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Report to the Nation 2019

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Report to the Nation 2019 REPORT TO THE NATION: 2019 FACTBOOK ON HATE & EXTREMISM IN THE U.S. & INTERNATIONALLY TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………............................3 Executive Summary: Report to the Nation, 2019…………………………………………………………………......................5–95 I. LATEST 2018 MAJOR U.S. CITY DATA………………………………………………………………………......................5 II. BIAS BY CITY IN 2018…………………………………………………………………......................................................6 III: 2019/2018 Latest Major U.S. City Trends: By City & Bias Motive………………………………………..................7 IV: OFFICIAL FBI & BJS DATA………………………………… ……………………………………………..........................12 V: EXTREMIST AND MASS HOMICIDES……………………………………………...................................................18 VI: HATE MIGRATES AND INCREASES ONLINE……………………………………………………………....................22 VII: RUSSIAN SOCIAL MEDIA MANIPULATION CONTINUES…………………………………………….................29 VIII: FLUCTUATIONS AROUND CATALYTIC EVENTS AND POLITICS……………………………………..............32 IX: U.S. NGO DATA OVERVIEW – EXTREMIST GROUPS………………………………………….………..................38 X: U.S. NGO DATA – RELIGION & ETHNIC HATE …………………………………….............................................39 XI: U.S. NGO DATA – EMERGING HATREDS: HOMELESS, TRANSGENDER & JOURNALISTS ……….........44 XII: POLITICAL VIOLENCE AND THREATS………………………………………………………………….....................48 XIII: HATE CRIME VICTIMS AND OFFENDERS…………………………………………………..…………....................54 XIV: HATE CRIME PROSECUTIONS……………………………………………………………………………....................61 XV: HATE CRIMES UNDERREPORTING………………………………………………………………………....................64 XVI: FALSE HATE CRIME REPORTS……………………………………………………………………………....................66 XVII: U.S. CENSUS & DEMOGRAPHIC DATA…………………………………………………………………..................69 XVIII: ASSESSMENTS OF INTERGROUP RELATIONS……………………………………………………….................73 XIX: ANTI-SEMITISM IN EUROPE & CANADA……………………………………………………………...................... 90 XX: INTERNATIONAL DATA……………………………………………………………………………………..................... 92 2019/2018 Latest Major U.S. City Trends ………………………………………………………………………………..................... 98 CSHE Recommendations ………………………….………………………………………………………………….......................... 109 APPENDIX I: HATE CRIME LAWS……………………………………………………………………………………..........................110 APPENDIX II: DOMESTIC TERRORISM PROSECUTIONS………………………………………………………….....................119 APPENDIX I: LAW ENFORCEMENT BIAS ALLEGATIONS…………………………………………………………....................122 Resources Available……………………………………………………………………………………………………............................130 Authors: Brian Levin & Lisa Nakashima Editors: Brian Levin, Kevin Grisham & Lisa Nakashima Contributors: John Reitzel, James Nolan, William Lambdin, Andrew Thompson, Kevin Grisham, Donovan Goodrich & Christopher Walters The authors, editors, and contributors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this independent report. Some information and data collected by autonomous entities cited in this report have not been independently verified by CSHE, although we source and link to material. Inclusion of data is not necessarily an endorsement of the entities providing it. This report may contain offensive or disturbing images. These have been included for educational purposes. © 2019 Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism, California State University, San Bernardino/Brian Levin Cove Image: Tree of Life Synagogue Photo Credit: Official White House Photo by Andrea Hanks via Wikimedia Commons *Titles in GREEN are CSHE Exclusives or contain CSHE Exclusive Content 2 July 30, 2019 Dear Reader, As societies around the world rapidly change, diversify, and fragment at this critical juncture in our new century, the importance of independently accumulated data on socio-political cohesion and extremism is essential for national security, an informed populace, and the historical record. At a time of intense division, anecdote, and rancor, objectively collected academic data and facts are key. We neither take, nor solicit funds for this report. The Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism at California State University, San Bernardino (CSHE) is a two-decade old non-partisan independent research and policy institution focusing on the latest and most detailed trend analysis for hate crime and extremism across both borders and the ideological spectrum. Our foundational principles relate to the preservation of the institutions and processes of our pluralistic democracy. These include protection for: religious exercise and abstinence from it, association, speech, political participation, peaceful civil order, and a free press and academic inquiry. As inquiry is key, we routinely curate our own national crime data, independently, to