke dampers above and • two separate data loops below the alarmed (double) sub­ implement software requirement that the malls be • a 'hot' standby controller instructions treated as a covered shopping zone close and the fans switch • duplicate connections to the • the reduced number of centre development. The to extract. The concept diagram (Fig. B) illustrates this fire detection system electrical contacts increases rejected alternative was to overall system reliability design the escape layout to the arrangement. • duplicate interface units within standards used in a department Fans serving the adjacent zones the fire brigade panel. • the controls system is capable store, for which only a nominal operate in reverse to provide the Because the data loops have of monitoring itself for faults smoke extract system would be necessary make-up air. bi-directional data transfer a • transmitted data can be needed. As well as coping with the single break will not interrupt checked for corruption In order to keep the number of different permutations of fan and communication . • loss of communication to extract fans, ducts and shafts to damper operations, the controls The controllers contain the individual interface units can a minimum, and given the system also has to ensure that coded instructions that initiate be monitored constraint that smoke reservoirs they are sequenced in the fan and damper operation • changes to building usage have to conform to certain correct order, starting with the (applications software). The CPU can be readily accommodated parameters, it was necessary to alarmed zone. Also, should the only handles the day-to-day without significant disruption.

As soon as the construction had progressed Aedan Place trapped before connecting to the sewers. sufficiently, work commenced on the whole There are five major outgoing connections to interior. The existing basement retaining the sewers as well as water, gas and fire walls were treated and rendered to prevent I main incoming connections. ·----T·I · ingress of water and the existing pavement I I The services at high level in the shopping lights around the building perimeter were I malls are particularly congested in order to replaced to form smoke outlets. Internal I accommodate the landscaped ceilings walls were constructed and existing floors • • within the headroom restrictions set by the reformed or repaired as necessary. existing Belcher build ing. Above the ceilings The installation of the mechanical, electrical are many ducts, pipes, cables and automatic and public health services commenced in .&. sprinklers, etc., all needed to provide a well­ the basement, where distribution from the lit and temperature-controlled environment Oueensway main plantrooms runs at high level along ser­ with the necessary safety and security vice corridors to the vertical service cores provisions. Key: that connect to each level above. A complex Basement The smoke and fi re control strategy for the • Service cores/risers building of this nature requires extensive plantrooms building had to be very carefully considered -- Horizonta l services (Boilers, pipes, cables and ducts which need to be (corridors) chillers, in order to meet the regulations and achieve carefully co-ordinated into very tight spaces, tanks, --- Horizontal services pumps, open atria and escalator voids connecting while providing access for commissioning (high level landlord's each level (see 'Smoke control', panel above). and maintenance. basement) low voltage substation) The service corridors, as well as allowing The basement plantrooms include heating delivery of goods to the rear of each shop and chilling equipment, considerable water unit, also permit the distribution of building 10. storage and boosting equipment, as well as Diagram of services distribution services to the units. Each tenant was the electrical substations, three for the LEB at basement (Note: Roof plantrooms obliged to extend from the landlord's ser­ and one belonging to the landlord. The large are arranged above each service core). vices and to fit out the unit in accordance with 6 diameter drainage pipes are gathered and well-defined requirements and standards. ll\/j The decision to base the Atriums and voids controls system around a BMS ~{~ to be keprclear has since been fu lly justified on of smoke two counts: Smoke fan ..., • (1) It became necessary, at the commissioning stage, to 2h Shop unit implement fan and damper re­ fire rated sequencing together with the ducts introduction of zone curtain control. This was undertaken and completed relatively quickly. With a conventional controls system this would have been impractical. (2) There is at present a all proposal to re-designate the third floor to office accommodation. The architect Shop unit !f~<:_O~e~-'~~~~~~'· has stated a preference for all incorporating the offices into the same fire compartment as Roller blinds required between Atrium (protected) the malls below. Following adjoining zones (all levels) discussions with the Building B. Control Officer it is evident that The final smoke ventilation design. Smoke curtain fully deployed on atri um floor. (Photo: Roger Olsen) the mall smoke ventilation system could be readily adapted to meet th is requirement without too much disruption to the shopping centre operation. · Given the size and complexity of Fire alarm system the development and that the interface controls application breaks new ground, the ventilation system still meets the basic requirements of being both reliable and economic. Further applications could build on ou r scheme and be enhanced with the following features: Smokeventilation controls I • fibre optic data transmission system (particularly appropriate in electrically noisy environments) • distribution of the applications intelligence to each interface unit • integration of the fire detection system into the same network • development of expert systems for concept bench Fire alarm system testing to ensure all failure interface scenario features can be analyzed. It is evident that with present Field interface unit 181 and electronic -- Data --Data loops developments in micro-processor C. decoder commurncatlOfls technology there will be an Controls diagram . increasing number of similar applications. Smoke control illustrations courtesy CIBSE Journal.

11 . Left: Part of the bu ilding management system in the chiller plantroom. 12. Above: Basement services corridor: pavement lights top right hand corner (Photos: Roger Olsen). 7 Heat reclaim made available for re-use within re-claim system shows the secondary heating flow the secondary heating system principle of operation. During temperature is varied against its Alan Bentley serving the mall air-handling the summer when there is no return water temperature. Under plant. The sprinkler system heating requirement the heat part-load conditions the flow A dedicated, closed-circuit storage tank is also incorporated from the tenants' condenser temperature will be less than condenser water system is into the heat re-claim system for water system is rejected to the design and a greater provided to enable tenants to thermal storage should the cooling towers via the open temperature difference will exist dump the rejected heat from secondary heating system be circuit condenser water system. between the stored and flow their individual air-conditioning temporarily satisfied. In order to improve the thermal water temperatures. This is systems. This waste heat is The block diagram of the heat capacity of the storage, the illustrated below.

Secondary heating (Mall AHUs) Secondary heating Cooling towers temperature schedule I I --t- --- Mall air handling 1 plant 22 26 TA Return temperature

Top up calorifiers Boilers

32.S'C Tenants' sprinkler condenser Secondary heating storage water system tank system ~~~~~~~~-oo:KJ;~ 30'C

Tenants ' condenser water system

PHE = Plate Heat Exchanger Storage

Block diagram of heat reclaim system. Schematic arrangement of heat reclaim .

The work on the new atria included light­ weight steel structures to support double glazed units. A prefabricated steel gantry extends along the rear of the building to pro­ vide secondary fire escape from the third floor; this connects to steel stairways and provides a further facility for the distribution of services. The testing and commissioning of the 13. Car park at rear. various building services was a particularly (Photo: critical operation occurring towards the end Peter Mackinven) of the building contract. It had to be carried out in sequence, taking account of the pro­ gramming for completing various zones. Certain operations required dust-free condi­ tions at a time when the final finishing works were still in progress. During the closing stages of construction the various tenants were busy doing their fitting­ out works, requiring access and other faci­ lities that needed to be carefully considered in relation to the main contract works. Some tenants required alterations to the latter which had serious implications, par­ the restoration and reprovision of ornate The roof plantrooms are organized above the ticularly on the commissioning and testing of balustrades around escalators and other main service cores and contain various air­ services. Each tenant had to be monitored openings. All the finishes had to be integ­ handling plants and other equipment. The to ensure compliance with the predeter­ centralized cooling towers and stand-by rated with the services activities, preceding mined requirements and this had to be generators for essential services are located erection of the ceilings. The existing plaster­ verified before the tenancy services were work to the columns around the atria had to at the rear of the Belcher building. connected to the landlord's systems. be refurbished and repaired. Moulds were Considerable work was required both to the made to recreate the original decorative existing roof and to weatherproof the new Conclusion rams' heads at the top of the columns. The structure. This had to be largely completed The planning and height restrictions im­ ornate ceilings were prefabricated in large at an early stage to permit the finishes to pro­ posed by retaining the existing building, fibrous plaster units, assembled on site and ceed inside the building beneath. In the combined with the complexity of detailing, joined together with in situ plasterwork. The Belcher building the existing asphalt roof resulted in the need for the careful integra­ existing 'La Scala' staircase required careful finish was repaired as a temporary measure, tion of services within very restricted spaces. refurbishment to restore it to its original additional gullies and improved falls being splendour. (While on a visit to Milan we made Flexibility was needed to cater for varying provided in conjunction with a new asphalt a special detour to La Scala hoping to find tenants' requirements. The monitoring of membrane. the original upon which we assumed this was tenants' fitting-out works against necessary The fin ishes work was particularly concen­ based, only to discover that there is no such predetermined procedures became an oner­ trated in the shopping malls and included staircase. The curator at the opera house ous and critical factor. Practical completion laying new high quality marble floors with thought it must be a figment of William was achieved on 16 June 1989. The centre 8 medallion patterns at main intersections and Whiteley's imagination.) officially opened on 26 July 1989. The 'La Scala' staircase. (Photos: Barry Shapcott) ••......

