Unit II: READING #22
ABOUT THE flEW
AdolfHitler
he Jewish people, despite all apparent as soon as a favorable medium invites him. And the Tintellectual qualities, is without any true effect of his existence is also like that of spongers: culture, and especially without any culture of its own. wherever he appears, the host people dies out after a For what sham culture the Jew today possesses is the shorter or longer period. property of other peoples, and for the most part it is Thus, the Jew of all times has lived in the states ruined in his bands. of other peoples, and there formed his own state, Thus, the Jew lacks those qualities which which, to be sure, habitually sailed under the distinguish the races that are creative and hence disguise of “religious community” as long as outward culturally blessed. circumstances made a complete revelation of his The Jew never possessed a state with definite nature seem inadvisable. But as soon as he felt strong territorial limits and therefore never called a culture enough to do without the protective cloak, he always his own... dropped the veil and suddenly became what so many He is, and remains, the typical parasite, a of the others previously did not want to believe and sponger who like a noxious bacillus keeps spreading see: the Jew.
DISCUSSION/QUESTIONS
222 Learn about Hitler and histheories.Thelast documentwritenby the Fuhrerjustbefore his death was a plea to the German people to carry on the “struggle”against the Jews. Thedocumentthat brought hisphilospophyto the attentionof the world twenty years earlier.Mein Kampf(myStruggle),also usesthat terminitstitle.Why did Hitlerviewthe world in termsof struggle?What does that suggest about the individual?What were his racial theories? Howdid he become convincedthat the Jews were the source of all evil?Relatethese theories to the concept of scapegoating. What eventsin Hitler’sown lifemay have created the need for a scapegoat?
Source:Chartock,RoselIe and Jack Spencer Eds.The HolocaustYears:Societyon Trial.New York:BantamBooks,1978.
New Jersey Commission on Holocaust Education Unit III: READING #21
V\/I lAf THE NAZIS BELIEi ED
What was so attractive about Nazism? Before answering that, we must first understand what the Nazis believed. As one author has stated, “Nazismis an attitude towards life.”
1. The Nazis valued the community rather than the individual.
A. The overall goal was unity; as Hitler stated: “the preservation and fostering of living beings who are physically and mentally alike.” B. As befits the term “totalitarian,” the state would largely control the life of the citizen. As Robert Ley put it, “our state never releases the human being from the cradle to the grave.” Individuals were to be measured by their usefulness to the state. C. These values were supported by the words of others in German history. The philosopher Hegel had said, “Everything that man is, he owes to the state ... all value which man has, all spiritual reality, he only has through the state.”
II. The Nazis valued authority and order.
A. Democracy as a workable system was dead. The people needed a mystical savior to lead them. Hitler was their charismatic salvation. He was “Der Fuhrer.” B. When the Nazis went to the people, they gave “the whole people an opportunity to demonstrate and proclaim its support of an aim announced by the Fuhrer.” The Fuhrer was infallible. He gave the laws to Germany. C. As one Nazi stated, “The National Socialists believe in Hitler who embodies their will...Only what 315 Adolf Hitler, our Fuhrer, allows or does not allow is our conscience.” “In thy service is perfect freedom D. The Nazis quoted the German writer Goethe, “I would rather commit an injustice than endure disorder.” Thus, the emphasis was placed on order, control, discipline, duty, and sacrifice. “Through the door of death we enter the door of true life.... He who does not risk his life to gain it ever anew is already dead, though he still breathes, eats, and drinks. Death is only a departure for the sake of a higher life. We are born to die for Germany.” E. Tojustify Hitler’s decision making, the Nazis quoted Gerhart Hauptmann. “If only life would demand no more solutions from us,” Since people did not want to make decisions. Hitler would do it for them.
Ill. The Nazis valued the concept of a select race.
