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ALTERNATE VOLUME: SINCE 1300 SEVENTH EDITION

WESTERN CIVILIZATION

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ALTERNATE VOLUME: SINCE 1300 SEVENTH EDITION

WESTERN CIVILIZATION

Jackson J. Spielvogel

The Pennsylvania State University

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Western Civilization, Alternate Volume: Since 1300, Seventh Edition Jackson J. Spielvogel

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2007941631

ISBN-13: 978-0-495-55528-5 ISBN-10: 0-495-55528-2

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

JACKSON J. SPIELVOGEL is associate professor emeritus of history at The Pennsylvania State University. He received his Ph.D. from The Ohio State University, where he specialized in Reformation history under Harold J. Grimm. His articles and reviews have appeared in such journals as Moreana, Journal of General Edu- cation, Catholic Historical Review, Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte, and American Historical Review. He has also contributed chapters or articles to The Social History of the Reformation, The Holy Roman Empire: A Dictionary Handbook, the Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual of Holocaust Studies, and Utopian Studies. His work has been supported by fellowships from the Fulbright Foundation and the Foundation for Reformation Research. At Penn State, he helped inaugurate the Western civilization courses as well as a popular course on Nazi Germany. His book Hitler and Nazi Germany was published in 1987 (fifth edition, 2005). He is the coauthor (with William Duiker) of World History, first published in 1998 (fifth edition, 2007), and The Essential World History (third edition, 2008). Professor Spielvogel has won five major university-wide teaching awards. He held the Penn State Teaching Fellowship, the university’s most prestigious teaching award, in 1988–1989. In 1996 he won the Dean Arthur Ray Warnock Award for Outstanding Faculty Member and in 2000 the Schreyer Honors College Excellence in Teaching Award.

TO DIANE, WHOSE LOVE AND SUPPORT MADE IT ALL POSSIBLE

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BRIEF CONTENTS

MAPS xiv 20 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND ITS CHRONOLOGIES xvi IMPACT ON EUROPEAN SOCIETY 604 PREFACE xvii 21 REACTION, REVOLUTION, AND ROMANTICISM, ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi 1815–1850 632 INTRODUCTION TO STUDENTS OF WESTERN 22 AN AGE OF NATIONALISM AND REALISM, CIVILIZATION xxv 1850–1871 665

WESTERN CIVILIZATION TO 1300 xxvii 23 MASS SOCIETY IN AN “AGE OF PROGRESS,” 1871–1894 698

24 AN AGE OF MODERNITY, ANXIETY, AND 11 THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: CRISIS AND IMPERIALISM, 1894–1914 731 DISINTEGRATION IN THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY 303 25 THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTIETH-CENTURY CRISIS: WAR AND REVOLUTION 768 12 RECOVERY AND REBIRTH: THE AGE OF THE RENAISSANCE 337 26 THE FUTILE SEARCH FOR STABILITY: EUROPE BETWEEN THE WARS, 1919–1939 803 13 REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS WARFARE IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY 373 27 THE DEEPENING OF THE EUROPEAN CRISIS: WORLD WAR II 839 14 EUROPE AND THE WORLD: NEW ENCOUNTERS, 1500–1800 410 28 COLD WAR AND A NEW WESTERN WORLD, 1945–1965 875 15 STATE BUILDING AND THE SEARCH FOR ORDER IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 443 29 PROTEST AND STAGNATION: THE WESTERN WORLD, 1965–1985 909 16 TOWARD A NEW HEAVEN AND A NEW EARTH: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND 30 AFTER THE FALL: THE WESTERN WORLD IN THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN SCIENCE 483 A GLOBAL AGE (SINCE 1985) 935

17 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: AN AGE GLOSSARY 967 OF ENLIGHTENMENT 509 PRONUNCIATION GUIDE 975 18 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: EUROPEAN DOCUMENTS 983 STATES, INTERNATIONAL WARS, AND SOCIAL CHANGE 538 PHOTO CREDITS 990 INDEX 993 19 A REVOLUTION IN POLITICS: THE ERA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON 571