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Whiteleys of Bayswater: West atrium. (Photo: Peter Mackinven) Credits '" II Client: - --- The Whiteleys Partnership Architect: Building Design Partnership Structural & services engineers: Ove Arup & Partners Quantity surveyor: Monk Dunstone Associates Main contractor: Balfour Beatty Building Ltd. M&E contractor: Balfour Kilpatrick Ltd.

The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution of the 10 Whiteleys design team in the preparation of this paper. The management of the

Zimbabwe CSC 6 capital development N Mozambique programme Zambia

Simon Murray ) - ./ ' L / Ch..lnhoy i ~---' Introduction l,._ • Harare Zimbabwe is one of Africa's leading cattle producers. Its Cold Storage Commission (CSC) was established more than 50 years ago to provide the country's cattle farmers with the production, storage and distribution facilities that they needed to sell their beef. Today it is a major parastatal organization which slaughters some 400 OOO head of cattle a year, supplies the local market, and exports some 12 OOO tonnes of frozen and chilled boneless products to regional and Botswana European markets. Our work with CSC began in June 1983 when Arup Economic Consultants were appointed to undertake an extensive study of Zim­ .A. Abattoirs babwe's livestock sector and of CSC's role within it. The feasibility study, which was • Cold stores supported by the British Government under the Aid and Trade Provision, proposed a 0 150 km programme of investment of nearly £85M in new facilities to equip CSC for the next 20 years. CSC accepted the report and decided to proceed with a capital development pro­ gramme, embracing seven separate pro­ jects. Four are relatively small improvements 1. CSC's abattoirs and cold stores. to CSC's existing plants undertaken with their own resources. The three major pro­ jects are the Harare Multi-purpose Complex, the Bulawayo New Abattoir and the Mas­ vingo Refurbished Abattoir. The capital development programme is presently under construction with the facilities at Harare and Bulawayo scheduled to be commissioned by Cost Implementation the middle of 1990. The management of the plan programme programme, the subject of this paper, is being undertaken by CSC, with the help of Ove Arup & Partners.

THE FEASIBILITY STUDY This was carried out in Zimbabwe by a team of agricultural economists, meat-processing specialists, and engineers. It assessed the current structure and condition of the in­ dustry from the cattle farmer to the butcher and forecast development through to the year 2004. From this emerged the specifica­ tion of the facilities that CSC would need over the next 20 years, together with proposals for Technical financing the investment. The forecasts from specifications which the proposals were derived were the 2. Business plan as the basis for project control. basis of sensitivity tests which established the robustness of the investment. and Ch inhoyi. In calculating the production while still managing these changes without The feasibility study was a fascinating exer­ loss of control or undue disruption to the pro­ cise which deserves a paper in its own right. and storage capacities for the new plants, the study team had to assess grow1hs both ject teams. It set out a basic business plan for invest­ ment in the capital development programme, in the supply of cattle to the abattoirs, and As well as deciding what facilities were and defined the parameters for its success. of domestic demand for beef, and the types needed, the feasibility study estimated the of products that Zimbabweans would want to costs of the three projects and put forward This business plan became a reference point buy. Unfortunately these trends are very sen­ proposals for financing their construction. It for the team when deciding the scope of sitive to climatic cycles, government pricing recognized the importance of minimizing the individual projects, their target budgets, and policy, and average incomes. foreign exchange (forex) costs of the pro­ implementation schedules. Two particular In the two years between the completion of jects, which would have to be financed by issues were central to the study and have the study and the preparation of the final supplier credits or loans from international continued to influence the programme. specifications for the three plants, CSC's development agencies. Although these Although beef exports are the key justifica­ operating environment had already begun to loans would be at attractive interest rates, tion for the capital development programme, change, and plant capacities were adjusted the repayments on them would be in foreign the three new plants are designed to serve accordingly. Throughout design and pro­ currencies and the signs were that the value the domestic market, the chilled prime cuts curement it has been necessary to modify of the Zimbabwean dollar would drop against for the European Community being produc­ layouts and specifications to ensure that the the major European currencies over the life ed at CSC's existing abattoirs in Marondera new plants are right for CSC when they open, of the investment. 11 Programme stages: 1983 1984 1985

Feasibility study Phase One study Phase Two study Finalize investment programme

Project preparation Establish CSC team Memorandum of information Conceptual design Loan negotiations Finance in place

Implementation Harare: Design Tendering Construction Commissioning

3. Bulawayo: Design I Tendering It is always difficult to make direct comparisons be­ Construction I tween initial estimates and final costs, as one must Commissioning allow for inflation and for costs related to changes in specification. The comparison in Table 1 does show, however, what can be ach ieved when the objectives Masvingo: Design expressed in the feasibility study are carried through into design . By the time that the concept design had Tendering been completed and approved budgets established, Construction the forex costs had been reduced by half with almost Commissioning no increase in the local costs. Over the same period the value of the Zimbabwe dollar in European Currency Units (Ecu) weakened from Ecu 0.92 to Ecu 0.69 . At 4. Capital development programme: Implementation schedule. the time of writing the rate is about 2$ 1.00 = Ecu 0.45.

Table 1: Development of project cost estimates • base date t including escalation Feasibility study Approved project budgets 1 January 1985 • 1 January 1986' Forecast final costt Local Forex Local Forex Local Forex Z$(M) Ecu(M) Z$(M) Ecu(M) Z$(M) Ecu(M) Harare 22.9 9.9 22.1 5.9 35.7 6.7

