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T he Germans proved to be a unlike Gaul, the countryside as a rich man." He considered the thorn in the side of the couldn't supply the legions. More best way to subjugate the Province of Gaul even after the primitive than the Gauls, the Germans was through "chastisement" of Ariovistus by Germans had only small non administration of law, not the Caesar. Germans would raid permanent villages and could sword. Unfortunately, his view of across the Rhine and return with move entire tribes around at will. justice was to manipulate the law whatever booty they could carry. Having no extensive agriculture, to weaken the Germans (while With Gaul stripped of legions by they lived primarily off their enriching himself and his cronies, the civil wars, militia did what herds of cattle. It was impossible of course). He earned hatred and they could, but they couldn't be for the Romans to occupy a central contempt from the Germans even everywhere. Once Augustus had position and project force to as they paid the heavy tribute. A stabilized the Roman world pacify the surrounding areas, certain Arminius, son of Sigimer following the civil wars, he because there were no central and a 27-year-old Prince of the undertook to do something about positions to occupy. Nor could the Cherusci tribe, had learned much it. With typical Roman reasoning, country-side support the legions by serving with the Roman armies he decided that to protect Gaul as Gaul did during Caesar's as an auxiliary. He was given from the Germans- it was campaigns. Legions could Roman citizenship and Equestrian necessary to subjugate Germania. maintain themselves with supply rank, and often dined with trains, but these were vulnerable Governor Varus. While his Augustus sent his stepson Nero to attack in the dark forests. brother Flavus gravitated towards Claudius Drusus to push the During this period, the legions Roman life, Arminius contrived to Roman frontier to the Elbe river. would stay in Germania only for free his homeland through the Drusus was enormously popular the campaign season, downfall of the Roman invaders and effective. He undertook four withdrawing to the Rhine forts or with the aid of other tribes, successful campaigns in into Gaul for the winter. including the Marsi, Bructeri and Germania from 12 BC-9 BC, Nonetheless, the campaigns of Chatti. earning his cognomen, Germanicus and Tiberius Germanicus. He died following a accomplished Augustus' main Teutoburger Wald fall from his horse. At the same objective of protecting Gaul, and Intending to lure Varus out of time, his brother Tiberius (the things settled down for the better camp into difficult terrain during future emperor) in the south part for two decades. the summer of AD 9, news was pushed to the Danube river. The brought that a distant tribe had objective of the two campaigns Publius Quinctilius Varus was rebelled against Rome. With the was to establish an Elbe/Danube given the governorship of Cherusci at his side as auxiliares, Germania. He had previously frontier, which would be one Varus marched towards the Weser been governor of Syria, and was third shorter than the Rhine/ River, bringing his entire supply known as the governor who Danube defensive line. train plus non-combatants and The major problem with the "arrived a poor man in a rich camp followers. In addition to the subjugation of Germania was that province, and left a poor country would see no major Roman threat for five years. Campaign of AD 14 After the death of Augustus, Tiberius ordered a campaign of revenge. We don't know whether this was another attempt to establish Roman hegemony, or simply to erase the stain of defeat with victory. In command of the Rhine Army was a 30-year-old proconsul with impressive family connections. Germanicus Caesar was the grandson of Marc Antony, son of Drusus Germanicus, nephew and adopted son of Emperor Tiberius, brother of the future Emperor Claudius, father of the future Emperor Caligula, and grandfather of the future Emperor Nero. Tiberius helped his young son by assigning Aulus Caecina Severus as his second in command. Caecina was a capable officer with forty years of experience campaigning against the Germans, Pannonians and Parthians. Germanicus conducted his first action in the fall of AD 14. With an army of four legions, 1,500 cavalry, and some 10,000 auxiliares, he stealthily crossed into the territory of the Marsi, who seem to have been off-guard after five years of Roman inactivity. Dividing this army into four columns, he took the Marsi completely by surprise and burned a swath fifty miles wide through the heart of their territory. A large part of the tribe and their herds were slaughtered. Germanicus reunited his force and retired for the winter, beating off skirmishes from other tribes who had come to the assistance of the Marsi. He had revived