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DETAILED CONTENTS

MAPS xiv IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE CHRONOLOGIES xvi Entertainment in the Middle Ages 332 Inventions and New Patterns 333 PREFACE xvii Conclusion 334 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi Notes 334 INTRODUCTION TO STUDENTS OF WESTERN Suggestions for Further Reading 335 CIVILIZATION xxv WESTERN CIVILIZATION TO 1300 xxvii RECOVERY AND REBIRTH: THE 12 AGE OF THE RENAISSANCE 337 THE LATER MIDDLE AGES: 11 CRISIS AND DISINTEGRATION Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian IN THE FOURTEENTH Renaissance 338 CENTURY 303 The Making of Renaissance Society 338 Economic Recovery 338 A Time of Troubles: Black Death and Social Social Changes in the Renaissance 340 Crisis 304 The Family in Renaissance Italy 342 Famine and Population 304 The Italian States in the Renaissance 344 The Black Death 304 The Five Major States 344 Economic Dislocation and Social Upheaval 308 Independent City-States 345 War and Political Instability 311 Warfare in Italy 346 Causes of the Hundred Years’ War 311 The Birth of Modern Diplomacy 347 Conduct and Course of the War 312 Machiavelli and the New Statecraft 348 Political Instability 316 The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy 349 FILM & HISTORY Italian Renaissance Humanism 349 Joan of Arc (1948), The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc (1999) 317 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS The Growth of England’s Political The Renaissance Prince: The Views Institutions 318 of Machiavelli and Erasmus 350 Education in the Renaissance 352 The Problems of the French Kings 318 Humanism and History 354 The German Monarchy 319 The Impact of Printing 355 The States of Italy 320 The Decline of the Church 322 The Artistic Renaissance 355 Art in the Early Renaissance 355 Boniface VIII and the Conﬂict with the State 322 The Artistic High Renaissance 358 The Papacy at Avignon (1305–1377) 323 The Artist and Social Status 360 The Great Schism 323 The Northern Artistic Renaissance 361 New Thoughts on Church and State and the Rise of Conciliarism 324 Music in the Renaissance 362 Popular Religion in an Age of Adversity 325 The European State in the Renaissance 362 Changes in Theology 325 The Growth of the French Monarchy 363 The Cultural World of the Fourteenth England: Civil War and a New Monarchy 363 Century 326 The Uniﬁcation of Spain 365 The Development of Vernacular Literature 326 The Holy Roman Empire: The Success of the Art and the Black Death 328 Habsburgs 365 The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Society in an Age of Adversity 330 Europe 366 Changes in Urban Life 330 The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine New Directions in Medicine 331 Empire 367

