Downloaded from Brill.Com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM Via Free Access 374 Appendices Table 1 Military Swimming in Ancient Land Battles (Cont.)

Appendices

table 1 Military swimming in ancient land battles

Date Location / battle Protagonists Means Source

883–59 BCE Turbulent river Assyrians Aided: inflated Palace of (reliefs) skins Aššurnasirpal II Unaided (British Museum) (drowning?) 522 BCE Tigris R. / Persians under Aided: inflated Bisitun inscriptiona Rebellion of Darius I skins / camels / Nadintabaira horseback Lake / Mettus Curtius Unaided: in Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. Roman-Sabine (Sabine) armor 2.42.5–6, 2.46.3 conflict under Livy suggests on C. Calpurnius Piso Romulus horseback (Varro Ling. 5.149) Livy 1.12.8–10, 1.13.5 c. 508 BCE Pons Horatius Cocles Unaided: in Polyb. 6.55 Sublicius over armor and Livy 2.10.1–13 Tiber R. / Rome wounded Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. vs. Etruscan Lars 5.23.3–25.4 Porsenna Verg. Aen. 8.649–50 Frontin. Str. 2.13.5. Plut. Vit. Publicola 16.4–7 Plut. Mor. Parallela Graeca et Romana 307d–e Val. Max. 3.2.1 Juv. 3.8.261–65 Flor. 1.10 (1.4.4–5) Cass. Dio 45.31 (Cicero) a Kuhrt, 144 (no. 18).

© Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2021 | doi:10.1163/9789004446199_017 John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access 374 Appendices table 1 Military swimming in ancient land battles (cont.)

Date Location / battle Protagonists Means Source c. 508 BCE Tiber R. / Rome Cloelia Unaided: with Livy 2.13.6–11 vs. Etruscan Lars other female Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. Porsenna hostages 5.33.1–4, 5.35.2 Verg. Aen. 8.651 Sil. Pun. 10.488–502 Plut. Vit. Publicola 18.2–19.5 Val. Max. 3.2.2 Juv. 3.8.261–65 Flor. 1.10 (1.4.8) Cass. Dio 45.31 (Cicero) 480–79 BCE Aegean Gulf / Persians under Unaided: Hdt. 8.89, 129 Siege of Potidaea Artabazus drowned if did (Persian Wars) not know how to swim 426 BCE Tiber R. / Romans Veientes in flight Unaided: Livy 4.33.10–12 (reign of Tullus vs. Veientes unarmed (only a (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. Hostilius and allies from few swam across 3.25.1–5) 672–41 BCE) Fidenae while experi- enced swimmers drowned) 426/425 BCE Ambracian Gulf Ambracians Unaided Thuc. 3.112.5–8 / battle of Olpae (Greeks) (Peloponnesian War) 401 BCE Euphrates R. 10,000 Greeks Aided: animal Xen. An. 1.5.10 skins carried as tent covers and stuffed with hay Tigris R. Persians Aided: rafts made Xen. An. 2.4.28 of skins Centrites (Zirmas 10,000 Greeks Unaided: Greek Xen. An. 4.3.6–12 / Zarm) R. scouts Aided: army at ford

John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access Appendices 375 table 1 Military swimming in ancient land battles (cont.)

Date Location / battle Protagonists Means Source

396 BCE Straits of Messina Messenians Unaided across Diod. Sic. 14.57.4–5 (Greeks) Straits (25%) 390/387 BCE battle of the Allia Romans in flight Unaided: bravest Diod. Sic. 14.114–15 River / Gauls vs. in armor / rest Livy 5.38.5–9 Romans threw away arms / many lacked skill 390/387 BCE Tiber R. / Gallic Roman Pontius Aided: cork float Diod. Sic. 14.116.3–5 siege of Rome Cominius Livy 5.46.8–10 Plut. Vit. Cam. 25 Frontin. Str. 3.13.1 389 BCE Bay of Scalea / Thurini (Greeks) Unaided Diod. Sic. 14.102.1–2 Laus (S. Bartolo di Marcellina) 389/88 BCE Hellespont / Athenians under Aided: olive oil Frontin. Str. 1.4.7 Battle at Abydus Iphicrates and wine vs cold 355/54 BCE Sardon Philip of Unaided: Plut. Mor. Parallela (Sandanus) Macedon wounded Graeca et Romana R. / battle of 307d–e Methone 352 BCE Pagasetic Gulf / Phocians Unaided: Diod. Sic. battle of Crocus (Greeks) stripped off 16.35.5–6 Field armor 333 BCE Cydnus R. / Alexander Unaided: swam? Curt. 3.5.1–6 Campaign of bathed? Just. Epit. 11.8.3–9 Alexander Plut. Vit. Alex. 19.2 Arr. Anab. 2.4.7 Luc. Domus 1 332 BCE Mediterranean / Tyrians Unaided (“with- Arr. Anab. 2.19.4, Siege of Tyre (Phoenicians) out difficulty” 2.20.9–10, 2.22.5 from fireship and rammed galleys) 331 BCE Danube R. at Macedonian Aided: dugout Arr. Anab. 1.3.5–4.5 island of Peuce / soldiers canoes / rafts Triballian allies from tent covers of Getae stuffed with hay