Bulawayo 25.7 21 .8 31 .6 10.9 56.1 12.1

Masvingo 14.4 11 .2 18.3 7.0 40.5 8.0

Total 63.0 42.9 72.0 23.8 132.3 26.8

I 700 ---:-r I I i High estimates I 600 /~·=, I /~ / CSC projections I ,,,- 500 . /1 ______... _, ' ---- _./..-7- -- Consultants' { / / ! .'---- / / best guess "O /!/!!/Tractor & ~ 400 "~/':- /Ill// ~~~~ement i:: ~ O> :, /lll/1 ui" Low estimates !! 300 I ;II//; ~· / Coa-1 D ///1 0 "'~ Loco bunker '.; l shed 1 I// \,&/ __ t::::::C:::'::::'::::'::'. u I T I I 15 drought drought drought "O .~;f//1 / ~------"a, 200 ~ l1111; -:::--- I 11/ljh~ II/I;;/ 100 + + I I//!/ 111(/ ) / 0 ~ 1970 73 75 79 80 82 83 85 90 95 96 IJ Actual I Forecast 5. Feasibility study: livestock supply forecast in 1983. I6 . Bulawayo new abattoir. 12 CAPITAL DEVELOF ENT 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 PROG U.1 E Objectives Soon after the completion of the feasibility study it was established that CSC had two l clear objectives in implementing their capital development programme. The first was to develop facilities appropriate to their needs at a reasonable cost and within a sensible timescale. The second was to maximize the involvement of Zimbabwean firms in the design and construction of the projects. By doing this CSC would minimize the foreign exchange costs and would also ensure that the plants could be maintained with local resources. Extensive discussions were held with CSC to decide the best way of achieving these objec­ tives. One approach, which was proposed by several European contractors, was to seek bi-lateral funding for a turnkey construction 1 contract. It was rejected on the grounds that CSC would lose control of the design and, in spite of subsidized bi-lateral loans, it was unlikely to be the cheapest solution. In the end CSC elected to manage the design and procurement of the plants themselves and I seek loans from the international develop­ l I ment agencies for specific packages of work. They recognized that they would themselves have to take on the preparation of the pro­ jects to the point where financing could be secured and that they would need help from foreign consultants to do this. I I I I The three major projects The Harare Multipurpose Complex is a new cold storage and distribution centre, now being built on a greenfield site in an industrial area on the outskirts of the city, which will supply beef to Zimbabwe's largest conurba­ tion. It will contain a new national vehicle workshop for CSC's fleet of refrigerated pan­ technicons and space for the extension of the facility and for the construction of an abattoir if this is needed in the future. Beef will be transported from the abattoirs to the new complex by road and rail , arriving in Birkenhead Road the form of ch illed or frozen quarters and frozen cartons of offal. The cold rooms will have the capacity to store 1760 carcasses as well as 520 tonnes of packed frozen offal and ~ :!7~1 Trupac economy beef, produced on the ~ . premises by cutting frozen quarters into ':> · small portions and then packaging them for sale in special outlets in the high density suburbs. Beef and other products will be distributed from the complex in CSC's own delivery trucks and the entire process will be overseen by a new computerized weighing, l invoicing and stock control system . The Bulawayo New Abattoir is being built 1 beside CSC's existing abattoir which it will replace when it is opened. It is designed to slaughter 800 head of cattle a day, although initially the dressing floor itself will be equip­ ped for a capacity of 600 head/day. Cattle will arrive by road and rail and be held tempor­ arily in covered lairages. After they enter the stunning boxes at low level, their carcasses will be lifted by conveyor to the dressing floor one level above. In the rooms beneath the dressing floor, offal and other by-products will be processed and despatched. All of the Cold room complex Boiler facilities will be designed to EC veterinary house standards. The new abattoir will be provided with a 12 OOOm 2 cold room complex which , in addi­ tion to freezers and chillers, will house a boning room and Trupac production lines. A separate rendering plant will produce blood and bone meal from waste material. The Masvingo Refurbished Abattoir, as the name suggests, is a major reconstruction of an existing facility. The existing boilerhouse, lairages, stunning and low-level bleeding areas will be retained, with a completely new dressing floor, rendering plant and cold room 13 block added to give a capacity to slaughter to cover the forex costs. Separate arrange­ projects. Once again, ODA stepped into the 400 head of cattle and 200 small stock per ments would be made with ODA to finance breach and financed the purchase of seven day. The new facilities are being built while the secondment by the overseas consultants Ferranti micro-computers with printers and the existing abattoir continues to operate and to CSC of key staff to strengthen their engi­ software. With help from Arup Computing the two parts will be brought together during neering and project management teams. and a local computer firm, these were im­ a planned shutdown. Once the financing plan was agreed in prin­ ported and installed in the offices in Harare. Project preparation ciple the team prepared a Memorandum of Basic project management systems were set In March 1985 CSC chose the team that Information as a formal summary of the pro­ up and staff from CSC and their consultants would work directly with them in preparing ject proposal. This was developed further trained in their use. Without these computer their capital development programme. Ove with the funding agencies and became the systems it is unlikely that the team would Arup & Partners International (OAPIL) were basis on which the loan agreements were have completed the volume of documenta­ appointed as project management con­ formulated. tion that it undertook in the following two sultant to work alongside CSC's financial It was realised early on that neither CSC nor years. advisor, Standard Chartered Merchant Bank their local consultants had word processors The project team Ltd. (SCMB). Union International Con­ or the micro-computer systems that are At the core of the project team is CSC's own sultants (UIC) were retained as process con­ commonly used in the management of major client group, based in their regional engi- sultants to advise and support CSC's own process engineering team in Harare. It was hoped that the team could be assembled in Harare within weeks. Unfortu­ csc Masvingo Bulawayo Harare nately CSC did not have foreign currency to pay for the consultancies and some 18 months passed before Britain's Overseas D LJ Development Administration (ODA) agreed to finance them from their technical co­ operation funds. During this time the con­ sultants put together with CSC the documen­ tation needed to secure ODA's support and to begin discussions with the international development agencies on project finance. At 15 the same time CSC made formal submis­ sions to the Government of Zimbabwe to get the capital development programme into the public sector investment plan and to give it national project status. Preparation is the most important phase in a project's development, the stage at which the technical specification is finalized and the arrangements for procuring and financ­ ing are decided. It is the time, before any major commitments have been made, when 5 the client and immediate advisors have freedom to consider a range of possible implementation strategies and choose one. The preparation of the capital development programme started in earnest in September 1986 and was essentially complete by the 0 middle of 1987 when the negotiations with Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jui Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec the funding agencies were drawing to a con­ Contingencies clusion. The exercise began with the estab­ lishment of the project team in Harare. CSC's team was already in place, although it was necessary to define how it would be Contracts not let Contracts let structured and how it would interface with the rest of CSC; an important consideration when many different parts of the organiza­ tion had to contribute to the projects. CSC 150 had already begun negotiations with local consulting firms, which were concluded with the appointment of Ove Arup & Partners Zimbabwe as prime agent for the Harare project and Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick for the abattoirs in Bulawayo and Masvingo. CSC's process engineering team set to work with the local consultants on the conceptual design of the three plants. At the same time 100 the project management team began to develop the cost plan , the implementation and contract strategies, and proposals for the management of procurement and con­ struction. These different aspects were inter­ related and a balance had to be found between CSC's desire to control the procure­ ment of the materials and equipment and the limited management resources that were 50 available to do it. In the end it was decided that each project would be procured under some 30 separate contracts with the project consultants administering the contracts and providing overall co-ordination on site. While the procurement strategy was coming together, initial discussions were held with the bi-lateral and international funding agen­ 0 cies. it soon became clear that the local costs Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jui Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec would be financed by the Government of Contract costs Zimbabwe while loans could be obtained from the Commonwealth Development Cor- 7. Control of commitment against contingencies: Local currency budget 1988. 14 poration and the European Investment Bank neering office in Harare. The group is in three Design development Cost control began during conceptual design parts: the process engineering team, staffed As an expert technical client CSC have been with the review of the project budget in jointly by CSC and UIC, is responsible for the involved from the outset in every aspect of the feasibility study and the preparation of design and procurement of all process and the design of the three projects. Details detailed cost plans. At that stage it was refrigeration equipment for the three new which might appear to the project con­ already clear that forex costs would be plants: the project management team pro­ sultants to be unimportant can be crucial to financed separately from local costs and the vides the overall management and financial the hygienic operation of the plants and must decision was made to separate the two in the control of the capital development pro­ be considered by several different depart­ cost plans; local in Z$ and forex in Ecu. The gramme while the operations team ensures ments within CSC. From the outset it was Ecu was chosen for the planning and that the engineering staff in CSC's existing recognized that the approval of the con­ monitoring of forex costs as it was antici­ plants are properly supported. sultants' designs would be a lengthy pated that most of the imported equipment The CSC group is the interface between process. would be sourced in Europe. Being derived CSC's senior management and the projects. The projects have been developed in three from a basket of European currencies, the It gives direction on all technical matters, clearly defined stages: concept design, Ecu was likely to remain reasonably stable. controls budgets and expenditure, co­ outline design and design development. At In the early stages of the development of the ordinates all contacts with Government the end of each of the first two stages the design, the project cost plans were broken departments and ensures that CSC's consultants were required to submit a full down by engineering discipline and function general manager is fully briefed at all times. design report, including cost estimates and so that the relative costs of different parts implementation programmes, for CSC's The detailed design and procurement of could be readily calculated. During outline approval. The report on the outline design each project is undertaken by the project design the contract strategy emerged and became the basis for the implementation of consultant and the team of sub-consultants. each project cost plan was broken down by the project as, thereafter, each contract contract package, grouped under discip­ The sub-consultancies, which include quan­ package followed its own path through linary headings. A contingency allowance, to tity surveying, architectural design and design development, tendering and con­ be used at the project consultant's discre­ effluent treatment, are entirely domestic struction. tion, was included as a separate element. although they were arranged with CSC's In general it has been CSC's policy to com­ When the report on the outline design was knowledge and approval. The project con­ plete the design of a particular package of approved by CSC this cost plan became the sultants work closely with CSC's process work before letting a contract for its construc­ Approved Project Budget. engineering team who function as one of tion . In the case of process and refrigeration Throughout design development, tendering their designers as well as their technical equipment, much of the detailed design work and construction, the project consultants client; a complex relationship which needs has been done by the contractors and steps have been required to maintain their cost careful handling. Although the arrangement have been taken to ensure that their pro­ plan and a separate cost report showing their of having a single firm responsible for de­ grammes did not delay the design of other current forecast. The reports are submitted livering each project is sometimes wasteful works. At the basic level this had involved monthly in a standard format and are of resources, it clarifies responsibility. defining areas within the structures for consolidated by the CSC team into a cost The development of the contract strategy led equipment and service ways. More detailed report for the entire capital development to the project consultants' appointments design co-ordination has been achieved programme. being extended to include the co-ordination through regular meetings between the inter­ The control procedures that lie behind the and management of construction on site. national process contractors and the project cost plans and reports are designed to This task is undertaken in each project by a consultants in Harare. ensure that all commitments are fully eval­ site management team of between three and Cost and financial control uated before they are made. Minor adjust­ four engineers. With Zimbabwe's construc­ CSC are implementing the capital develop­ ments are made by the project consultants tion industry in the middle of a boom it has ment programme within a fixed budget which and balanced against the project contin­ often been very difficult to recruit suitable was defined during the negotiation of the gency. Any substantial change or significant staff. Although the approach has saved the project loans. CSC's project management contract variation is submitted to CSC for Government of Zimbabwe several million team have been aware from the start that the approval before being made. Where the dollars in foreign exchange, it has been local currency and forex budgets cannot be change originates with CSC or is the result difficult at times to obtain immigration exceeded and have instituted a strict regime of an unforeseen circumstance, a formal approval to allow the consultants to recruit to control commitments and expenditure change to the Approved Project Budget is more site management staff overseas. against them. authorized by CSC.