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The Church in the Renaissance 368 New Horizons: The Portuguese and Spanish The Problems of Heresy and Reform 368 Empires 413 The Renaissance Papacy 368 The Development of a Portuguese Maritime Empire 413 Conclusion 369 Voyages to the New World 415 Notes 370 The Spanish Empire in the New World 417 Suggestions for Further Reading 371 New Rivals on the World Stage 421 Africa: The Slave Trade 422 REFORMATION AND RELIGIOUS The West in Southeast Asia 425 13 WARFARE IN THE SIXTEENTH The French and British in India 426 CENTURY 373 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS West Meets East: Prelude to Reformation 374 An Exchange of Royal Letters 428 Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism 374 China 429 Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation 376 Japan 430 The Americas 431 Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany 377 The Early Luther 377 The Impact of European Expansion 433 The Rise of Lutheranism 379 The Conquered 433 FILM & HISTORY FILM & HISTORY Luther (2003) 380 The Mission (1986) 435 Organizing the Church 382 The Conquerors 436 Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics 383 Toward a World Economy 438 The Spread of the Protestant Reformation 386 Economic Conditions in the Sixteenth Century 438 Lutheranism in Scandinavia 386 The Growth of Commercial Capitalism 438 The Zwinglian Reformation 386 Mercantilism 439 The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists 387 Overseas Trade and Colonies: Movement Toward OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Globalization 440 A Reformation Debate: Conclusion 441 Conﬂict at Marburg 388 Notes 441 The Reformation in England 389 Suggestions for Further Reading 441 John Calvin and Calvinism 391 The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation 392 The Family 393 STATE BUILDING AND THE Education in the Reformation 394 15 SEARCH FOR ORDER IN THE Religious Practices and Popular Culture 395 SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 443 The Catholic Reformation 395 Revival of the Old 396 Social Crises, War, and Rebellions 444 The Society of Jesus 396 The Witchcraft Craze 444 A Revived Papacy 398 The Thirty Years’ War 446 The Council of Trent 398 A Military Revolution? 449 Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Rebellions 450 Century 399 The Practice of Absolutism: Western Europe 451 The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) 399 Absolute Monarchy in France 451 Philip II and Militant Catholicism 401 The Reign of Louis XIV (1643–1715) 452 Revolt of the Netherlands 403 The Decline of Spain 458 The England of Elizabeth 403 FILM & HISTORY Absolutism in Central, Eastern, and Northern Elizabeth (1998) 406 Europe 459 Conclusion 407 The German States 459 Italy: From Spanish to Austrian Rule 461 Notes 408 Russia: From Fledgling Principality to Major Power 461 Suggestions for Further Reading 408 The Great Northern States 463 EUROPE AND THE WORLD: NEW The Ottoman Empire 464 The Limits of Absolutism 466 14 ENCOUNTERS, 1500–1800 410 Limited Monarchy and Republics 467 On the Brink of a New World 411 The Weakness of the Polish Monarchy 467 The Motives for Expansion 411 The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic 467 The Means for Expansion 412 England and the Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy 468

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IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE The Social Environment of the Philosophes 520 Dutch Domesticity 469 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Women in the Age of the Enlightenment: The Flourishing of European Culture 475 Rousseau and Wollstonecraft 521 The Changing Faces of Art 475 A Wondrous Age of Theater 477 Culture and Society in the Enlightenment 522 Conclusion 481 Innovations in Art, Music, and Literature 522 Notes 481 The High Culture of the Eighteenth Century 526 Crime and Punishment 528 Suggestions for Further Reading 481 The World of Medicine 529 Popular Culture 530 TOWARD A NEW HEAVEN AND 16 A NEW EARTH: THE SCIENTIFIC Religion and the Churches 532 REVOLUTION AND THE The Institutional Church 532 Popular Religion in the Eighteenth Century 534 EMERGENCE OF MODERN Conclusion 536 SCIENCE 483 Notes 536 Background to the Scientific Revolution 484 Suggestions for Further Reading 537 Ancient Authors and Renaissance Artists 484 Technological Innovations and Mathematics 484 Renaissance Magic 485 18 THE EIGHTEENTH Toward a New Heaven: A Revolution in Astronomy 485 CENTURY: EUROPEAN Copernicus 485 STATES, INTERNATIONAL Brahe 487 WARS, AND SOCIAL Kepler 487 CHANGE 538 Galileo 489 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS The European States 539 A New Heaven? Faith Versus Reason 492 Enlightened Absolutism? 539 Newton 493 The Atlantic Seaboard States 540 FILM & HISTORY Advances in Medicine and Chemistry 495 Marie Antoinette (2006) 541 Paracelsus 495 Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe 543 Vesalius 496 The Mediterranean World 549 William Harvey 496 The Scandinavian States 550 Chemistry 497 Enlightened Absolutism Revisited 550 Women in the Origins of Modern Science 497 Wars and Diplomacy 550 Margaret Cavendish 497 The War of the Austrian Succession Maria Merian 498 (1740–1748) 551 Maria Winkelmann 498 The Seven Years’ War (1756–1763) 551 Debates on the Nature of Women 498 European Armies and Warfare 552 Toward a New Earth: Descartes, Rationalism, and Economic Expansion and Social Change 554 a New View of Humankind 499 Growth of the European Population 554 The Scientific Method and the Spread of Scientific Family, Marriage, and Birthrate Patterns 555 Knowledge 500 An Agricultural Revolution? 557 The Scientific Method 500 New Methods of Finance 558 The Spread of Scientific Knowledge 502 European Industry 558 Science and Religion 503 Mercantile Empires and Worldwide Trade 559 Conclusion 506 The Social Order of the Eighteenth Notes 507 Century 561 Suggestions for Further Reading 508 The Peasants 562 The Nobility 562 THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: AN IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE 17 The Aristocratic Way of Life 564 AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT 509 The Inhabitants of Towns and Cities 565 The Enlightenment 510 Conclusion 568 The Paths to Enlightenment 510 Notes 569 The Philosophes and Their Ideas 512 Suggestions for Further Reading 569