John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access 376 Appendices table 1 Military swimming in ancient land battles (cont.)

Date Location / battle Protagonists Means Source

329 BCE Oxus (Amu Macedonian Aided: hides Curt. 7.5.17–18 Darya) R. / soldiers stuffed with Arr. Anab. 3.29.2–4 Alexander vs. straw (five days Bessus of Bactria for entire army) 329 BCE Iaxartes (Tanais Macedonian Aided: hoplites Curt. 7.8.6, 7.9.2–5 / Syr Darya) R. soldiers and cavalry on / Alexander vs. rafts / light- Scythians armed soldiers on skins stuffed with straw 327 BCE Nysa (India) Alexander Did not know Plut. Vit. Alex. 58.4 (lament) how to swim 326 BCE Hydaspes Macedonian and Unaided: Curt. 8.13.12–16 (Jhelum) R. Hindi soldiers Macedonian (island) / youths carried Alexander vs. lances / Hindi King Porus undetected 326 BCE Hydaspes R. Macedonian Aided: ford / Curt. 8.13.17–27 (island for cross- soldiers boats / skin rafts Arr. Anab. ing) 5.11.1–13.4 Acesines Macedonian Aided: boats / Arr. Anab. 5.20.8–10 (Chenab) R. / soldiers hides stuffed Alexander in with straw India Confluence of Alexander’s flag- Aided: swam Diod. Sic. 17.97.1–3 Hydaspes and ship caught in supported by Curt. 9.4.8–14 Acesines R. / rapids friends? Alexander in prepared to India swim? 325 BCE Indus R. (tidal Macedonian Unaided: swam Curt. 9.9.9–19 bore) / Alexander crews to dry spots in India 325 BCE Arabian Sea Macedonian Unaided: light- Arr. Indica 23.2–3 (squall at soldiers on ships armed troops Cabana) / fleet of that sank swam to shore Nearchus nearby

John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access Appendices 377 table 1 Military swimming in ancient land battles (cont.)

Date Location / battle Protagonists Means Source

325 BCE Lagoon where Macedonian sol- Unaided: light- Arr. Indica 24.5–8 Hingol (Tomerus) diers in amphibi- armed troops R. met Arabian ous attack swam to shallows Sea / Fisheaters 321 BCE Nile R. / wars Macedonian sol- Unaided: better Diod. of the Diadochi diers in flight swimmers saved Sic. 18.34.6–35.6 (Perdiccas vs by discarding Ptolemy) arms / those not skilled drowned or eaten by crocodiles 316 BCE Coprates R. / Macedonian Unaided: most Diod. Sic. 19.18.4–6 Eumenes of soldiers routed swimmers Cardia vs. (Antigonus could perished / 4,000 Antigonus not help them non-swimmers Monophthalmus without boats) surrendered 279 BCE Spercheius R. / Tolistobogii Aided: circular Paus. 10(Phocis, Gallic Tolistobogii (swimmers and shield as float / Ozolian Locri).20.6–8 vs. Greeks tallest soldiers) tall waded 229/228 BCE River in Spain / Carthaginian Aided: swept Diod. Sic. 25.10.4 Carthaginians vs. Hamilcar Barkas from horse saving Orissans sons 222/221 BCE Tigris R. at Seleucid soldiers Unaided: drunk Polyb. 5.46.7–48.9 Ctesiphon / of Antiochus III and drowned Antiochus III vs Megas Molon 218 BCE Rhône R. / Spanish aux- Aided: Spaniards Livy 21.27.1–28.12 Second Punic iliaries and swam on shields War cavalry(?) of over skins stuffed Hannibal with clothes 218 BCE Po R. / Second Carthagian cav- Unaided Lucius Coelius Punic War alry and Spanish Aided: elephant Antipater auxiliaries dam (Livy 21.47.4–6) Questioned by Cass. Dio 14 fr. Livy (even if they (Zonar. 8.24) used inflated skins)

John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access 378 Appendices table 1 Military swimming in ancient land battles (cont.)