109 J r 8. Major European currency exchange rates with Ecu.

Aug 1986 = 100

104

99

Key: -- Sterling -- Deutschmark -- Fr Franc

1986 1987 1988 - Guilder 94 Sw Franc a. > c: .0 .; c: a. > c: .c .; >- c: :, Cl> 0 0 Cl> Cl> a. i.' :, 3 :, Cl> 0 Cl> Cl> a. .. :, <("' Cl) 0 z 0" -,.. u.. ::; <( :::;; -, -, <("' Cl) ;g z 0" -,.. u.. :::;; <( :::;; -, 8. 15 Within CSC's project management team, priority is given to controlling all com­ mitments against the sum of the available contingencies and expenditure against sources of funds. Every three months the project consultants prepare detailed expen­ diture forecasts which are consolidated with those for CSC's own budgets. This is used to plan the drawdown of loan facilities into the accounts from which payments are made to suppliers and contractors. The Government of Zimbabwe has quite complex procedures for allocating its own foreign exchange resources to the import of materials and equipment for the construction industry. The supply of many of the imported goods needed by local contractors is handled through these channels and the 9 6 CSC team plays a central role in co­ ordinating the contractors' applications to the relevant Government departments. With more than 95% of the supply and con­ struction work committed, the forecast cost of completing the capital development pro­ Projects: gramme is still within the original budget. 9. Bulawayo Contract strategy 10. Harare interior Each of the three projects has been divided 11 . Harare exterior into some 35 separate prime contracts for construction, about % being for civil , build­ ing and services works, and the balance for supply of equipment, ranging from forklift trucks to office furniture. This contract struc­ ture was devised to achieve CSC's objective of maximizing local content while retaining a project of manageable proportions. With the exception of the contracts for the supply and installation of process and refrigeration equipment, all have been let to 106 11 V local firms through the Government of Zim­ babwe's established tendering procedures. Tenderers are required to give with their tenders an estimate of the forex that they will need in order to import essential equipment and construction materials. These funds are then provided from CSC's project resources or through the Government's own import procedures. In the development of the contract strategy it was decided that the detailed design, supply and construction of each of the major Site co-ordination duction line. It is during commissioning that process and refrigeration systems would be During outline design the project con­ operators are trained on the new equipment placed with one contractor to give clear sultants, with assistance from the CSC team, that they will be using, with careful planning responsibility for their final performance. The prepared detailed programmes for the pro­ needed to ensure that adequate staff con­ systems for the three projects were divided curement and construction of each project. tinue to run the existing abattoirs. into eight contract packages and six inter­ These programmes were set up as PERT national firms were prequalified to tender for The commissioning of the Harare Multi­ networks and analyzed to achieve the target purpose Complex began in October 1989 them . In the event all eight contracts were construction master programme. awarded to lntercool Food Technology of with the Bulawayo Abattoir following on in Denmark, a subsidiary of the British firm of The basic sequence of construction for each February 1990. Both plants will be opera­ process engineers, APV pie. This arrange­ project is described by keydates in the con­ tional by the middle of 1990 when the com­ ment not only gave CSC the cheapest solu­ struction master programme which define missioning of the Masvingo Abattoir is tion, but also ensured that similar equipment when contractors have access to particular scheduled to start. would be used in all three projects, thus areas of the works and when sections of the Conclusions simplifying maintenance and minimizing works are to be completed. The schedules It has been common practice in developing spares inventories. of keydates and the corresponding layouts of countries for agricultural process plants to be the works areas are included with each con­ procured under turnkey contracts financed The local contracts are let under the appro­ tract and are the basis for the contractors' priate Zimbabwean forms. With inflation in by supplier credits or other bi-lateral arrange­ programming and for the subsequent co­ ments. Through their capital development the construction industry presently running ordination of the work. at close to 20% it was not feasible to let fixed programme CSC have demonstrated that price contracts, and price increase are paid The site management team for each project there is an alternative approach which gives to the contractors under local procedures. is responsible for contract administration the client greater control over the project and The international contracts are fixed-price and site co-ordination, achieved through a can be cheaper overall. and lump-sum. hierarchy of meetings from formal contract meetings down to brief informal contacts Credits By arranging the construction under many with the supervisors on site. Client: separate prime contracts CSC took respon­ Cold Storage Commission of Zimbabwe sibility for the provision of temporary ser­ Training, commissioning and start-up With the Harare and Bulawayo projects Project management consultant: vices and facilities on site and for the co­ Ove Arup & Partners International ordination and management of construction. approaching completion , the CSC manage­ ment team has turned its attention to the Process consultant: Contractors' facilities, in the form of secure Union International Consultants compounds, latrines, kitchens and tem­ commissioning of the plants, the training of operators and the final handover of the com­ Financial advisor: porary utility supplies, were installed under Standard Chartered Merchant Bank Ltd . pleted facility. the first contracts to be let and are main­ Project consultants: tained by the prime building contractor on Commissioning an abattoir is a lengthy pro­ Ove Arup & Partners Zimbabwe site. The project consultant is responsible for cess which starts with the testing of indivi­ Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick and Partners co-ordination and also the management of dual pieces of equipment and quickly moves Photos: 16 construction work. on into the trial operation of the complete pro- Simon Murray cases this will be the only way of reconciling The planner has to apply the legislation. The State of the Art conservation regulations with economic He should be discriminating when deciding reality.) on what is to be preserved. There are in Poul Beckmann And then there are buildings surrounding a Britain recorded cases where insistence on square or market street, of which many may 100% preservation has led to the owners This talk was the Inaugural Lecture of the be undistinguished but which together still deciding to do nothing and several of the study project on Economic Recycling and add up to the general ambience. Here again , buildings in question deteriorating to the Conservation of Structures at the Warren recycling will help to preserve the 'feel' of the extent of having to be pulled down for Centre for Advanced Engineering, University place and if it means that there is now an reasons of safety. The planner has in this of Sydney, on 24 May 1989. estate agent where there used to be a case provoked a situation of 'no bread at all ' butcher, that may be deplorable, but it is the when with a little flexibility he would have had Pou/ Beckmann was the 1989 Visiting Fellow at least 'half a loaf'. The planner should be to the Warren Centre. price that has to be paid for conservation of the whole. equally deaf to the developers' promises and blandishments and to the anguished pro­ Before dealing with the State of the Art, the Some buildings may be both worthy of tests from conservation lobbies that consider Science, and the Practice of conservation preservation and profitable, but they happen that anything from their particular pet period and re-use, there are some questions which to be in the way of a road scheme or some­ must be worthy of preservation regardless of should be addressed because they have a thing similar. In these circumstances it may its real quality. Where 'informed' conser­ bearing on what follows. Some of these are be possible to move them to another (not too vation bodies exist, such as The Royal Com­ matters which I, as an engineer, cannot claim distant!) site. But when dozens of good mission on Historical Monuments in Britain, full knowledge of, but they are questions specimens have been allowed by the plan­ it will be helpful for the planner to consult with that, in my view, should be asked. ners to be bulldozed, there seems little point such organizations and in Britain he is re­ Why bother? in them suddenly changing tack and de­ quired to do so. manding that a poor specimen, with ceiling Why don 't we just leave it to market forces The developer should temporarily, whilst to decide when an old building should be heights that make it practically unusable, be preserved unchanged. dealing with a building that has to be con­ pulled down and the site redeveloped? served , forget the standard cliches about so Because there are structures that have To sum up: in my view, we should preserve many thousand square metres of air­ become national symbols or mark an event the excellent, re-use the good and well­ conditioned office floor; instead he should or a period in history or an important tech­ loved, as far as we can , but not waste too use his imagination and think, perhaps, in nological development that people want to many tears on the mediocre. terms of the smaller spaces of solicitors' be reminded of. What would Rome be with­ Who should do what? offices, or psychiatrists' consulting rooms. out the Colosseum or London without Big The legislator should frame the regula­ He should - at least in England - capitalize Ben? tions so as to make preservation enforce­ on the snob value of having premises in an Because there are particular buildings, able. At present, in Britain, there is almost ancient building which may persuade groups of buildings or streetscapes, which nothing to stop an owner from letting his tenants to pay a relatively high rent for space have become familiar, have gained popular listed building deteriorate from lack of main­ that may be just a little short on new-tangled attachment and which people do not wish to tenance until it becomes dangerous, at technology. see replaced by another high rise office which point he can get Listed Building Con­ There could also be another positive value development: mankind does not