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A REVOLUTION IN POLITICS: THE REACTION, REVOLUTION, AND 19 ERA OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 21 ROMANTICISM, 1815–1850 632 AND NAPOLEON 571 The Conservative Order (1815–1830) 633 The Beginning of the Revolutionary Era: The Peace Settlement 633 The American Revolution 572 The Ideology of Conservatism 635 The War for Independence 572 Conservative Domination: The Concert of Europe 636 Forming a New Nation 573 Conservative Domination: The European States 638 Impact of the American Revolution on Europe 574 The Ideologies of Change 641 Background to the French Revolution 575 Liberalism 642 Social Structure of the Old Regime 575 Nationalism 644 Other Problems Facing the French Monarchy 577 Early Socialism 644 The French Revolution 577 Revolution and Reform (1830–1850) 646 Another French Revolution 646 From Estates-General to a National Assembly 578 Revolutionary Outbursts in Belgium, Poland, and Italy 647 Destruction of the Old Regime 580 Reform in Great Britain 647 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS The Natural Rights The Revolutions of 1848 648 of the French People: Two Views 581 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS The Radical Revolution 584 Response to Revolution: Two Perspectives 650 Reaction and the Directory 592 The Maturing of the United States 653 The Age of Napoleon 593 The Emergence of an Ordered Society 654 The Rise of Napoleon 593 New Police Forces 654 The Domestic Policies of Emperor Napoleon 594 Prison Reform 656 Napoleon’s Empire and the European Response 597 The Fall of Napoleon 599 Culture in an Age of Reaction and Revolution: Conclusion 600 The Mood of Romanticism 657 The Characteristics of Romanticism 657 Notes 601 Romantic Poets 658 Suggestions for Further Reading 602 Romanticism in Art 659 Romanticism in Music 660 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The Revival of Religion in the Age of Romanticism 662 20 AND ITS IMPACT ON Conclusion 663 EUROPEAN SOCIETY 604 Notes 663 Suggestions for Further Reading 663 The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain 605 Origins 605 Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial AN AGE OF NATIONALISM AND Organization 607 22 REALISM, 1850–1871 665 Britain’s Great Exhibition of 1851 611 The France of Napoleon III 666 The Spread of Industrialization 613 Louis Napoleon: Toward the Second Empire 666 Limitations to Industrialization 613 The Second Napoleonic Empire 666 Centers of Continental Industrialization 615 Foreign Policy: The Mexican Adventure 668 The Industrial Revolution in the United States 615 Foreign Policy: The Crimean War 668 Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in the Nonindustrialized World 618 National Unification: Italy and Germany 670 The Unification of Italy 670 The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution 618 FILM & HISTORY Population Growth 618 The Charge of the Light The Growth of Cities 619 Brigade (1936) 671 New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class 622 The Unification of Germany 673 New Social Classes: Workers in the Industrial Age 623 Nation Building and Reform: The National State Standards of Living 625 in Midcentury 678 Efforts at Change: The Workers 627 The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual Monarchy 678 Efforts at Change: Reformers and Government 628 Imperial Russia 678 Conclusion 630 Great Britain: The Victorian Age 682 Notes 631 The United States: Slavery and War 683 Suggestions for Further Reading 631 The Emergence of a Canadian Nation 684