Date Location / battle Protagonists Means Source

218 BCE battle of the Roman soldiers Unaided: many Livy 21.54–56 Trebia (Trebbia) in flight perished due to App. Hann. 7.24–29 River / Second weight of armor Sil. Pun. 4.585–97 Punic War 217 BCE battle of Lake Roman soldiers Unaided: Polyb. 3.84.8–11 Trasimene / in flight perished due to App. Han. 7.39–42 Second Punic weight of armor Livy 22.6.5–7 War / suicide to avoid slaughter 216 BCE? Volturnus Roman Unaided: dis- Plin. HN 17.7 (Volturno) R. / Frondicius guised by branch Second Punic War 171 BCE Peneus R. / Third Roman soldiers Unaided: at night Livy 42.61.6–8 Macedonian War in flight from Macedonians 168 BCE Aegean Sea near Galatians (under Aided: on Livy 44.28.6–13 Erythrae / Third Eumenes II of horseback? Macedonian War Pergamum) 168 BCE Thermaic Gulf / Macedonians in Unaided: Livy 44.42.4–6 battle of Pydna retreat weaponless c. 168–64 BCE Canal at Eleusis Egyptian Unaided: naked / Diod. Sic. 31.15a.1–4 (Alexandria) / Dionysius in flight palace revolt Petosarapis 160 BCE Jordan R. / Jonathan and fel- Unaided Joseph. AJ 13.1.3.14 Maccabean Revolt low Jewish rebels 1 Macc. 9.43–50 147 BCE Harbor of Carthaginian sol- Unaided: carry- App. Pun. 8.124 Carthage / Third diers on suicide ing unlit torches Punic War mission 105/104 BCE Rhône R. after Roman soldier Unaided: Plut. Vit. Sert. 3.1 battle of Arausio Sertorius wounded / (Orange) with shield and breastplate 102/101 BCE Adige R. / Marius German Cimbri Unaided: winter Flor. 3.3 (1.38.12–13) vs Cimbri (“barbaric / tried to swim / idiocy”) log dam

John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access Appendices 379 table 1 Military swimming in ancient land battles (cont.)

Date Location / battle Protagonists Means Source

88 BCE Gulf of Formiae Roman Marius in Aided: by two Plut. Mar. 37.1–2 near Minturnae / flight slaves Marius vs. Sulla 88 BCE Aegean Sea Roman and Unaided: App. Mith. 12.88 (massacre at Italian colonists attempted escape Adramyttium) / First Mithridatic War 73 BCE Propontis / siege Roman soldier as Aided: two Frontin. Str. 3.13.6 of Cyzicus / Third messenger inflated leather Sall. Hist. 3.25 (37M, Mithridatic War skins and straps 23Mc, 19D, 20K) Flor. 3.5 (1.40.15–17) 73 BCE Straits of Messina Slaves in army of Aided: impro- Flor. 3.20 (2.8.6–7, / revolt of Spartacus vised wicker 13) Spartacus shields and dolia rafts c. 61–44 BCE Rivers Julius Caesar and Unaided Suet. Iul. 57 his army Aided: inflated skins 60 BCE Bay of Cádiz Caesarean named Unaided: in Cass. Dio 37.52.2–4 (Gades) / cam- Publius Scaevius armor paign vs. Lusitani 55–54 BCE English Channel Caesarean named Unaided: in Val. Max. 3.2.23b / expedition Scaevius armor (two and invasion of breastplates) Britain 55–54 BCE Britain Caesarean Unaided: in Plut. Vit. Caes. 16.3–4 (unnamed) armor 49 BCE Sicoris R. (Ilerda) Lusitani and Aided: inflatable Caes. BCiv. 1.48.1–7 / Civil War Celtiberians skins 49 BCE Sicoris R. (Ilerda) Caesareans (chal- Unaided: muscu- Lucan 4.148–54 / Civil War lenged by Caesar) lar strokes

John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access 380 Appendices table 1 Military swimming in ancient land battles (cont.)