A. The Germans were a superior race, a group they called the Aryan race. B. Germany was destined to lead the world. Nature and fate would produce events to make this happen. The Aryan people would need more territory in which to grow. This desire to expand German boundaries was called Lebensraum, C. Only those of true German blood could be citizens. The Nazis called them the Volk. Concern for the Volk lead to a glorification of German “ancestry.” Great Germans of the past, from Beethoven to Wagner, were honored. The Nazis studied Teutonic mythology and took pride in the heroic exploits of their ancestors. Praising the past led to an admiration for the medieval peasant. The peasant virtues of simplicity, honesty, and physical labor were glorified. D. As a result, Nazi education emphasized German history, biology, and physical education. E. One of the favorite images of the Nazis was the German painter Albrecht Durer’s “The Knight,
Source: Furman, Harry, Ed. The Holocaust and Genocide: A Search for Conscience—AnAnthology for Students. New York:Anti-DefamationLeague, 1983. 316 New Source:
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with the Unit III: READING #21
Advocated by Nazis Opposed by Nazis community democracy unity equality the fuhrer individual freedom mysticism Jews salvation thinking charisma peace order internationalism discipline Marxism/Communism duty rationalism sacrifice a passive Jesus conformity modernity Aryan birth control blood integration of races destiny conscience Volk intellectual Lebensraum inquiry physical labor abstract art heroism sense of mission strength war patriotism/nationalism Social Darwinism male dominance force/violence eugenics control
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION:
How do you feel about judgingthe value of someone by examininghisor her usefulnessto you?
2. What did the Nazis believe about the average person’sdesire to make politicaldecisions?Are they right?
3. Why were the Nazis so criticalof intellectuals?Isthe developmentof the mindor the body more important?
4. Do you thinkthe values expressed by the Nazis were very unusualin their day? Discuss.
5. Thefollowingstatementwas made by Theodore Rooseveltin the early twentiethcentury:
Someday we wi11 realize that the primeduty, the inescapable duty of the good citizensof the righttype is to leave hisor her blood behind himin the world;and that we have no businessto permit the perpetua tionof citizensof the wrong type. Thegreat problem of civilizationis to secure a relativeincrease of the valuable as compared withthe lessvaluable or noxiouselementsin the population...Theproblem cannot be met unlesswe givefullconsiderationto the immenseinfluenceof heredity...!wishverymuchthat the wrong people could be prevented entirelyfrombreeding; and when the evilnature of these people is sufficientlyflagrant, thisshould be done. Criminalsshould be sterilizedand feeblemindedpersons forbidden to leave off-springbehind them...Theemphasisshould be laid on getting desirable people to breed.
What values are indicated by the statement?Doyou agree withthe statement?
6. What kindof societyis created that downplaysthe role of moralityand conscience?
Source: Furman, Harry, Ed. The Holocaust and Genocide: A Search for Conscience—AnAnthology for Students. New York:Anti.Defamation League, 1983. Unit II: READING #21
(2ANONICAL AND NA Z][ ANTMEV\i ISH MEASURES
Raul Hi/berg
Destruction of the European Jews
1’Canonical (Church) Law ÷ Nazi Measure t Prohibition of intermarriage and of sexual intercourse between Christians and Jews, Synod of Elvira, 306 ÷ Lawfor the Protection of German Blood and Honor,September 15, 1935 t Jews and Christians not permitted to eat together, Synod of Elvira,306 + Jews barred from dining cars (Transport Minister to Interior Minister,December 30, 1939) t Jews not allowed to hold public office, Synod of Clermont, 535 + Lawfor the Re-establishmentof the Professional Civil Service, April 7, 1933 t Jews not allowed to employ Christian servants or possess Christian slaves, 3d Synod of Orleans, 538 ÷ Lawfor the Protection of German Blood and Honor,September 15, 1935
11” show in the streets during Passion Week,3d Synod of Orleans, 538 Jews not permitted to themselves 219 + Decree authorizing local authorities to bar Jews from the streets on certain days (i.e. Naziholidays), December 3, 1938
‘ii” Burning of the Talmud and other books, 12th Synod of Toledo,681 ÷ Book burnings in NaziGermany t Christians not permitted to patronize Jewish doctors, Trulanic Synod, 692 -F Decree of July 25,1938 t Christians not permitted to live in Jewish homes, Synod of Narbonne, 1050 + Directiveby Goring providing for concentration of Jews in houses, Dec.28, 1938
1i Jews obliged to pay taxes for support of the Church to the same extent as Christians, Synod of Gerona, 1073 -I- The “Sozialausgleichsabgabe”which provided that Jews pay a special income tax in lieu of donations for Party purposes imposed by Nazis,Dec.24, 1940 t Jews not permitted to be plaintiffs, or witnesses against Christians in the Courts, 3d Lateran Council, 1179 ÷ Proposal by the Party Chancellerythat Jews not be permitted to institute civil suits, September 9, 1942
Source: Hilberg, Paul. “Canonical and Nazi Anti-JewishMeasures,” and “Pre-Nazi and Nazi, Anti-JewishMeasures.” The Destruction oi the European Jews. New York:Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc., 1985. 220 the +
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in through his behavior, shows that he is both desirous and personally fit to serve loyally the German people and the Reich. (2) The right to citizenship is obtained by the grant of Reich citizenship papers. (3) Only the citizen of the Reich may enjoy full political rights in consonance with the provisions of the laws. ARTICLE 3. The Reich Minister of the Interior, in conjunction with the Deputy to the Fuehrer. will issue the required legal and administrative decrees for the implementation and amplification of this law. Promulgated: September 16, 1935. In force: September 30, 1935.