live by rent sent for demolition. Damage by neglect of what is usually seen by developers to be and capital gains alone! renders the owner liable to a fine of £200 plus a nuisance: the protected building in the £20 per day: this is hardly worth pursuing These considerations are likely to prompt middle of a site could give the tenants of the and the alternative of the local authority surrounding steel-and-glass boxes some­ legislation/regulations aimed at securing the serving a compulsory purchase order is very preservation of such structures. But national thing pleasant to look at (especially if it were rarely carried out. We need much better nicely restored and converted into a pub!). monuments apart, preservation on its own is plugs for such loopholes. not always practicable: we cannot afford to The architect must respect those features turn every old building into a museum piece Conversely, regulations should be capable of the building that are historically signi­ and maintain it as such - and without of flexible interpretation, so as to encourage ficant; she (or he) should tackle, as first maintenance, wind, weather and decay will conversion to new uses, even if it means the priority, the problems that a proposed new lead to eventual collapse as surely as if the loss of one or two features of secondary use may pose in respect of fire precautions, developers had had their way, even though importance. This must, after all , be prefer­ noise insulation, etc. He (or she) must pay it may not happen until some 20-30 years able to letting the building rot. attention to the original structure and the later. Maintenance costs money and such a Finally - dare one suggest? - some money characteristics of the materials originally building or group of buildings must therefore ought to be found to help those who, over­ used. For instance, great care must be taken earn enough money to allow it to be main­ night, find themselves with a listed building when it is desired to improve the insulation tained. If its present use does not enable it on their hands and are unable to maintain it of certain old buildings in some climates: to do so, a new, different use may and thus in the way the listing requires and not extra insulation on the inside may cause aid its preservation. Such re-use may allowed to modify it for a changed, more pro­ interstitial condensation within the thickness necessitate certain modifications and/or fitable use. of the original wall . strengthening, but public and planners alike will usually look with more sympathy on this than they would on demolition and re­ building. Finally, there may be buildings bordering on very busy and congested streets with re­ strictions on lorry access during the day and prohibitions on noise during the night. In such circumstances, repair, strengthening and/or modifications to enable re-use will be much quicker and cheaper than redevelop­ ment. To summarize: We should conserve or re­ cycle structures because enough of us want to - or because it may pay us to do so. What should be preserved? What should be recycled? Clearly, single specimens of outstanding artistic merit, historical importance or tech­ nological significance should be preserved almost regardless of cost. (Some short-term economies on frills can be tolerated as long as they do not jeopardize a full restoration later.) Good, but not outstanding , isolated speci­ mens, that can be made to pay their way without losing their character, are likewise obvious candidates for recycling. (In many endeavour by the 'new' Building Regulations 1985 which have abandoned mandatory detail regulations and substituted perform­ ance criteria that may, but need not, be satisfied by compliance with detailed recommendations in certain 'Approved Documents' . If it can be shown that the per­ formance criteria can be met in other ways, these will satisfy the regulations. There is also the useful '49% rule' which says that for unchanged class of use, it is permitted to replace up to 49% of floor joists with the same size as the existing, whereas if a greater proportion needs replacing, they must all conform to today's criteria. (Similar ruling applies to areas of walls.) The Fire Prevention Officer should look at the realities of the proposed re-use: what are the real fire loads likely to be? How many people can really get into the space? How easily can they get out? Most victims of fires are killed by smoke, not by flames. There are today techniques for predicting smoke move­ ment and hence show that the number of 2. York Minster: concrete extensions to tower foundations. people likely to be in the building can escape safely in case of a fire. This should help to Any modifications must be 'in sympathy' with experience tells him otherwise, he must be overcome difficulties arising from rigid 'rule­ what is there already, and any extensions or prepared to counter: 'It has stood for 200 of-thumb' regulations. new ancillary buildings should be compatible years, it is getting tired and wants to lie The contractor (who should perhaps not in terms of scale of features, but do not have down!' and he must explain in layman's be listed under 'the opposition') must use to be pastiches - in fact should definitely not terms why it is so. materials that are compatible with the exist­ be: a mock-Tudor extension to a real Tudor The engineer must understand the nature ing; he must employ craftsmen who are building could make the uninformed on­ and properties of the original materials, to familiar with traditional methods of con­ looker wonder which was the real one! what deteriorations they are liable with time struction and have the skills necessary for All of this requires an in-depth knowledge of and which technologies are available and the repairs that need to be carried out. As the architecture and construction practices appropriate for repairs and strengthening. such craftsmen today are much rarer than of the period in which the original edifice was Any strengthening that in the end is found gold dust (but a lot more use!), the contractor built. This knowledge is rarely part of the first necessary should preferably be designed to who wants to go in for restoration work had degree curriculum of schools of architecture augment the original structural action rather better start to train some himself. and, despite mid-career courses, will ulti­ than to relieve the existing structure of load. mately only be acquired by learning on the Once again we are looking for skills and The user must except the limitations im­ job. knowledge that do not form part of the posed by any (comparative) structural weak­ standard university curriculum and do not ness of the existing structure or lack of The structural engineer must under­ robustness of the existing materials, so as stand how the existing structure really works figure prominently in post-graduate re­ search : after all, there are no great profits not to cause any further progressive and assess its carrying capacity accordingly. deterioration. He must forsake the reassuring simplifica­ from preserving the old to be made by any tions of the standard textbooks and the of the producers of today's materials, so why The owner must undertake regular main­ intellectual crutches of codes of practice and should they sponsor research? On the tenance, otherwise the efforts of everyone face reality: if the structure stands in front of academic side, research into old materials else will have been in vain. (Restoration your eyes and has carried its working load involves 'getting your hands dirty', doing usually only becomes necessary when main­ for 50 years or more without any signs of physical testing and the results may well be tenance has been neglected for a protracted distress, you have no right to condemn it just inconclusive: that doesn't make for a good period!). because your computer analysis 'shows' PhD thesis! What has been achieved? that it is overstressed. You have probably So much for the 'home team' - what about With the demands on the people involved, analyzed an incorrect model! 'the opposition'? described above, one might wonder that The engineer may on the other hand be con­ The Bulldlng Control Officer must, like anything ever got preserved or was re-used. fronted with the preservationist's stock argu­ the structural engineer, be persuaded to put Somehow or other a fair amount has been ment: 'It has stood for 200 years, so there is to one side his codes and detailed regula­ achieved in Britain and elsewhere in Europe, no reason why it should not stand for another tions and look at the proposals from first and judging from the attendance at the inter­ 200!' If his first-hand inspection and past principles. In Britain he is helped in this national conservation courses in Rome and York, the Americans, both North and South, have done a fair bit and want to do a lot more. The examples that follow and wh ich are largely drawn from my own experience may give some idea of the variety of conservation and refurbishment that has been carried out over the last 20 years and some of the methods of structural strengthening used: 1 York Minster ·4 was suffering from pro­ gressive cracking in the central tower. This was caused by differential settlement be­ tween the tower pier foundations that were heavily overloaded, being originally intended for a far less heavy tower. The remedy was to enlarge the pier bases by 'strapping' concrete blocks to the sides of the masonry foundations by means of post­ tensioned rods, in holes drilled through the masonry. Almost instant effectiveness was achieved by preloading the clay under the new foundation blocks by flatjacks acting on a separate lower concrete pad. Whilst this perhaps comes more under the heading of structural strengthening than conservation, it was an operation undertaken to aid and facilitate the future conservation of the superstructure. Another reason for its inclu­ sion here is that the techniques used have been found useful on a number of other projects. Another church job, but one involving a new use of substructure, was All Souls'. Lang­ ham Place5 which needed a new meeting hall , their old one which had been rented having been sold for redevelopment. The foundations had originally been made very deep in order to rest on good soil. The new space was created by excavating the fill and replacing the old timber ground floor, which had rested on dwarf walls, by a new floor carried on steel beams spanning clear across the width of the main aisle. In the case of York Minster, in order to remedy a potentially dangerous situation, money for the strengthening was provided by donations. At All Souls, the compensation for the loss of the old hall went part of the way towards the cost of the work and the end result was a much better hall than they had before. 