Date Location / battle Protagonists Means Source

48–47 BCE Harbor of Julius Caesar Unaided: with BAlex. 21.1–3 Alexandria cloak and Plut. Vit. Caes. 49.7–8 (Pharos) / Civil papers? Suet. Iul. 64 War App. B Civ. 2.90, 150 Flor. 4.2 (2.13.59) Cass. Dio 42.40.3–5. 48–47 BCE Harbor of Alexandrians Unaided BAlex. 18 Alexandria (Pharos) / Civil War 47 BCE Nile R. / Civil War German cavalry Unaided BAlex 29 (allies of Caesar) 47 BCE Nile R. / Civil War Egyptians (under Unaided BAlex 31 Ptolemy) 45 BCE Bay of Cádiz Caesareans Unaided BHisp. 40 (Gades) / Civil (under C. Didius) War 43/42 BCE Xanthus R. / Residents of city Unaided: under- Plut. Vit. Brut. 30.6–7 imperium maius of Xanthus water / caught in of Brutus in East nets 1st cent. CE Marine Myrtilus Aided: shield as Anth. Pal. 9.42 float 16 CE Ems R. / Batavi allied with Unaided: some Tac. Ann. 2.8 campaign of Rome uncharacteristi- Germanicus cally drowned due to confusion 16 CE battle of Batavi allied with Unaided Tac. Ann. 2.17 Idistaviso near Rome Weser R. (Day 1) / Germanicus 16 CE battle of Germans in flight Unaided: many Tac. Ann. 2.17 Idistaviso near killed / many Weser R. (Day 2) drowned 43 CE Lea R.? (in “Celts” (Batavi) Unaided: in Cass. Dio 60.20.1–4 Britain) / inva- allied with Rome armor sion of Claudius Romans followed Swam? (“in some way”)

John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access Appendices 381 table 1 Military swimming in ancient land battles (cont.)

Date Location / battle Protagonists Means Source

43 CE Thames estu- “Celts” allied with Unaided Cass. Dio 60.20.5–6 ary (skirmish) / Rome Claudius 58/59 CE island of Mona Roman auxilia- Unaided: swam Tac. Ann. 14.29 (Anglesey) ries (Batavi) alongside horses / campaign of Suetonius Paullinus 61 CE Britain / revolt of Celts Unaided: swim Cass. Boudicca rivers naked / Dio 62(Epitome).5.6 Romans have difficulty in boats 67 CE Kinneret Jewish residents Unaided: slaugh- Joseph. BJ 3.497–502 (Tarichaeae) / in flight tered by Romans Jewish War 69 CE Po R. at Germans sup- Unaided Tac. Hist. 2.34–35 Bedriacum porting Vitellius (Betriacum) / Civil War 70 CE Mosa (Maas) R. Batavi vs German Unaided Tac. Hist. 4.66 bridge / Batavian auxiliaries revolt 70 CE Rhine R. marsh Romans Unaided Tac. Hist. 5.14–15 near Castra (weighed down Vetera (Xanten) / by arms and Batavian revolt afraid of swimming) versus Batavi (lightly armed and used to swimming) 70 CE Rhine R. on plain Romans versus Unaided: German Tac. Hist. 5.18 at Castra Vetera / Batavi (struggle Bructeri from Batavian revolt in marshland) dam

John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access 382 Appendices table 1 Military swimming in ancient land battles (cont.)

