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Baptria 2011-1 1Panu Välimäki, 2Kalle Männistö & 3Jari-Pekka Kaitila Kirjoittajien osoitteet – Authors’ addresses: 1Simeonintie 3, 90410 Oulu, e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] 3Kannuskuja 8 D 37, 01200 Vantaa, e-mail: jari.kaitila@ perhostutkijainseura.fi Tunturiperhosseuranta hahmottui vuosina 2008–2010 KALLE MÄNNISTÖ nnustetusti toteutuessaan laaja-alainen ilmaston tenkin hyvin ylimalkaista, eikä se riitä lajikohtaisten suo- muutos on merkittävimpiä luontoon vaikuttavis- jeluohjelmien tuottamiseen eikä lajien suotuisan suoje- ta tekijöistä. Talven 2010–2011 päinvastaisesta ti- lutason täyttymisen arviointiin. Suomessa tunturiperhos- E lanteesta huolimatta ilmaston muutoksen ennus- ten seuranta on toteutettu pitkään pelkästään Suomen tetaan pitkällä aikavälillä mm. nostavan talvilämpötiloja, Perhostutkijain Seuran (SPS) koordinoiman havaintotie- lopettavan kylmät sääjaksot ja lyhentävän lumipeiteaikaa tojen keräämisen kautta. Vuosina 1992–1994 Enontekiön Suomessa (Ilmatieteen laitos 2008). Ilmaston muuttuessa yleisle- Annjalonjille ja Saanalle perustettiin paiväaktiivisten per- vinneisyydeltään eteläisten hyönteislajien odotetaan le- hosten vakioidut laskentalinjat systemaattisen seuranta- viävän kohti pohjoista, kun taas pohjoisiin olosuhteisiin aineiston keräämiseksi (Somerma & Väisänen 1993, Somerma 1995), sopeutuneiden lajien odotetaan vetäytyvän yhä pohjoi- mutta käytännössä seuranta kuihtui muutaman vuoden semmaksi (Viidalepp & Mikkola 2007). kuluttua osin hallinnollisten muutosten seurauksena. Eräiden laskemien mukaan ennakoitu 2 °C nousu vuo- Edellä mainituista lähtökohdista SPS käynnisti yhteis- den keskilämpötilassa vuoteen 2100 mennessä johtai- työssä Suomen ympäristökeskuksen ja Metsähallituksen si Suomessa tilanteeseen, missä tunturipaljakkaa säilyisi kanssa pilottihankkeen tunturiperhosten runsaudessa vain Enontekiön suurtuntureilla (Norokorpi & Mäkelä 2008). Le- ja esiintymisessä tapahtuvien muutosten seurannaksi, vinneisyydeltään pohjoispainotteisten ja erityisesti puut- minkä tarkoituksena oli arvioida voidaanko seuranta to- tomalla paljakka-alueella esiintyvien perhosten seuranta teuttaa vapaaehtoisvoimin, ja missä muodossa (Välimäki ym. on siis ajankohtaista. Perhoshavaintoaineisto tunturilajis- 2009a, Välimäki ym. 2009b). ton runsaudesta ja todellisista esiintymisalueista on kui- Seurannan tavoitteet aluemuutosten todentamisessa ja tutki- ja toimintatavat musalueiden suojelutarpeen arvioinnissa. Yksilömääräseurannan tarkoituksena on Tavoitteena oli etsiä seurantamenetelmä, tuottaa yksilömääriin perustuvaa lajikoh- jolla voitaisiin havainnoida ja dokumen- taista runsaustietoa mahdollisimman mo- toida Suomessa levinneisyydeltään poh- nesta lajista. Tieteellinen näkökulma huo- joispainotteisten perhoslajien esiintymi- mioitiin sisällyttämällä seurannan piiriin sessä tai runsaudessa tapahtuvia muutok- kattavasti luonteeltaan erityyppiset elin- sia. Seuranta jaettiin suunnitteluvaihees- ympäristöt toistettuina riippumattomina sa tavoitteiden mukaisesti kahteen osioon. havaintoruutuina. Esiintymisalueseurannan tarkoituksena Seurannassa on keskitytty Enontekiön on selvittää erityiseksi kohdelajeiksi va- suurtuntureille – erityisesti Kilpisjärven littujen perhosten nykyiset esiintymisalu- kylän läheisyyteen sekä Kuonjarvarrin ja KALLE MÄNNISTÖ eet, mitä voidaan hyödyntää esiintymis- Tuelljehuhputin väliselle alueelle. Enon- 26 Baptria 1/2011 Monitoring scheme for subarctic butterfl ies Moniteringen av fj ällfj ärilar tog form and moths — notes from the pilot program under 2008–2010 2008–2010 The global climate change threatens fauna especially at the north- Den globala klimatförändringen hotar faunan speciellt på nordli- ern latitudes. In 2007, Lepidopterological Society of Finland made ga breddgrader. År 2007 tog Lepidopterologiska Sällskapet i Fin- an initiative to recreate a monitoring scheme for subarctic lepidop- land initiativ till att återskapa ett moniteringsprogram för subark- tera. A three-year pilot program aimed to test new ideas and moni- tiska fjärilsarter. Ett treårigt pilotprogram för testning av nya idéer toring methods was launched in collaboration with Finnish Forest och uppföljningsmetoder startades tillsammans med Forststyrelsen and Park Service and Finnish Environment Institute in 2008. Dur- och Finlands miljöcentral år 2008. Inom ramarna för pilotprogram- ing the pilot program, monitoring has taken place in Le Enontekiö met har monitering av fjärilar utförts i Le Enontekis i närheten av in the vicinity of Kilpisjärvi and fjelds Kuonjarvarri and Tuelljehuh- sjön Kilpisjärvi och fjällen Kuonjarvarri och Tuolljehuhtput. Dag- put. Butterfl ies and moths have been monitored in two ways. In oc- fjärilar och övriga Lepidoptera har moniterats på två sätt. Arternas currence monitoring, each observation of the 49 