4. New meeting hall in undercroft of All Souls. Bridges are some of the most functional of structures: you can't use them for anything in situ strength of masonry: the design cross-linked columns? And - most worrying else! Continued use by today's motor traffic stresses in British and other codes of prac­ question of all - how durable are the 'patent may, however, necessitate strengthening of tice apply to today's materials at the age of medicines' that the chemical industry's bridges which, utilizing what was then High 28 days; they are a nonsense when applied salesmen try to persuade us to use to cure Technology, were designed and built for to walls built in lime mortar that may have had some of the ravages that time and weather nothing heavier than the horse-drawn many years to harden by carbonation. have inflicted on our structures? wagon . The bridge over the River Wye at Whilst not always as durable, timber con­ The purpose of this litany of our ignorance Chepstow was built with 18 open-spandrel , struction has also been with us for thousands is not to spread alarm and despondency, but latticed arch panels of cast iron. The best of years and yet we do not know enough merely to point out that whilst the Art and analysis that could be made, combined with about the real strength of some traditional all­ Practice of Conservation and Re-use have the normally accepted working stresses for wood connections, mainly because we do made good progress, the Science still has a cast iron, indicated a totally unacceptable not have techniques for assessing the long way to go. factor of safety. Samples, to give reliable and strength properties of timber in situ . relevant test results of strength, could not be References taken , due to the extreme slenderness of the When it comes to iron and steel, how many (1) MITCHELL, D. York Minster. Part 1 - York; ribs. Strengthening had to be provided in the engineers can tell the difference between Part 2 - The Minster. The Arup Journal, 3 (3 & form of arches of rolled steel H section, steel and wrought iron? And even if we can 4), pp. 50-58, 70-82, May & July 1968. shaped to follow the curve of the lowest cast identify cast iron, what do we know about its (2) DOWRICK, D.J. The use of prestressing in strength? Most documented values relating foundation strengthening at York Minster. The iron ribs, so as to reduce the visual impact Arup Journal, 5 (3) , pp.6-9, September 1970. to a minimum. to structural use date from the last century and show an almost alarming variability. (3) DOWRICK, D.J . and BECKMANN, P. York With the change in the nature and decline in Furthermore, the samples that one can take Minster structural restoration. ICE Proceedings. volume of water-borne goods traffic, a fair out of a structure are often not representative Supplement (vi), paper 74158, pp. 93-156, 1971. number of warehouses have become redun­ of the material, where it is actually con­ (4) BECKMANN, P. Flatjacks and some of their dant and a variety of new uses have been tributing most to the loadbearing capacity. uses. The Arup Journal, 9 (3) , pp. 10-14, found for them: flats in Great Driffield, a hotel September 1974. in Copenhagen, a restaurant in Bristol and As for recent and modern materials: Are we (5) BECKMANN, P. and DEKANY, A. All Souls, a whole shopping and leisure centre in the much better off? Do we know the real Langham Place and Waldegrave Hall. The Arup huge Tobacco Dock6 shed in London. strength of steel beams, for which the Journal, 12 (1) , pp.2-8, 1977. makers' safe load tables quoted a working (6) COURTNEY, M. and MATTHEWS, R. Tobacco The major problem of these conversions is stress of 9.5 tons/in.2? Have we any non­ Dock. The Arup Journal, 23(3), pp.6-11 , Autumn the period of fire resistance than can be destructive tests to help us, when we cannot 1988. provided by the existing timber and iron take enough samples for laboratory testing? (7) INSTITUTION OF STRUCTURAL ENGI­ structural members, particularly in multi­ How reliable are our measurements of NEERS. Appraisal of existing structures. ISE, storey buildings. ultrasonic pulse velocities in indicating the 1980. Smoke development and movement can , variation of concrete strength in heavily Photos: Paul Beckmann (1-4), Peter Mackinven (5) however, now be simulated by computer and such simulations can help to establish 5. Tobacco Dock refurbishment. whether proposed new building features, such as atria, are safe. The cases of refurbishment of office build­ ings are of course legion but a special prize for inventiveness must go to the architect Ricardo Bofill for converting parts of a redun­ dant cement factory in Barcelona into a design office for his practice! Does this catalogue of achievement mean that we know it all? By no means! We must address the last question: What do we stlll have to learn? A fair amount of work has been done on the methodology and procedures involved in appraisal of existing structures; the essence is recorded in the report by the Institution of 7 Structural Engineers , but it is thought by some to be still too tied to conventional calculations and to be too conservative. The latter is partly due to our imperfect know­ ledge of the in situ strength of traditional forms of construction. Despite the successful use of masonry over millenia, we do not know enough about the Ove Arup & Partners have a major role as CIM has the goal of developing techniques Cimsteel project co-ordinators, assisting the BCSA and systems to enable information to be with the management of the project. This very efficiently generated on , exchanged includes project planning, progress monitor­ between, and processed by computers. ing, and technical guidance for the achieve­ To achieve CIM , information standards must Malcolm Shute ment of the project objectives. In addition, we be developed. To this end, we used func­ have contributed to the full spectrum of tional and data analysis modelling tech­ Introduction activities ranging from, for example, the com­ niques in Phase 1 to unravel the complicated The Eureka initiative is a collaborative frame­ pilation of a database on machine tools, to manner in which structural steelwork is work to promote research and development the modelling of the design process. designed, produced and erected. An exam­ projects between European firms. It is sup­ The project ple of a high level functional analysis model ported not only by the 12 EC countries, but Cimsteel is divided into two phases. The first is shown in Fig. 1. Repeated decomposition also by Austria, Iceland, Switzerland, was completed in December 1988 and the of the higher levels enables very detailed and Sweden, Norway, Turkey and Finland. The second was due to be under way by the coherent models to be created. Extension of Cimsteel project (the title is an acronym for beginning of 1990. Phase 1 took a little over these models will provide the basis of the 'Computer integrated manufacture of struc­ 18 months and consisted of detailed investi­ necessary information standards. tural steelwork') has been undertaken in gations of all the major elements that make We aim to create a complete product infor­ order to place the European structural steel­ up the structural steelwork industry and its mation database which will commence with work industry in a leading position for the market. It culminated in detailed proposals the client brief and will grow during design 1990s, with a core strategy of achieving for Phase 2, which will comprise research, and manufacture to contain all information computer-integrated manufacture (CIM). It development and implementation of a range about the product. Finally the product infor­ has involved organizations from Denmark, of co-ordinated activities targeted towards mation database, or 'product model' using Finland, France, Italy, the Netherlands and the achievement of CIM. The total European ISO-STEP (International Standards Organi­ the UK, the latter being: expenditure in Phase 2 is expected to be in zation - Standard for the Exchange of Pro­ excess of £30M , partly funded by national duct Model Information) terminology, will be Trade association government grants. handed over to the client as a basis for British Constructional Steelwork Association Market and Industry maintenance and future modifications or Ltd. (BCSA) The European structural steelwork industry extensions. is an integral part (10% in money terms) of The product model will be a complete record Structural steelwork fabricators the construction industry. It employs over Billington Structures Ltd. of the steelwork structure to which, and from 200 OOO people directly and up to three times Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Co Ltd. which, any necessary information can be this number indirectly. Nusteel Structures Ltd. added or retrieved during the design and Octavius Atkinson & Sons Ltd. The European market for structural steel­ construction processes, and afterwards. Robert Watson & Co. work is estimated at 7 to 9bn Ecu per annum, The product information activities of Phase (Constructional Engineers) Ltd. representing about 5M tonnes of steel 2 will provide the foundations of CIM . All Ward Building Systems Ltd. (erected). The major consuming countries other developments in the design and manu­ are the UK (1 .26M tonnes in 1988), West facturing areas will be co-ordinated to both Consulting engineers Germany (921 OOO tonnes in 1987), France contribute and conform to the developing Ove Arup & Partners (700 OOO tonnes in 1986), and Italy (610 OOO product model. tonnes in 1988). Unlike much of manufacturing industry, the Research organizations The market share of steel as compared with construction industry is project-based where Advanced Manufacturing Technology in situ and precast concrete varies from one numerous autonomous organizations are Research Institute* country to the next. For example, concrete contracted to work together on unique pro­ The Steel Construction Institute maintains a dominant share in France, jects. The achievement of efficient working The Welding Institute* whereas marketing in the UK has put steel practices, and in particular the establish­ Universities of Leeds, in a strong position. ment of information standards, are made Sheffield* and Nottingham Product Information very difficult by the presence of contractual At present, data relating to structural steel­ divides, geographical separation, incom­ Software house work, referred to within the project as 'pro­ patible systems, and conflicting objectives. Computer Services Consultants (UK) Ltd. duct information', is generally conveyed both This makes the structural steelwork industry Some organizations, marked(") above , will not be within and between organizations in the a particularly difficult candidate for CIM. collaborators in Phase 2 although their services form of paper documents. This is highly However, the potential benefits are great and may still be used. inefficient. we must tackle the difficulties.