assess trends and compare to the findings of others. We are pleased to present, in a one-of-a-kind compendium, the latest international police and social science trend data, as well as legal policy analysis. Also included and summarized below are CSHE’s own new 2018-2019 exclusive findings on the latest police reported hate crime in major cities across the U.S., and our enumeration of American extremist homicides. The expanded U.S. city analysis is presented after the various executive summaries. Among the observations and findings presented: Cities Up Hate crimes rose 9 percent in major U.S. cities in 2018, for a fifth consecutive increase, to decade highs, as cities with increases outnumbered those with declines two to one. In contrast, crime overall in major cities has declined in both of the last two years. Preliminary partial year 2019 data also show increases in a majority of cities surveyed, but those early double-digit percentage increases, barring unforeseen catalysts, will likely erode by year-end, as first-half 2018 comparisons were down before reversing. Hate crimes often spike around catalytic domestic and international events as well as political conflicts. The year prior to presidential election years are mostly up for hate crime. The most common victims for hate crime reported to police in major cities in 2018 were African Americans, Jews, and Gays, but Whites and Jews experienced the biggest percentage increases, as anti-Semitic hate crimes and assaults also rose internationally. Jews were the direct target of half of the bias/extremist homicides in 2018, in the worst year ever for anti-Semitic killings in the United States. Some Declines and Reshuffling off Recent Highs Not all data sets were up after hitting recent peaks, however, as Canada, California, and the ADL’s anti-Semitic audit declined, just off of recent 2017 highs. Anti- Muslim hate crimes, which had spiked around terror attacks and international tensions, declined in 2018 in both CAIR’s annual data and CSHE’s city survey. Still, in 2017, the FBI enumerated a greater number of anti-Muslim assaults than after 9/11. Immigration has overtaken terrorism as a top political issue. In 2018, extremist homicides also decreased markedly, to only 22, in the United States, on a decline in Violent Salafist Jihadist motivated killings to only one. White nationalist/far right motivated homicides were the most frequent, rising to 17 in 2018, from 13 a year prior. While, there were both a string of politically motivated assaults and suspected crimes—and non-violent protests—by Antifa, anarchists, and hard left extremists, there have been no homicides by any of their adherents in 2018 or 2019. Political Season Enhances and Somewhat Diversifies Hate & Extremism Risks However, increasingly conflictual and racially divisive domestic politics, widening international tensions, weapon availability, and renewed online extremist recruitment activity (including by reconstituted foreign terror groups) diversifies the risk going forward. A broad range of ideologies still exist, capable of inspiring mass violence, infrastructure attacks, targeted assassinations, or plots from geographically disparate and often autonomous loners and small cells, who often operate in their home regions, sometimes combining a mix of idiosyncratic motivations. Hate crimes overall have spiked over the last decade around political events and rhetoric. The expansion of white nationalism has created a coalesced movement and a violent extremist fringe. White nationalism/far right extremism continue to be most ascendant, despite the incapacity of many of their most prominent groups and leaders. The overwhelming majority of declining extremist domestic homicides in 2018 were by white nationalist/far right sole assailants who attacked around the mid-term elections. Thus, the risk of extremist violence by them will likely continue into this current nascent political season, around catalytic events in campaigns, international conflicts, terrorism, and heated rhetoric. While white supremacists and ultra-nationalists will maintain their position at the top of the threat matrix, the risk is also diversifying well beyond the far right, to include those with antagonistic ideologies, those inspired by zealots and conflicts abroad, and those with more personal grievances in an increasingly coarse and fragmented socio-political landscape. More States Adopt and Expand Hate Crime Laws Forty-seven states, D.C., Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands now have hate crime laws of varying effectiveness, but the number covering gays, gender, or gender identity is still below three dozen. Legislation and policies to expand victim categories and protections, close loopholes, and enhance police training and data collection are among the
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