specifi ed subarctic förekomst har följts upp genom att varje observation av de 49 på- species (see Table 2) is plotted on a map. Abundance monitoring con- träffade subarktiska arterna (se tabell 2) noterats på en karta. Uppfölj- cerning mainly diurnal species takes place on standardized 50×50 ningen av fjärilarnas abundanser har följts med inom standardisera- m squares, where an observant spends 30 minutes and counts all in- de 50×50 meters rutor, där observatören vistades i 30 minuter och dividuals that (s-)he identifi es defi nitely. räknade alla exemplar han eller hon säkert kunnat identifi era. The most prominent changes made in monitoring practices in År 2010 genomfördes en ändring av metodiken så att även några 2010 were inclusion of some easily identifi able Microlepidopteran lätt identifi erbara småfjärilsarter (Tabell 1) togs med i moniteringen. species (Table 1) as minimum requirements to basic monitoring and Dessutom byttes några av de standardiserade moniteringsrutorna replacement of some formerly used standardized squares. These ut. Förändringarna gjordes för att öka moniteringens taxonomiska were done to increase the taxonomic coverage of the monitoring täckningsgrad och för att inkludera sådana replikatrutor som repre- scheme and to fi nd such replicate squares that have the highest rich- senterar den högsta artrikedomen på de fyra huvudsakliga habitat ness of subarctic species to represent each of the four main habitat som omfattas av undersökningen. Moniteringen utfördes för första types under survey. Monitoring was conducted for the fi rst time by gången nu också av frivilliga observatörer i naturreservaten på fjäl- volunteers also in the nature reserves of Malla and Saana. len Malla och Saana. The modifi cations turned out to be benefi cial. Of course, the Ändringarna visade sig vara lyckade. En hel del intressanta fynd monitoring yielded some interesting fi ndings such as 13 observa- gjordes. Bland annat påträffades 13 exemplar av den akut hotade tions of the critically endangered Loxostege ephippialis (see Fig. 2) arten Loxostege ephippialis (se Fig. 2). Talrika fynd av andra hotade and numerous fi ndings of other endangered species outside the cur- arter gjorde dessutom utanför de nuvarande naturskyddsområdena rent nature reserves (Figs. 3 and 4). Most importantly, however, the (se Fig. 3 och fi g. 4). Det viktigaste var emellertid att antalet frivilliga number of volunteers remained high all along, which ensured that observatörer förblev stort, vilket gjorde det möjligt att både före- both occurrence and abundance monitoring could be carried out ac- komst- och abundansmoniteringen kunde utföras planenligt. Som cording to a plan. As a consequence of improvements during the en följd av fl era förbättringar under pilotprogrammets genomföran- pilot program, the number of surveys conducted on standardized de ökade antalet inventeringar av de standardiserade rutorna enligt squares kept increasing (2008: 22; 2009: 31; 2010: 65). Also the följande: (2008: 22; 2009: 31; 2010: 65). Dessutom ökade antalet numbers of recorded species and individuals in abundance moni- observerade arter och exemplar från år till år (2008: 33 arter, 223 toring increased from year to year (2008: 33 species, 223 individu- exemplar; 2009: 39, 582; 2010: 87, 2541). Den ökande trenden gäll- als; 2009: 39, 582; 2010: 87, 2541). The positive trend applies also de också för förekomstmoniteringen, som resulterade i totalt 706 to occurrence monitoring, which yielded a total of 706 reports on rapporterade observationspunkter av fördelade på 43 arter (Tabell 2). exact fi nding spots distributed among 43 species under monitoring Den allmänna nyttan av moniteringsprogrammet när det gäller att ta (Table 2). The overall importance of the monitoring scheme in pro- fram viktig information syns tydligt i den fi nländska entomologis- viding valuable data refl ects nicely to data in the Finnish entomo- ka databasen (http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi /insects/main/EntDataba- logical database (http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi /insects/main/EntDa- se.html). Här ökade fjärilsobservationerna från Lapponia enonte- tabase.html). The number of Lepidoptera observations recorded in kiensis (Le) dramatiskt sedan programmet startade, medan mer eller Lapponia enontekiensis (Le) has increased dramatically since the mindre det motsatta skett i provinsen Lapponia inarensis (Li) (Fig. scheme was launched, whereas almost the opposite has happened in 1). Lapponia inarensis (Li) (Fig. 1). Moniteringsprogrammets pilotfas är nu avslutad. Sammanfatt- The pilot phase of the monitoring scheme has ended. To con- ningsvis kan vi konstatera att det verkar vara möjligt att insamla sto- clude, it seems possible to gather large and detailed enough data set ra mängder
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