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Industrialization and the Marxist Response 685 The Attack on Christianity 736 Industrialization on the Continent 685 The Culture of Modernity: Literature 737 Marx and Marxism 686 Modernism in the Arts 737 Modernism in Music 741 Science and Culture in an Age of Realism 687 A New Age of Science 687 Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties 742 Charles Darwin and the Theory of Organic Evolution 689 The Movement for Women’s Rights 743 A Revolution in Health Care 689 IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE Science and the Study of Society 692 The Struggle for the Right to Vote 744 Realism in Literature 693 Jews in the European Nation-State 744 Realism in Art 693 The Transformation of Liberalism: Great Britain and Italy 746 Music: The Twilight of Romanticism 694 France: Travails of the Third Republic 748 Conclusion 696 Growing Tensions in Germany 748 Notes 697 Austria-Hungary: The Problem of the Suggestions for Further Reading 697 Nationalities 749 Industrialization and Revolution in Imperial Russia 749 MASS SOCIETY IN AN “AGE OF 23 The Rise of the United States 750 PROGRESS,” 1871–1894 698 The Growth of Canada 751 The Growth of Industrial Prosperity 699 The New Imperialism 752 New Products 699 Causes of the New Imperialism 752 New Markets 700 The Scramble for Africa 753 New Patterns in an Industrial Economy 702 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Women and Work: New Job Opportunities 704 White Man’s Burden Versus Black Man’s Burden 754 Organizing the Working Classes 705 Imperialism in Asia 756 The Emergence of a Mass Society 708 Responses to Imperialism 759 Population Growth 708 Results of the New Imperialism 761 Emigration 709 International Rivalry and the Coming Transformation of the Urban Environment 710 of War 761 Social Structure of the Mass Society 713 The Bismarckian System 761 “The Woman Question”: The Role of Women 715 New Directions and New Crises 762 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Advice to Women: Two Views 716 Conclusion 765 IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE Notes 766 The Middle-Class Family 718 Suggestions for Further Reading 766 Education in the Mass Society 719 Mass Leisure 721 THE BEGINNING OF THE The National State 722 25 TWENTIETH-CENTURY Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy 722 CRISIS: WAR AND Central and Eastern Europe: Persistence REVOLUTION 768 of the Old Order 725 The Road to World War I 769 Conclusion 728 Nationalism 769 Notes 729 Internal Dissent 769 Suggestions for Further Reading 729 Militarism 770 The Outbreak of War: The Summer of 1914 770 AN AGE OF MODERNITY, 24 The War 773 ANXIETY, AND IMPERIALISM, 1914–1915: Illusions and Stalemate 773 1894–1914 731 1916–1917: The Great Slaughter 777 FILM & HISTORY Toward the Modern Consciousness: Intellectual and Paths of Glory (1957) 779 Cultural Developments 732 The Widening of the War 779 Developments in the Sciences: The Emergence of a New IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE Physics 732 Life in the Trenches 780 Toward a New Understanding of the Irrational 733 A New Kind of Warfare 783 Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis 734 The Home Front: The Impact of The Impact of Darwin 735 Total War 783