Date Location / battle Protagonists Means Source

70 CE Rhine R. at Vada / Romans versus Unaided: Tac. Hist. 5.21 Batavian revolt Batavi Batavian com- mander Civilis across Rhine after abandoning horse 78/79 CE island of Mona Roman auxilia- Unaided: con- Tac. Agr. 18.3–5 (Anglesey) / cam- ries (Batavi) trolling horses paign of Agricola (hereditary knack for swimming) c. 118 CE Ister (Danube) “Batavi” offered Unaided: fully Cass. Dio 69 R. / Hadrian vs. intimidating dis- armed (Epitome).9.6 barbarians play of swimming 172/173 CE Ister (Danube) R. Soldier Unaided: “just as Cass. Dio 72 / border garrison (stratiōtēs) in he was” on sentry (Epitome).5.2 Roman army duty at night 350 Mygdonius Persian soldiers Unaided: slaugh- Julian. Or. 1.27c–28a (Çakçak Deresı) under Shapur II tered or drowned R. / battle of in artificial lake Nisibis 354 Melas Raiding party of Unaided + Amm. (Manavgat) R. Isauri Aided: dugouts Marc. 14.2.9–10 357 Rhine R. Light-armed Aided: on shields Amm. (Alamanni on Roman aux- as if dugouts Marc. 16.11.8–9 islands) / cam- iliaries under (Unaided + (Lib. 18.45) paign of Julian Bainobaudes Aided: boats) (Caesar) 357 Rhine R. / battle Retreating Unaided: trusted Amm. of Strasbourg / Germans under ability to swim Marc. 16.12.55–57 Julian Chnodomar (inept drowned) Lib. 18.60 Aided: adroitly maneuvered shields

John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access Appendices 383 table 1 Military swimming in ancient land battles (cont.)

Date Location / battle Protagonists Means Source

358 Pathissus (Tisza) Fleeing Unaided: some Amm. Marc. 17.13.15 R. Limigantes (rebel killed / many slaves) drowned 358/59 Tigris R. at Iapsis Friends of Unaided: skilled Amm. Marc. 18.5.3 Roman defector in swimming Antoninus (nandi peritia) 363 Naarmalcha Roman soldiers Unaided: cavalry Amm. Marc. 24.2.7–8 (Royal) River or of Julian (Julian had light- Zos. 3.16 Canal / Julian’s Diversionary armed infantry invasion of Persia attack on rear by cross on pontoon Lucillianus and bridge) Victor Unaided? 363 Tigris R. / battle Roman soldiers Aided: on wide Amm. Marc. 24.6.4–7 of Ctesiphon / of Julian curved shields Julian’s Persian (less courageous invasion than Sertorius) 363 Tigris R. in flood Gallic and Unaided: taught Amm. stage / Jovian’s Northern (instituti) to cross Marc. 25.6.11–14 retreat from German auxilia- formidable rivers Persia ries of Jovian Contrast: many Romans could not swim (nandi imperiti) 363 Tigris R. / Jovian’s Mutineers from Unaided: awk- Amm. Marc. 25.8.1 Persian retreat army of Jovian ward swimmers (nandi imperitia) drowned 363 Tigris R. / Jovian’s Roman soldiers Aided: makeshift Amm. Marc. 25.8.2–3 Persian retreat of Jovian rafts/ held onto horses and swam / sat and paddled inflated leather bags / found other aids

John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access 384 Appendices table 1 Military swimming in ancient land battles (cont.)

Date Location / battle Protagonists Means Source

372 Euphrates R. / King Pap(a) of Aided since Amm. Valens impris- Armenia and 300 unable to swim Marc. 30.1.8–10 oned rebel Pap horsemen fleeing (nandi impruden- captivity tia): rafts of mat- tresses supported by inflated wine- skins / swimming horses 376 Danube R. / Valens allowed Aided: boats / Amm. Marc. 31.4.5 Tervingi fleeing Tervingi to cross rafts / dugouts Huns river Unaided: impatient tried to swim and drowned 386 Danube R. / Roman ambush Unaided: Zos. 4.39 Greuthungi under of night crossing drowned under Odotheus versus by Greuthungi weight of arms Romans under / a few swam Promotus to shore where slaughtered 402 Adda (Addua) R. Stilicho leading Unaided: com- Claud. 6 Cons. Hon. (at bridge) / cam- Roman forces to pared to Horatius 441–90 paign vs. Alaric rescue Honorius Cocles in Milan 458 Tyrrhenian Sea Vandals in flight Aided: on horse- Sid. Apoll. Carm. (battle along from Majorian back well into 2.5.419–24 Campanian sea / shameful shores) / swimming (turpis Majorian vs. natatus) Geiseric 538 Po R. near Milan / Messenger Paulus Unaided Procop. Goth. Gothic Wars sent to dawdling 6.21.1–5, 11 relief forces

John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access Appendices 385 table 2 Everard Digby’s listing of the arts, their originators, and their handbooks

Art Originator(s) Handbook(s)

