Appendices table 1 Military swimming in ancient land battles Date Location / battle Protagonists Means Source 883–59 BCE Turbulent river Assyrians Aided: inflated Palace of (reliefs) skins Aššurnasirpal II Unaided (British Museum) (drowning?) 522 BCE Tigris R. / Persians under Aided: inflated Bisitun inscriptiona Rebellion of Darius I skins / camels / Nadintabaira horseback Lake / Mettus Curtius Unaided: in Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. Roman-Sabine (Sabine) armor 2.42.5–6, 2.46.3 conflict under Livy suggests on C. Calpurnius Piso Romulus horseback (Varro Ling. 5.149) Livy 1.12.8–10, 1.13.5 c. 508 BCE Pons Horatius Cocles Unaided: in Polyb. 6.55 Sublicius over armor and Livy 2.10.1–13 Tiber R. / Rome wounded Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. vs. Etruscan Lars 5.23.3–25.4 Porsenna Verg. Aen. 8.649–50 Frontin. Str. 2.13.5. Plut. Vit. Publicola 16.4–7 Plut. Mor. Parallela Graeca et Romana 307d–e Val. Max. 3.2.1 Juv. 3.8.261–65 Flor. 1.10 (1.4.4–5) Cass. Dio 45.31 (Cicero) a Kuhrt, 144 (no. 18). © Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, 2021 | doi:10.1163/9789004446199_017 John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access 374 Appendices table 1 Military swimming in ancient land battles (cont.) Date Location / battle Protagonists Means Source c. 508 BCE Tiber R. / Rome Cloelia Unaided: with Livy 2.13.6–11 vs. Etruscan Lars other female Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. Porsenna hostages 5.33.1–4, 5.35.2 Verg. Aen. 8.651 Sil. Pun. 10.488–502 Plut. Vit. Publicola 18.2–19.5 Val. Max. 3.2.2 Juv. 3.8.261–65 Flor. 1.10 (1.4.8) Cass. Dio 45.31 (Cicero) 480–79 BCE Aegean Gulf / Persians under Unaided: Hdt. 8.89, 129 Siege of Potidaea Artabazus drowned if did (Persian Wars) not know how to swim 426 BCE Tiber R. / Romans Veientes in flight Unaided: Livy 4.33.10–12 (reign of Tullus vs. Veientes unarmed (only a (Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. Hostilius and allies from few swam across 3.25.1–5) 672–41 BCE) Fidenae while experi- enced swimmers drowned) 426/425 BCE Ambracian Gulf Ambracians Unaided Thuc. 3.112.5–8 / battle of Olpae (Greeks) (Peloponnesian War) 401 BCE Euphrates R. 10,000 Greeks Aided: animal Xen. An. 1.5.10 skins carried as tent covers and stuffed with hay Tigris R. Persians Aided: rafts made Xen. An. 2.4.28 of skins Centrites (Zirmas 10,000 Greeks Unaided: Greek Xen. An. 4.3.6–12 / Zarm) R. scouts Aided: army at ford John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access Appendices 375 table 1 Military swimming in ancient land battles (cont.) Date Location / battle Protagonists Means Source 396 BCE Straits of Messina Messenians Unaided across Diod. Sic. 14.57.4–5 (Greeks) Straits (25%) 390/387 BCE battle of the Allia Romans in flight Unaided: bravest Diod. Sic. 14.114–15 River / Gauls vs. in armor / rest Livy 5.38.5–9 Romans threw away arms / many lacked skill 390/387 BCE Tiber R. / Gallic Roman Pontius Aided: cork float Diod. Sic. 14.116.3–5 siege of Rome Cominius Livy 5.46.8–10 Plut. Vit. Cam. 25 Frontin. Str. 3.13.1 389 BCE Bay of Scalea / Thurini (Greeks) Unaided Diod. Sic. 14.102.1–2 Laus (S. Bartolo di Marcellina) 389/88 BCE Hellespont / Athenians under Aided: olive oil Frontin. Str. 1.4.7 Battle at Abydus Iphicrates and wine vs cold 355/54 BCE Sardon Philip of Unaided: Plut. Mor. Parallela (Sandanus) Macedon wounded Graeca et Romana R. / battle of 307d–e Methone 352 BCE Pagasetic Gulf / Phocians Unaided: Diod. Sic. battle of Crocus (Greeks) stripped off 16.35.5–6 Field armor 333 BCE Cydnus R. / Alexander Unaided: swam? Curt. 3.5.1–6 Campaign of bathed? Just. Epit. 11.8.3–9 Alexander Plut. Vit. Alex. 19.2 Arr. Anab. 2.4.7 Luc. Domus 1 332 BCE Mediterranean / Tyrians Unaided (“with- Arr. Anab. 2.19.4, Siege of Tyre (Phoenicians) out difficulty” 2.20.9–10, 2.22.5 from fireship and rammed galleys) 331 BCE Danube R. at Macedonian Aided: dugout Arr. Anab. 1.3.5–4.5 island of Peuce / soldiers canoes / rafts Triballian allies from tent covers of Getae stuffed with hay John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access 376 Appendices table 1 Military swimming in ancient land battles (cont.) Date Location / battle Protagonists Means Source 329 BCE Oxus (Amu Macedonian Aided: hides Curt. 7.5.17–18 Darya) R. / soldiers stuffed with Arr. Anab. 3.29.2–4 Alexander vs. straw (five days Bessus of Bactria for entire army) 329 BCE Iaxartes (Tanais Macedonian Aided: hoplites Curt. 7.8.6, 7.9.2–5 / Syr Darya) R. soldiers