Manufacturing . • Contract documents Clarification/detail queries Manufacturing instructions

Manufacturing costs

Drawing office programme

0:: •.. Purchase order Fabrication info./suppliers' Materials programme answers

Issued material/ Erection returned material programme

Steelwork fame

Erect frame 4 Performance and problems

1. A high level SADT (structural analysis and design tool) functional analysis model. SADT is a trademark of Softech Inc. 20 3. Computer Services Consultants' 5. The welding robot FASTRAK design installation at and analysis software. The Welding Institute.

5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ L...~~~~~~~~~~....::...J

Design Manufacture Ove Arup & Partners and fellow collaborators There are no structural steelwork manu­ the product model and it will provide an investigated a wide range of design topics facturers in Europe making full use of the essential element of the future CIM system. with special attention given to standards, latest computer-controlled machine tools As in design, the manufacturing activities will structural design and analysis software and available from suppliers such as Pedding­ address wider issues, including the develop­ to computer-aided design (CAD). One detail haus, Kaltenbach, Trennjaegar, Ficep and ment of a European quality assurance design system , BOCAD, shown in Fig. 2, Promat. Where machines like the one shown system and a European structural steelwork was used to prototype interfaces between in Fig. 4 are in use, they are not integrated specification. design and manufacture. BOCAD has a into the wider manufacturing process and system of macros which is capable of auto­ maximum benefits cannot be achieved. The The future matic generation of connection details. The weakest elements of the production process Phase 2 will take four to five years to com­ prototyping included the linking of a design are materials handling and welding. Phase plete and will in itself go only part of the way and analysis software package, FASTRAK 2 will carry out research and development to achieving CIM . The path towards full (shown in Fig. 3), with BOCAD to carry out into both of these areas. implementation will be progressive both the design, analysis and detailed design of within individual companies and within the The linking of computer-aided design (CAD) industry as a whole. a two-storey steel structure in a fully com­ and computer-aided manufacture (CAM) is a puterized manner with direct digital transfer key requirement for CIM . A mock-up of a It is accepted that technological innovation of all information. CAD/CAM link between BOCAD and a has a major role to play in ensuring long-term In Phase 2 we will not only produce improved number of computer-controlled machine survival and that investment in better equip­ design and analysis software which will be tools, including a welding robot, was suc­ ment and systems is essential to keep up compatible with the product model , but will cessfully carried out in Phase 1. Fig. 5 shows with the competition , wherever it may come also strive to create a European environment GRASP software in use at The Welding from. By undertaking this ambitious Eureka in which standards and design models are Institute to simulate and programme the project, the structural steelwork industry and amenable to efficient computerized solu­ welding robot visible in the background. its wider construction industry partners are tions. Thus, the Phase 2 design activities will actively pursuing a bright and profitable A key activity in Phase 2 will be the produc­ future. primarily concern: tion of a modular manufacturing information • Unified European design models based system (MIS). This will incorporate both Credits upon Eurocodes 3 and 4. improved computerized management tech­ Clients: • Design and analysis software compatible Department of Trade and Industry niques for planning and control of the manu­ BCSA with the product model, including software facturing operation, as well as providing the modules for connection design. Photos: mechanisms for integration of CAD with the 2. Ward Building Systems • Adaptation of standards to facilitate com­ direct digital control of machine tools and 3. Computer Services Consultants puterized solutions. their associated production processes. We 4. Press & Shear Machinery Ltd. • Software certification procedures. will develop the MIS to be compatible with 5. The Welding Institute 21 1989 Awards and Commendations Ove Arup Partnership have been associated with the following : European Steel Design Award 1. Broadgate Phases 1-4 Arup Associates Architects + Engineers + Quantity Surveyors Carpenters Award (Hardwood section) 2. York Minster restoration Architect: Charles Brown , Surveyor of the Fabric Structural engineer: Ove Arup & Partners (Glulam section) 3. Private House, London NW5 Architect and client: Richard Burton Geotechnical, structural and services 2.6. engineers: Ove Arup & Partners David Urwin Heritage Award (Winner, New Buildings Section) 4. New Court, Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge Architect: MacCormac Jamieson Pritchard & Wright Structural and services engineers: Ove Arup & Partners 1989 Housing Awards (Joint National Winner) 5. Collingwood Court, Morpeth, Northumberland Architect and client: David and Jane Darbyshire 3.6. Foundations and general advice: Ove Arup & Partners Financial Times Architecture at Work Award (Commendation) Industrial Agents Society Development of the Year Award 6. Stockley Park Arup Associates Architects + Engineers + Quantity Surveyors Civil engineering and transportation consultants: Ove Arup & Partners Financial Times Architecture at Work 1 .... Award (Commendation) 7. Princes Square, Glasgow Photos: Architect: Hugh Martin & Partners Structural engineer: Ove Arup & Partners 1. Arup Associates 7,11 . British Steel Scotland 2. Peter Ross 8,14. Peter Mackinven British Construction Industry Awards (Commendation, Buildings Section) 3. Ahrends Burton 9. Chris Hallick 8. 5 Longwalk Road, Stockley Park and Koralek 10. Peter Cook Architect: Foster Associates 4. Ove Arup & Partners 12. Fitzroy Robinson Structural and services engineers: 5. Jeremy Preston & Partners Ove Arup & Partners 6. Crispin Boyle 13. ORMS Architects Brick Development Association Quality Brickwork Award (Greater London Regional Winner) 9. London Scottish Regimental Headquarters Architect: T P Bennett & Son Structural engineer: Ove Arup & Partners Structural Steel Design Awards 10. Imperial War Museum Extension Arup Associates: Architects + Engineers + Quantity Surveyors 11. National Exhibition Centre, Halls 6, 7 & B Architect: The Seymour Harris Partnership Civil, structural and building services engineers: Ove Arup & Partners (Commendation) 12. CAA HQ, Gatwick Airport Architect: Fitzroy Robinson & Partners Structural and services engineers: Ove Arup & Partners RIBA Regional Awards (East Midlands region) 13. Next Headquarters, Enderby, Leicestershire Architect: ORMS Architects Structural engineer: Ove Arup & Partners (London region) 14. Bil/ingsgate Market Refurbishment Architect: Richard Rogers Partnership Ltd Structural and services engineers: Ove Arup & Partners British Construction Industry Awards Commendation: (Civil Engineering Section) Institution of Civil Engineers South Wales Branch Design Award Chepstow Inner Relief Road and Bridge (Back cover) Architects: Alex Gordon & Partners Wyn Thomas & Partners Civil and structural engineers: Ove Arup & Partners The 1989 Civic Trust Awards will be featured in 22 the Spring 1990 Arup Journal.