First Supplementary Decree of November 14, 1935 On the basis of Article III of the Reich Citizenship Law of September 15, 1935, the following is hereby decreed:
ARTICLE 1. (1) Until further provisions concerning citizenship papers, all subjects of German or kindred blood who possessed the right to vote in the Reichstag elections when the Citizenship Law came into effect, shall, for the present, possess the rights of Reich citizens. The same shall be true of those upon whom the Reich Minister of the Interior, in conjunction with the Deputy to the Fuehrer shall confer citizenship. (2) The Reich Minister of the Interior, in conjunction with the Deputy to the Fuehrer, may revoke citizenship.
ARTICLE 2. (1) The provisions of Article I shall apply also to subjects who are of mixed Jewish blood. (2) An individual of mixed Jewish blood is one who is descended from one or two grandparents who, racially, were full Jews, insofar that he is not a Jew according to Section 2 of Article 5. Full-blooded Jewish grandparents are those who belonged to the Jewish religious community. ARTICLE 3. Only citizens of the Reich, as bearers of full political rights, can exercise the right of voting in political matters, and have the right to hold public office. The Reich Minister of the Interior, or any agency he empowers, can make exceptions during the transition period on the matter of holding public office. The measures do not apply to matters concerning religious organizations.
ARTICLE 4. (1) A Jew cannot be a citizen of the Reich. He cannot exercise the right to vote; he cannot hold public office. (2) Jewish officials will be retired as of December 31, 1935. In the event that such officials served at the front in the World War either for Germany or her allies, they shall receive as pension. until they reach the age limit. the full salary last received, on the basis of which their pension would have been computed. They shall not, however, be promoted according to their seniority in rank. When they reach the age limit, their pension will be computed again, according to the salary last received on which their pension was to be calculated. (3) These provisions do not concern the affairs of religious organizations. (4) The conditions regarding service of teachers in public Jewish schools remains unchanged until the promulgation of new laws on the Jewish school system.
ARTICLE 5 (1) A Jew is an individual who is descended from at least three grandparents who were, racially, full Jews... (2) A Jew is also an individual who is descended from two full-Jewish grandparents if: (a) he was a member of the Jewish religious community when this law was issued, or joined the community later; (b) when the law was issued, he was married to a person who was a Jew, or was subsequently married to a Jew; (c) he is the issue from a marriage with a Jew, in the sense of Section I, which was contracted after the coming into effect of the Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor of September 15, 1935; (d) he is the issue of an extramarital relationship with a Jew, in the sense of Section I, and was born out of wedlock after July 31, 1936.
ARTICLE 6. (1) Insofar as there are, in the laws of the Reich or in the decrees of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party and its affiliates, certain requirements for the purity of German blood which extend beyond Article 5, the same remain untouched....
ARTICLE 7. The Fuehrer and Chancellor of the Reich is empowered to release anyone from the provisions of these administrative decrees. Unit IV: READING #9 tFHF NIGHT OF BROKEN GLASS GeraldGreen
On November 4 1938, ErnstVomRoth,a member of the German Embassyin Paris,was assassinated by Herschel Grynszpan, a young PolishJew. Grynszpan had received a letter from his sister in which she stated that the Grynszpan family, together with all PolishJews living in Germany, had been arrested and deported to Poland. Seeking revenge for the sufferingof his family,Grynszpan, who was 17 years old, bought a hand gun, went to the German Embassy,and shot VomRath,who later died.