and cavalry on / Alexander vs. rafts / light- Scythians armed soldiers on skins stuffed with straw 327 BCE Nysa (India) Alexander Did not know Plut. Vit. Alex. 58.4 (lament) how to swim 326 BCE Hydaspes Macedonian and Unaided: Curt. 8.13.12–16 (Jhelum) R. Hindi soldiers Macedonian (island) / youths carried Alexander vs. lances / Hindi King Porus undetected 326 BCE Hydaspes R. Macedonian Aided: ford / Curt. 8.13.17–27 (island for cross- soldiers boats / skin rafts Arr. Anab. ing) 5.11.1–13.4 Acesines Macedonian Aided: boats / Arr. Anab. 5.20.8–10 (Chenab) R. / soldiers hides stuffed Alexander in with straw India Confluence of Alexander’s flag- Aided: swam Diod. Sic. 17.97.1–3 Hydaspes and ship caught in supported by Curt. 9.4.8–14 Acesines R. / rapids friends? Alexander in prepared to India swim? 325 BCE Indus R. (tidal Macedonian Unaided: swam Curt. 9.9.9–19 bore) / Alexander crews to dry spots in India 325 BCE Arabian Sea Macedonian Unaided: light- Arr. Indica 23.2–3 (squall at soldiers on ships armed troops Cabana) / fleet of that sank swam to shore Nearchus nearby John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access Appendices 377 table 1 Military swimming in ancient land battles (cont.) Date Location / battle Protagonists Means Source 325 BCE Lagoon where Macedonian sol- Unaided: light- Arr. Indica 24.5–8 Hingol (Tomerus) diers in amphibi- armed troops R. met Arabian ous attack swam to shallows Sea / Fisheaters 321 BCE Nile R. / wars Macedonian sol- Unaided: better Diod. of the Diadochi diers in flight swimmers saved Sic. 18.34.6–35.6 (Perdiccas vs by discarding Ptolemy) arms / those not skilled drowned or eaten by crocodiles 316 BCE Coprates R. / Macedonian Unaided: most Diod. Sic. 19.18.4–6 Eumenes of soldiers routed swimmers Cardia vs. (Antigonus could perished / 4,000 Antigonus not help them non-swimmers Monophthalmus without boats) surrendered 279 BCE Spercheius R. / Tolistobogii Aided: circular Paus. 10(Phocis, Gallic Tolistobogii (swimmers and shield as float / Ozolian Locri).20.6–8 vs. Greeks tallest soldiers) tall waded 229/228 BCE River in Spain / Carthaginian Aided: swept Diod. Sic. 25.10.4 Carthaginians vs. Hamilcar Barkas from horse saving Orissans sons 222/221 BCE Tigris R. at Seleucid soldiers Unaided: drunk Polyb. 5.46.7–48.9 Ctesiphon / of Antiochus III and drowned Antiochus III vs Megas Molon 218 BCE Rhône R. / Spanish aux- Aided: Spaniards Livy 21.27.1–28.12 Second Punic iliaries and swam on shields War cavalry(?) of over skins stuffed Hannibal with clothes 218 BCE Po R. / Second Carthagian cav- Unaided Lucius Coelius Punic War alry and Spanish Aided: elephant Antipater auxiliaries dam (Livy 21.47.4–6) Questioned by Cass. Dio 14 fr. Livy (even if they (Zonar. 8.24) used inflated skins) John M. McManamon - 9789004446199 Downloaded from Brill.com09/29/2021 03:00:54AM via free access 378 Appendices table 1 Military swimming in ancient land battles (cont.) Date Location / battle Protagonists Means Source 218 BCE battle of the Roman soldiers Unaided: many Livy 21.54–56 Trebia (Trebbia) in flight perished due to App. Hann. 7.24–29 River / Second weight of armor Sil. Pun. 4.585–97 Punic War 217 BCE battle of Lake Roman soldiers Unaided: Polyb. 3.84.8–11 Trasimene / in flight perished due to App. Han. 7.39–42 Second Punic weight of armor Livy 22.6.5–7 War / suicide to avoid slaughter 216 BCE? Volturnus Roman Unaided: dis- Plin. HN 17.7 (Volturno) R. / Frondicius guised by branch Second Punic War 171 BCE Peneus R. / Third Roman soldiers Unaided: at night Livy 42.61.6–8 Macedonian War in flight from Macedonians 168 BCE Aegean Sea near Galatians (under Aided: on Livy 44.28.6–13 Erythrae / Third Eumenes II of horseback? Macedonian War Pergamum) 168 BCE Thermaic Gulf / Macedonians in Unaided: Livy 44.42.4–6 battle of Pydna retreat weaponless c. 168–64 BCE Canal at Eleusis Egyptian Unaided: naked / Diod. Sic. 31.15a.1–4 (Alexandria) / Dionysius in flight palace revolt Petosarapis 160 BCE Jordan R. / Jonathan and fel- Unaided Joseph. AJ 13.1.3.14 Maccabean Revolt low Jewish rebels 1 Macc. 9.43–50 147 BCE Harbor of Carthaginian sol- Unaided: carry- App. Pun. 8.124 Carthage / Third diers on suicide ing unlit torches Punic War mission 105/104 BCE Rhône R. after Roman soldier Unaided: Plut. Vit. Sert. 3.1 battle of Arausio Sertorius wounded / (Orange) with shield and breastplate 102/101 BCE Adige R. / Marius German Cimbri Unaided: winter Flor. 3.3 (1.38.12–13) vs Cimbri (“barbaric / tried to swim / idiocy”) log dam John M.