.!: Peter Dunican 1918-1989

Peter Dunican, who probably Hundreds of thousands were more than anyone, other than ill-housed, largely though not Sir Ove Arup himself, shaped totally as a result of the the fortunes of our firm into devastation caused by World what it is today, died on 18 War II. Ove had introduced December 1989. His presence some novel ideas in the use among us was a constant of reinforced concrete to reminder of the early housing just before the War. development of Arups and Peter took these ideas, built the principles on which our and developed them to the culture has been built. His stage that, when the passing takes away from us Government in the '60s much of the physical decided to support the fledgling embodiment and reminder of industrialized building market, our early history. he had secured for Arups a Peter Thomas Dunican was prime position where our born on 15 March 1918 in expertise both as designers Surbiton, Surrey, the only son as well as appraisers of of a Scottish mother and an building systems was Irish father. Although by unchallenged. That the efforts residence and affinity a then made were unsuccessful Londoner through and through , in solving the housing problems his Irish heritage, both by and that a backlash against natural attraction as well as multi-storey housing eventually sentiment, played a significant resulted has nothing to do role in his life. It was to find with the basic ideas and particular expression in his concepts, which were sound. contribution to and involvement They have proved to be with our Irish offices. successful in most other countries and were misapplied Peter was educated at the in this country. Peter never Central School , Clapham . He lost his belief in the concept left school in 1935 to work in of industrialized building as a the Battersea Public Library. means of solving the housing Whether or not this experience shortage - and there are imbued in him a zeal to learn signs that his belief will in and acquire information or one way or another be whether his thirst for knowledge fulfilled. was innate, his prodigious interest in books and Peter became a member of information in general was a games . . . ' and that his sliding over the years made it happen, the Institution of Structural lifelong passion . tackles as a halfback playing made it possible to create and Engineers in 1946, an football were feared by many develop a firm quite apart Institution he was to serve with In 1936 a friend induced him such distinction. He became a to join S.H. White and Son, opponents. philosophically as well as physicall y from the existing Vice-President in 1971 and Consulting Engineer, as a He stayed with Whites' until was President in 1977/1978. trainee engineer. At the same 1943, when he joined Ove Victoria Street establishment. Although both were born in He worked tirelessly fo r the time he went to the Battersea Arup in what was then called Institution, often challenging Polytechnic to study Arup & Arup Ltd., a firm of England, neither Peter nor Ove was strictly speaking English, the conventional wisdom, engineering, attending evening contractors as well as always ready to speak out for classes to obtain the education designers of mainly civil so that the non-conformist ideas and principles on wh ich what he thought to be right necessary to enable him to sit engineering works. (Pater's and eagerly advancing the the graduate and subsequently eyesight had precluded him our firm was bui lt had more to do with their respective cause of the engineer and the the associate membership from service in the armed structural engineer in examinations for entry to the forces in World War II .) When personal attributes than with their backgrounds. Both were particular. In the special 70th Institution of Structural Ove left Arup & Arup in 1946 birthday tribute to Peter Engineers. Day release to set up his independent rebels in the nicest sense of the word . Dunican published by us , schemes, let alone sandwich consulting engineering Cyril Morgan, who was the courses, were not available at practice, Peter went with him. Professionall y, Peter was Secretary of the Institution that time. Most engineers In many ways from then on , attracted to what he called during Pater's term of office, entered the profession through the history of Arups is a 'socially useful' building - said ' ... No man is a hero to part-time study in order to history of Peter Dunican. Ove housing, schools, universities , his valet . . . but some satisfy the entry requirements was the inspiration, the hospitals - and it was in the Presidents can command the of the professional institutions. philosopher, the progenitor of design of mass housing that real affection of Secretaries What will come as a surprise the modern structural engineer Pater's technical expertise of chartered engineering to many is that Peter in these, as a creative collaborator in and social conscience institutions. And so it was his younger days, was an the design of buildings, rather converged . His passion fo r with Peter . .. ' There can be enthusiastic and competent than an analyst who merely the need to improve the no finer tribute than that. The sportsman. A friend and ensured that tried and proven nation 's housing found a Institution awarded Peter the colleague of those early days solutions were checked for natural outlet in his contribution Lewis Kent Medal in 1984 for described him as being appropriateness and errors. to mass housing and in personal services to the 'positive and energetic in his Peter was the person who particular their structures. Institution and the profession . He was made an Associate Arups, however, other than go to make up civil engineering that your needs were met was Partner of Ove Arup & the Institution of Structural expertise. to phone Peter. No-one was Partners in 1949, a full Partner Engineers, was in the National turned away. That is not to in 1956 and, after the firm Building Agency which was His technical achievements say that he was saintly - his was reorganized in 1977 to set up by the Labour were substantial, but equally tongue could be sharp if he become a partnership of two Government in 1964 ' .. . to his indirect contributions by thought you had transgressed , unlimited companies, became help the industry to deal with helping others, his astute but never in a hurtful or the first Chairman of Ove the great upsurge of demand comments, his support when lasting manner. 'A clip around Arup Partnership. He had now facing it. This it will do the going got rough, were the ear' , he used to describe been chairman of the old by encouraging productivity invaluable. Many of us remain it with a laugh. He was a partnership meetings, but this both in traditional and grateful for his time and natural leader who, by was the first time that his industrialized building . . . consideration . Much of our example, inspired others to position was formalized. He etc.'. Peter was a part-time culture is a direct result of his great achievements, was also Chairman of The director of the Agency from contribution . The concept of commanded respect and Arup Partnerships since their its inception until 1978 when equal partnership, non­ affection, and was himself formation and retained both he succeeded Lord Goodman shareholding partners and equally loyal and steadfast to positions until his retirement as its Chairman , a post he ultimate ownership being friends and colleagues. in 1984. Since then he had held until 1982, when he was vested into trusts, owes much to Pater's beliefs and initiatives. He gave particular support to acted as consultant to the asked by the Government to certain practices abroad - practice. wind it up . There was no His outstanding achievement, Ireland, Nigeria and Zambia. better exemplar of what Pater's interests were wide however, was the creation of He was a jovial man whose Samuel Smiles meant when and varied. His prodigious the framework, the systems interests were wide, soaking he wrote, 'Those who have drive and energy allowed him which form the basis whereby up facts on many diverse and most to do and are willing to to contribute widely to the we carry out our work today. disparate topics. His memory work will find the most time '. construction industry. As early The Staff Office was his was lethal at times - he Peter was selfless in giving as 1957 he served on the creation; the administrative remembered matters which his time to the industry or to County Council's Advisory machinery which enables us were best forgotten! He liked causes in which he believed . Committee on the London to carry out our work as freely company, was always ready as possible was established for a discussion, if not an Building Acts and By-laws. He But it was his love for and was on a Ministry of Housing and developed by Peter; but argument, and was popular service to Arups which we his greatest contribution was with colleagues inside and Working Party to revise the must celebrate and which Model Building By-laws in probably the establishment of outside our firm. All in all - has enriched our lives our Library and information to quote Cyril Morgan again, 1960, on the Building immeasurably. He had an Regulations Advisory systems. Information, its 'A lovely man ... '. instinctive understanding of acquisition and distribution, Committee from 1962 to 1965, structures. He personally He read widely and he was and the Council of the was a lifelong interest and the particularly interested in designed or led the design for Library, its people and Architectural Association many significant projects. politics. He enjoyed music 1968-69. He was Chairman of functions featured high in Housing schemes, each of and going to the opera. But, the Ground and Structures Pater's priorities. He personally family apart, his life was many hundreds of units, bear never lost a boyish Research Committee of the witness to his interest in , and primarily and in single-minded Building Research Station, he enthusiasm for the acquisition fashion devoted to Arups and developing solutions to, of knowledge and the Library served on the Civil Engineering housing problems. He was the construction industry. Committee of the Science played a large part in fulfilling personally responsible for our He married Irene in 1942. Research Council 1968-71 , this drive. work on the Barbican They were happily married to~ and was a member of the Redevelopment, on the His door was always open to 47 years and she supported Joint Consultative Committee National Sports Centre at anyone who needed help or him generously during all and Chairman of the Joint Crystal Palace, the Stock advice. No problem was too those years he gave to us Building Group from 1973 to Exchange Building in the City small or mundane to warrant and the industry at large. She 1976. He was elected to the of London and the new his attention. If you needed survives him as do his three Fellowship of Engineering in University of East Anglia. He help you went to Peter. If you children and four grandchildren. 1978 and was a Member of developed a lasting interest in wanted something done you We shall miss him. They Council from 1983 to 1986. He soil mechanics from the time went to Peter. When you don't make them like that any was created a CBE in 1977. when it was the fledgling of were at the other side of the more. His great interest outside the several disciplines which world the only way to be sure Jack Zunz

Photo of Peter Dunican by Harry Sowden