Supposedly in retaliation, the Nazis determined that all places of Jewish worship in Germany and Austria were to be destroyed. In reality, plans for such a riot had been made long before, and only awaited the appropriate moment for execution. Thus, on November 9. 1938, a “spontaneous” demonstration of anger was carried out. Infifteen hours, 101 synagogues were destroyed by fire, and seventy-sixothers were demolished. Seventy-fivehundred Jewish-owned stores were destroyed. The streets were filledwith broken glass; thus the name given to this event was Kristallnacht,or “The Night of Broken Glass.” Then the government decided that the Jews would have to pay an “atonement payment” for having caused the damage. Millionsof dollars had to be paid by the Jews and their insurance companies to the Nazi government. A new stage In the process of death had begun. The following selection is taken from the docunovel Holocaust by Gerald Green. Although the characters may be fictional,the story is true.
he world now knows it as Kristallnacht—the lookedfrom the window,screamingfor the police. Tnight of broken glass. It marked the true Three Berlinpolicemenstood on the far cornerand gang, seven or eight, knocked beginningof the destructionof our people.I saw it; watched as the downagainand again,turned his headinto 413 Iwas in the midstof it.., Grandpa Thecowardlybastardscamedownthe street on a bloodypulp,rippedhis jacketoff. which Grandpa had his bookstore. Smashed Oneofthem madehimgeton allfoursand rode windows.Burnedmerchandise.Beatup anyJewthey him,as if he werea horse. couldlaytheir handson.Twomenwhotriedto fight Then he saw Heinz MuIIer...Factoryworker, backwere beatento death on the spot —Mr.Cohen, unionman,he wassomekind of minorofficialin the the furrier, and Mr.Seligman,who ran a dry-goods local NaziParty now. He was in civilianclothing, shop. leadinga singinggang.As usual,the HorstWessel Theybrokethe windowwith the goldlettering: song.TheywantedJewishblood. H. PALITZBOOKSTORE.Grandpawas a tough old They dragged Grandpato his feet—thepolice bird.Likemymother,he wasconvinced—evenat this werestill watching,smilingthose flat, coldsmiles— late date!—thathe was a better Germanthan they and Mullerhandedmygrandfathera toy drum. were, that his Iron Crosswould protect him, that “You’resucha f—war hero, Palitz,”Mullersaid. somemiraclefromHeavenwouldmakethemgoaway “Leadthe parade.Beatthe drum,youoldJewliar.” So he came out of the store wavinghis cane, Behind grandfather were a half-dozenother after the first brick had shattered the glass, and Jewishstore owners.Theirshopshad beensmashed, shoutedat them to go away.The mob answeredby looted,burned.Thestreet wasablaze. throwinghis booksintothe street—rareeditions,old That bastard Muller!Mygrandmotherwatched, maps,everything—andsettingthemafire.Theycalled weeping,terrified, as Grandpa began to beat the him an old kike,knockedhim down,beat his back drum,and the Jewishmerchants,with signsreading with canes. JUDEhangingontheir necks,wereparadeddownthe Hekeptprotestingthat he wasCaptainHeinrich street. Palitz,formerlyof the SecondBerlinMachineGun Andno one lifteda finger. Regiment.It made them angrier. Mygrandmother Mygrandmothercalled our house and told us
Source:Green, Gerald. “TheNightof BrokenGlaus.”TheHolocaustond Genocide:A Search for Conscience—AnAnthologyfor Students, HurryFurman,ed. New York:Anti.DefamationLeague,1983 loutof printl. Unit IV: READING #9
Map2. Thedestructionof synagoguesthroughoutAustria and Germanywas widespread.ReprintedfromAtlasof the Holocaustby 414 Martin Gilbert,withpermission of MacmillanPublishingCompany.
what was happening.Weknew.Wecouldhear glass shop.Everythinghe ownedhad beenstolen.