Agriculture Columella Virgil Martial Drilling Vegetius Medicine Hippocrates Galen Jurisprudence Justinian Seven Liberal Arts Priscian Aristotle Cicero Euclid Boethius Ptolemy Cosmography Pomponius Mela Sebastian Münster Global Mapping Gerardus Mercator Abraham Ortelius Theatrum orbis terrarum Magic (natural) Girolamo Cardano Alessio di Piemonte (Girolamo Ruscelli) Albertus Magnus Magic (supernatural) Roger Bacon – Necromantia Angelo Catto – Synomantia Peter Lombard – Geomantia Pietro d’Abano (Albanus) – Arithmantia Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa – Pyromantia von Nettesheim – Chiromantia Abbot Trithemius Symbols (ars characterica) Egyptian Temple Guardians Sufi Muslims Babylonian Diviners Paracelsus Alchemy Geber (Jabir ibn Hayyan) Raymond Lull Hermes Trismegistus

John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access 386 Appendices table 2 Everard Digby’s listing of the arts, their originators, and their handbooks (cont.)

Art Originator(s) Handbook(s)

Cabbala Johannes Reuchlin Rabbinites Talmudists? (Thelundici) Spirits (ars pneumatica) Speculatio angelica (lower) (Almandal?) Many untitled books Spirits (higher) Apollonius Arbatel Testament of Solomon

table 3 Everard Digby’s agile movements in the water and their utility

Skill Method Utility

Tropica expedita One palm pushes water Avoid ship coming at you Turnings made easy away Escape sudden threat from Other draws water in lions, bears, or ferocious dogs Conversio campanilis On stomach: draw legs in Turn without hitting bank Bell turning and thrust down / arc face in a narrow stream forward On back: throw legs toward buttocks and push them down / arc head forward Circumvolutio If turning to right: extend If swimming on back, can Spinning around arm and hand in front as roll over to see what lies far as possible / turn away ahead waters in front / lift face Avoid clumps of straw or to left / push up with right refuse on surface leg and press down with Avoid swarm of gnats left leg

John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access Appendices 387 table 3 Everard Digby’s agile movements in the water and their utility (cont.)

Skill Method Utility

Cubatus versatilis Lie on back with elbows Escape after swimming Fourfold turning at sides and upper arms into places full of reeds, or away from body / keep against the riverbank, or legs a foot apart / lift right into other dangers side while extending right hand and push feet down slightly / draw left hand and foot to body Circulasio Lie on back and keep head Generate centrifugal force Circling in center to scatter foaming rot or If from left to right: push straw or other clinging down left side slightly / garbage lift legs alternately (scissoring) Conversio perpendicularis Position legs and feet Raise head in unfamiliar Upright turning underwater waters to pick out exit Draw water towards you point or with one hand / draw determine safest exit onto water away with other enemy shores hand See and avoid missiles launched by pursuing enemy Fight man or beast in erect position Pronatare palmis coniunctis Join the palms together / Burrow through piles of Swimming with palms draw both wrists into the straw in path pressed together chest / extend the arms Make way out of spot forward until the fingers in river overgrown with break the surface weeds Natare neque ventro neque To shift onto side: push Delight the spirit dorso water down with one hand See either bank of river Swimming neither on the while lifting opposite side Rest one arm and leg stomach nor on the back Move upper arm for propulsion

John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access 388 Appendices table 3 Everard Digby’s agile movements in the water and their utility (cont.)

Skill Method Utility

Ventre natare utraque manu Propel with breaststroke Alleviate a cramp quiescente kick / cast hands behind Survive if forced into Swim on stomach while you and rest them on water with hands shackled resting both hands your back / stretch chest behind your back forward and raise neck out of water Pedem sinistrum manu dex- Lift left foot toward but- Ease cramping tra transportare tocks / stretch right arm Use hand to free a foot Swim and carry left foot in out and back to grab and entangled in weeds right hand hold the foot / use right leg and left arm for propulsion Canis instar natare Pull water towards body Lift body to pass safely Swimming in manner of a with each hand in succes- through forest of harmful dog sion / push it alternately weeds away with each foot Aquarum percussio Three levels of graceful- Breed competence and Drumming the waters ness: vary elevation of the confidence without great leg from higher to lower exertion on each successive strike that sends drops of water flying / proceed to strike water as press down chin to the chest / raise legs higher each time and circle around body. To maintain buoyancy while lifting the legs: swell out the chest and press flat palms of both hands down toward the bottom Percussione quadripartita Strike water with each Rarely used and often for Fourfold drumming limb in multiples of ten: fun right foot ten times / right Drive off gnats gathered to hand twenty / left foot bite your face thirty / left hand forty

John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access Appendices 389 table 3 Everard Digby’s agile movements in the water and their utility (cont.)

