Contents

Foreword Dan Michman ix

Part One: Historiography

Research on in and in General: History and Context Dan Michman

Part Two: On the Eve of the Occupation

Belgian Jewry The Zionist Kaleidoscope in Belgium Daniel Dratwa 43 Jewish Immigration and in Belgium, 1925-1939 Rudi Van Doorslaer 63 Belgian Jewry Reacts to the Nazi Regime Prior to the Occupation: The Case of the Economic Boycott, 1933-1939 Jean-Philippe Schreiber 83

Belgian Attitudes Toward the The Attitude of the Belgian Roman Catholic Clergy Toward the Jews Prior to the Occupation Lieven Saerens 117 's Attitude Toward the Jews from 1918 to 1940 and Its Implications for the Period of the Occupation Lieven Saerens 159

Part Three: Under the Nazi Yoke

The German Occupier The Judenpolitik in Belgium Within the West European Context: Comparative Observations Maxime Steinberg 199

Belgian Attitudes Toward the Jews The Belgian Catholics and the Jews During the German Occupation, 1940-1944 Mark Van den Wijngaert 225 Baptism and Conversion of Jews in Belgium, 1939-1945 Luc Dequeker 235 Resistance Movements and the "Jewish Question" Jose Gotovitch 273 The Attitude of the Belgian Government-in-Exile in London Toward the Jews and the Jewish Question During World War II Veronique Laureys 287 The Rescue of Jewish Children in Belgium During World War II Mordecai Paldiel 307 The Fate of the Jewish Communities in the North of During World War II Danielle Delmaire 327

Belgian Jewry Facing Persecutions The Jews in the Years 1940-1944: Three Strategies for Coping with a Tragedy Maxime Steinberg 347 The Belgian Zionist Youth Movements During the Nazi Occupation Dan Michman 373 The Contacts Between the World Hechaluz Center in Geneva and the Zionist-Pioneering Underground in Belgium Hava Wagman-Eshkoli 397 Jewish Orphanages in Belgium Under the German Occupation Sylvain Brachfeld 419 Rescue and Return: Post- German-Jewish Refugee Children in Belgium and Their Return to in 1941 Mordechai Ansbacher 433 Belgian Jews in France, 1940-1944 Lucien Lazare 445 — The Impact of Persecution on the Art of a German-Jewish Refugee in Belgium Dalia Hakker-Orion 457

Part Four: Aftermath

The Jewish Brigade in Belgium Yoav Gelber Re-education of War-Orphaned Jewish Children and Adolescents in Children's and Youth Homes in Belgium, 1945-1949 Arye Riesel 483 Kehillath Morya: Portrait of a Refugee Community in New York City, 1943-1987 Judith Tydor Baumel 499 Genocide and Its Memories: A Preliminary Study on How Belgian Jewry Coped with the Results of the Holocaust Daniel Dratwa 523

The Contributors 559 Index 567