the morale of the army and now Chatti, while Caecina tied down abandoned the hunt of the elusive prepared them for the serious the Cherusci to prevent them Chatti, and marched to relieve campaigns ahead. from fully engaging. The Chatti Segestes. Arminius retired into chose not to engage Germanicus, the forests once again and instead evacuating what they Campaign of AD 15 gathered warriors from several could save, and melting into the In the following spring, he tribes. The Romans captured forests. divided his reinforced army into Arminius' pregnant wife, two columns, one under himself Thusnelda, who happened to be To divert Roman attention, and the other under Caecina Segestes' daughter. Segestes and Arminius attacked and besieged Severus. Germanicus struck at his household were allowed to the stronghold of Segestes, the and ravaged the lands of the settle in Ravenna, with Thusnelda same pro-Roman Cherusci noble practically a prisoner, and the son who had warned Varus. Segestes appealed to Germanicus, who >>>Arminius continued on pg. 35 Arminius lured the Roman plotting ways to cancel these cavalry forward and ambushed setbacks in the next season. them with hidden troops. They were nearly wiped out, but as Campaign of AD 16 Germanicus rushed forward with Despite the threat of storms, the legions, Arminius broke off Germanicus realized that the the action once again. supply problem outweighed the dangers of traveling upriver by It appears that Germanicus was ship. He ordered construction of a frustrated in his attempts to pin thousand transports, to carry the down and ravage the Bructeri by entire army and its supplies, and Arminius' hit and run warfare. to act as a mobile city and depot. The supply problems steadily His plan was to strike deep into worsened as baggage trains from German territory, at the Gaul had to struggle through the supposedly "safe" Cherusci and dense forests, always vulnerable Chatti. If he could cripple their to sudden attack. Towards the ability to wage war, even end of the campaign season, he temporarily, he could then return went with half of the army by west and finish off the Bructeri of Arminius raised in Roman ship down river to the North Sea and Marsi without their ways. The loss of his wife and bases. Caecina returned via the combining with their allies. child enraged Arminius, but he old "long bridges" built some remained cold and calculating in years earlier by one of the The Roman army traveled via the his hatred of Rome. Ahenobarbi. Caecina stopped to Drusus canal (built by his father, repair them. During construction linking the Waal River near In the meantime, Caecina again work in swampy terrain, present-day Arnhem to the ravaged the Marsi. Hit twice in a Arminius struck and inflicted Rhine), then to the Frisian coast, row, this tribe was effectively some losses. Caecina managed to and up the Weser River. The knocked out of the war and hold off the Germans and get his Roman host landed upriver deep adopted a low profile for several men into camp. in the heart of Cherusci territory. years. This ended the spring This time it appears, Arminius campaign. Arminius urged that the Germans planned or was forced to fight. wait until the Romans made a run For the summer, Germanicus for it, chasing them down the Idistaviso united the two columns and same way they defeated Varus. There are many questions and advanced towards the territory of His uncle Inguiomerus argued for contradictions concerning the the Bructeri. On the way, they storming the camp to take the Battle of Idistaviso. We aren't sure came to Varus' final camp, which booty undamaged, and because of the exact location, but there is a was a haunting and pitiable the Romans were already fairly detailed description of the scene. Whitening bones were demoralized. Arminius lost at the field in Tacitus. The strength of scattered unburied on the ground. council and the Germans attacked the Roman army is given as Skulls were nailed to tree trunks the camp. The canny Caecina 28,000 men in eight legions, of where captives had been executed Severus sortied just as the which four of the legions were six years earlier. Surviving Germans were coming over the only "detachments." In addition, veterans of the battle pointed out walls and routed them with his the Romans fielded supposedly where the Eagles had been swift and violent counterattack. some 30,000 auxiliares, plus 6,000 captured, and where Varus fell. Inguiomerus was wounded and "heavy" cavalry and more than Germanicus spoke quietly of the the Germans driven off with 1,000 mounted archers. However, dead, and buried the bones in a heavy losses. these numbers ignore the great funeral mound, his piety relatively heavy losses of the stoking the fury of his legions for This victory was counterbalanced previous year, especially among revenge.
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