shatteringall overour neighborhood. Atruck camerumblingby.I grabbedAnnaand Myparentsstoodfrozenin the livingroom. we hid in an alley.It wasan opentruck...Therewere “Ishall callthe police,”myfathersaid. This is men paradingup and down with signsdenouncing intolerable.Yes,there are lawsagainst us, but this the Jews.Mr.Seligman,fromwhommymotherused kind of violence...” to buydraperiesand bed linen,was lyingfacedown Myfather’spathetic beliefthat there still was in a poolof bloodand brokenglass. somekindofjusticein Germanyalmostmademecry. The truck stopped and the hoodlumsjumped Beinga just man,he couldnot believeotherwise. off... “Wemustwait...waitand pray,”mymothersaid. Then we saw the parade. Grandpa,his head “It can’t last forever.What good can it do them?” bloodied,one eyeclosed,wasbeingforcedto leadit,
“Youcanwait.”Isaid.“I’mgoingoutto getGrandpa.” beatingon the toy drum.Everyfewsteps,he andthe Mymothergrabbedmysleeveand tried to hold other storekeeperswouldbe beaten with clubsand meback.Shewasusedto havingherway,forcingher chains...
childrento bendto her will. I steppedout of the alley.Beyondthe street the
“Iforbidit. Rudi!Youcan’tfightthem all!” sky was turning orange with fires. I could hear “Yes,”my father said. “Theyare lookingfor womenwailing.And moreglassbreaking,as if they excusesto kill us!Wemustn’tfightback!” meant to break every dewishownedwindow in “They’vegot all the excusesthey need,” Berlin.
I pulledawayfrommymotherand randownthe Themobseemedto begettingwearyof itsgame.
stairs. As I was putting on my sweater.Anna came Muller’sgangbeganwanderingoff.Grandpawasstill runningafter me. standingerect,refusingto cry,or beg,or plead.
The street was a wreck.Everystore had been I walked up to him and took his hands. smashed.Mostwereon fire.Mr.Goldbaum,a jeweler, “Grandpa.It’sme.Rudi.” was playinga fire hose againstthe remainsof his Annacamerunningout and took his arm.
Source:Green, Gerald, “TheNightof BrokenGloss.”TheHolocaustand Genocide:A Search for Conscience—AnAnthologyfor Students. Harry Furman,ed. New York:Anti.DefomationLeague, 1983 (outof print>. New Jersey Commission on Holocaust Education Unit IV: READING #9
At the rear of the columnof Jews,a drunken Fiveor six of them gatheredaround us. Anna young man was rifling pockets— stealing wallets, huggedGrandpa. pens,watches.Mullershoutedat him.‘Hey.Theparty Mullerrubbedhis chin, glared at me through says none of that. This is a patrioticdemonstration, the hazeof smoke.Peoplewere coughing,doubled not a robbery.” over. “That’swhatyouthink. Muller,”the mansaid. “Okay,Weiss.Beatit.Takethe olds—withyou. You obey orders.” Mullershouted. Then he Getoffthe street.” lookedat mein the dim lightand walkedtowardme. I supposeI shouldhave been gratefulto him, Therewas a momentof recognition,almosthuman, andto Hans.Butsomethingwasbuildingup in me.
I in his eyes,and Iwondernow,couldthere havebeen I knewwhat.Revenge.Someday wantedthe sheer somethingdecent in this man, somethingthat was joy of smashingtheir faces,shamingthem, letting crushed?Afterall, he was not, likesomeofthe SS,a them knowthey couldnot do this to us. gangsteror a tramp,a rootlesstroublemaker:he had WehelpedGrandpato his house.He and my a trade, he knew respectablepeople. What had grandmother lived in an apartment over the impelledhimto becomea brute?I’mnot sure I know bookstore.Oncehestoppedand pickedupa burned yet: nor am I sure that it matters any more. An first editionof Johnson’sdictionary,then an early honorableman who turns criminal,especiallyif he editionof Faust.Heturnedthe charredpagessadly. moralizesabout it, is perhapsmoreto be hatedthan “Hemrich, Heinrich,”my grandmotherwept. a habitualburglaror murderer,. “Howcouldthey do this to an old man?” Muller asked if he knew me, and Grandpa He wiped blood from his forehead,stiffened replied that I was his grandson, Rudi Weiss. In his back.“I’llsurvive.”He lookedat the burned response,Mullerslappedmy grandfather’sface and booksagain.“Butmybooks...” said.“Shutup,youold kike.” “Annaand I willcleanup,”I said. ButI saw it
He’san old man,” I said. ‘Youwant to fight was useless.Hewouldneversell a bookor a print someone,fight me. Not a mob, just you and me. or a mapagain. Muller.”
QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION 415 1. How do you react to Grynszpan and to hisassassinationof VomRath?Explain
2. What do the police do whilethe Grandfather is being attacked?
3. How do you thinkyou would have reacted to thissituation?Why?
Source:Green, Gerald. “TheNightof BrokenGlass.”TheHolocaustond Genocide:A Search for Conscience—AnAnthologyfor Students. Harry Furman,ed. New York:Anti-DefamationLeague, 1983 (outof print>. Unit IV: READING #1.9
THE EINfSATZGRJJPPEN
n June 22, 1941, the Germanarmy invaded Q Sovietterritory. They did not enter alone— small units of SSand police,some three thousand men in all, were also dispatched on special assignment.Theirtask to kill the Jewson the spot— Jews, but not only Jews; communists, Gypsies, political leaders, and the intelligentsiawere also killed.Order Policebattalions,WaffenSS units,the HigherSS,and PoliceLeadersalso carried out these massexecutions. Their primarytargets,Jews,were concentrated in the areas within easy reachof the Germanarmy. Almostnine in ten Jewswere urbanized,living in largecitieswherethe rapidadvanceofthe armyand the swiftactionof the mobilekillingunitsleftthem unawareof their fate,paralyzed,unableto act. There were five stages to the killing. The invasionwasfollowedimmediatelybythe roundupof Jewsand other intendedvictims.Thoseroundedup weremarchedto the outskirtsofthe citywherethey wereshot.Theirbodieswere buriedin massgraves— largeditcheswerefilledwith bodiesof peoplewho had been shot one by one and buried layer upon layer The residentsofthese citiescouldsee whatwas 439 happening. They could hear the shots and the TwoJewishwomen.1941.BilderdienstSuo’deutscherVerlag. victims’cries. Most often, they remained neutral, neitherhelpingthe killernor offeringsolaceto the victim.Yetneutralityhelpedthe killerneverhis victim. Frequently,localpogromswere encouragedby the Wehrmachtand the SS,especiallyin Lithuaniaand Latvia.EveryJewkilledbroughtthe Naziscloserto their goal. Auxiliarypolicecomprisedof localnativesbecameindispensableto the understaffedkillingunits.Local collaboratorsvolunteered. Beforethis phaseof the killingended, morethan 1.2 millionJewswere killed.Their bodieswere piled high in massgravesthroughoutoccupiedSovietterritories. Laterstill, in 1942 and 1943, when the war had turned againstthe Germans,SS kommandosoldiers returnedto thesesitesof infamyto unearththe gravesand burnthe bodies,thus leavingno trace ofthe crime. Themenwhoran the mobilekillingunitsthat roundedupand murderedJewswerenot Germancriminals but ordinary citizens.In scholarlyliterature,there is a currentdebatewhetherthey were ordinary men”or ordinary‘Germans”imbuedwith a racistideologythat sanctifiedthese killings.Accordingto RaulHilberg,the great majorityof the officersof the Einsatzgruppenwereprofessionalmen,who were in no sense hoodlums, delinquents,or sex maniacs;mostwere intellectualsmostwereeducatedat universities.Theybroughtto their newtask all the skillsand training which,as men of thought,they werecapableof contributing.Thesemen becameefficientkillers. Ahandfulof menhad requestedto be relievedof their unconscionableassignment;nothinghappenedto them. The rest went along performinga difficultand disciplinedtask. The killers drank heavily.Alcohol somehowmadeit easier Theyspokein euphemisms,neverquitesayingwhattheyweredoing.Theirlanguageneverspokeofmurder and killingbut of specialactions,specialtreatment,executivemeasures,cleansing,resettlements,liquidation, finishingoff,appropriatetreatment.
Berenbaum,Michael. “TheEinsatzgrapper.” Witnessto the Holocaust:An IllustratedDocumentaryHistoryof the Holocaustinthe Words of its Victims,Perpetratorsand Bystanders. New York:Harper CollinsPublishers.1997. 112.116. 440
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