Skill Method Utility

Manibus pedibusque supine Cast hands backward Advance against fast- natare behind head open palms moving waves Swimming on back with toward ears / at full exten- hands and feet sion turn hands outward / open arms in same way / pull them in again Kick as normally would on back Retrogradatio Cover genitals with hands Use to relieve fatigue or Going backwards / lift each leg in succession boredom out of water / bring it back Switch to have fun in shal- down into contact with low river surface and pull it force- fully back toward knee Unius pedis collusio Lift each leg out of water Perform agile movement Playing with one foot in succession / circle that difficult and aestheti- it around three or four cally pleasing times / compensate for Scatter weeds attacking or downward force on head annoying feet by swelling out chest and pressing down with both palms and other leg Ostensio pedum Arch back downward / Check to be sure that feet Showing your feet scull with hands, keeping are washed and clean no them a decent interval matter how deep they from body have gone Menti suspensio Let feet sink gradually Survive if crossing frozen Suspension of the chin toward the bottom until body of water and ice body perpendicular to breaks water / draw feet together Hang silently even in toward the knees / swell deepest waters if forced by out chest / scull back and pursuing enemy to cross forth with hands behind river at night and enemy the back / arch back and sends out a boat of war- raise chin toward sky riors to kill you

John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access 390 Appendices table 3 Everard Digby’s agile movements in the water and their utility (cont.)

Skill Method Utility

Pressio aquarum Circle each leg around in See over highest waves in Treading water water while keeping soles turbulent seas to: of feet pointed toward – dodge missile from bottom catapult – launch an arrow with bow – duel with sword Enjoy assistance of free hands Dorsi natatio contradictoria Either grab left foot with Free leg ensnared by Discordant swimming on right hand underwater or weeds the back grab right foot with left hand / raise and lower free leg rapidly Natatio connexa Cross legs / entwine arms Survive if both legs Entwined swimming / and place them over chest entangled by weeds swimming cross-legged / raise up crossed legs and simultaneously push them down while Survive when cast into drawing them together / river from a prison or boat propel body forward with hands and feet bound Prolapsio Lie on stomach / extend Slip out of thick mass of Sliding forward arms and hands out in weeds as worms and eels front / cup palms and do point them toward the bottom / use them to catch the water and pull it in / slink forward calmly, keeping hands close together and not separating legs

John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access Appendices 391 table 3 Everard Digby’s agile movements in the water and their utility (cont.)

Skill Method Utility

Sessio contracta Basic: take hold of thigh Free self from weeds cling- Drawn together sitting with each hand ing to both feet or binding Advanced: take hold of both hands foot with each hand Shout for help after being cast into deep well too narrow for swimming, too muddy for treading, and too shallow for suspending chin Pedalium digitorem praeciso Hold paring knife in right Cut a toenail or admire it Paring a toenail hand / lift left leg and draw in privacy it over right knee / take Clean out foul-smelling hold of left foot with left spaces between toes that hand to steady it before bathing missed you commence paring / extend right leg and kick to help stay afloat TETRAPHANĒ Reveal knee by bending Intrinsically rewarding to Four times conspicuous one leg and crossing it accomplish difficult skill over opposite knee / fix back of each hand to sides at chest level to bend both elbows upwards / swell chest and kick unseen leg in compact up-and-down alternation Tibiae erectio Use other leg and hands to Transport across river Raising a leg stay afloat people, drinks, or some- thing else wedged in place by the big toe Manuum erectio Lift arms / as chest Wash off dirt Raise up hands contracts and body Remove noxious weeds sinks, swell out chest to from head, arms, and legs compensate Convey safely across a toga, money-purse, or anything else

John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access 392 Appendices table 3 Everard Digby’s agile movements in the water and their utility (cont.)

Skill Method Utility

Ocrearum impositio Lift one leg up and grab Wash legs Donning greaves it with both hands / kick Cast off noxious weeds with the other leg / don greave / reverse process for other greave Saltatio caprae Swelling out chest force- Demonstrate supreme Leaping of goat fully / spring up while agility in water pressing down with the hands three or four times / on last press submerge hands deeper into water/ while elevated, throw both legs out of water and caper them

John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access