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War and Revolution 789 THE DEEPENING OF The Russian Revolution 789 27 THE EUROPEAN CRISIS: The Last Year of the War 795 WORLD WAR II 839 Revolutionary Upheavals in Germany and Austria-Hungary 795 Prelude to War (1933–1939) 840 The Peace Settlement 796 The Role of Hitler 840 Peace Aims 796 The “Diplomatic Revolution” (1933–1936) 840 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS The Path to War in Europe (1937–1939) 842 Three Voices of Peacemaking 797 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS The Treaty of Versailles 798 The Munich Conference: Two Views 845 The Other Peace Treaties 799 The Path to War in Asia 845 Conclusion 800 The Course of World War II 847 Notes 801 Victory and Stalemate 847 Suggestions for Further Reading 802 The War in Asia 849 The Turning Point of the War (1942–1943) 851 The Last Years of the War 854 THE FUTILE SEARCH The New Order 855 26 FOR STABILITY: EUROPE The Nazi Empire 855 BETWEEN THE WARS, Resistance Movements 857 1919–1939 803 The Holocaust 857 FILM & HISTORY An Uncertain Peace 804 Europa, Europa (1990) 858 The Impact of World War I 804 The New Order in Asia 861 The Search for Security 804 The Home Front 862 The Hopeful Years (1924–1929) 805 The Mobilization of Peoples 862 The Great Depression 806 Front-Line Civilians: The Bombing of Cities 865 The Democratic States 807 IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE The Impact of Total War 867 Great Britain 807 France 809 Aftermath of the War 868 The Scandinavian States 810 The Costs of World War II 868 The United States 810 The Allied War Conferences 869 European States and the World: The Colonial Emergence of the Cold War 870 Empires 810 Conclusion 872 The Authoritarian and Totalitarian States 812 Notes 873 The Retreat from Democracy 812 Suggestions for Further Reading 873 Fascist Italy 813 Hitler and Nazi Germany 816 COLD WAR AND A NEW The Soviet Union 823 28 WESTERN WORLD, Authoritarianism in Eastern Europe 826 1945–1965 875 Dictatorship in the Iberian Peninsula 827 The Expansion of Mass Culture and Mass Development of the Cold War 876 Leisure 828 Confrontation of the Superpowers 876 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS Radio and Movies 828 Who Started the Cold War? Mass Leisure 829 American and Soviet Perspectives 877 Cultural and Intellectual Trends in the Interwar FILM & HISTORY Years 829 The Third Man (1949) 879 Globalization of the Cold War 880 FILM & HISTORY Triumph of the Will (1934) 830 Europe and the World: Decolonization 883 Nightmares and New Visions: Art and Music 831 Africa: The Struggle for Independence 884 The Search for the Unconscious in Literature 834 Conﬂict in the Middle East 885 The Unconscious in Psychology: Carl Jung 835 Asia: Nationalism and Communism 888 The “Heroic Age of Physics” 835 Decolonization and Cold War Rivalries 890 Conclusion 836 Recovery and Renewal in Europe 890 Notes 837 The Soviet Union: From Stalin to Khrushchev 890 Suggestions for Further Reading 837 Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain 892

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Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the AFTER THE FALL: THE Economy 893 30 WESTERN WORLD IN Western Europe: The Move Toward Unity 897 A GLOBAL AGE The United States and Canada: A New Era 898 (SINCE 1985) 935 American Politics and Society in the 1950s 898 Decade of Upheaval: America in the 1960s 898 Toward a New Western Order 936 The Development of Canada 899 The Revolutionary Era in the Soviet Union 936 Postwar Society and Culture in the Western World 899 Eastern Europe: The Revolutions of 1989 and the The Structure of European Society 900 Collapse of the Communist Order 939 Creation of the Welfare State 900 The Reuniﬁcation of Germany 941 Women in the Postwar Western World 901 The Disintegration of Yugoslavia 942 Postwar Art and Literature 902 Western Europe and the Search The Philosophical Dilemma: Existentialism 904 for Unity 945 The Revival of Religion 904 FILM & HISTORY The Explosion of Popular Culture 905 The Lives of Others Conclusion 907 (2006) 946 The Uniﬁcation of Europe 947 Notes 907 The United States: Move to the Center 949 Suggestions for Further Reading 908 Contemporary Canada 949 After the Cold War: New World Order or Age 29 PROTEST AND STAGNATION: of Terrorism? 949 THE WESTERN WORLD, The End of the Cold War 949 1965–1985 909 An Age of Terrorism? 951 Terrorist Attack on the United States 951 A Culture of Protest 910 The West and Islam 952 A Revolt in Sexual Mores 910 Youth Protest and Student Revolt 910 New Directions and New Problems IMAGES OF EVERYDAY LIFE in Western Society 953 Youth Culture in the 1960s 911 Transformation in Women’s Lives 953 The Feminist Movement 913 Guest Workers and Immigrants 954 Antiwar Protests 914 Western Culture Today 955 A Divided Western World 914 Varieties of Religious Life 955 Stagnation in the Soviet Union 914 Art and Music in the Age of Commerce: The 1980s Conformity in Eastern Europe 915 and 1990s 956 Repression in East Germany and Romania 916 Western Europe: The Winds of Change 917 The Digital Age 958 The European Community 919 The Technological World 958 The United States: Turmoil and Tranquillity 919 Music and Art in the Digital Age 958 Canada 920 Reality in the Digital Age 959 The Cold War: The Move to Détente 920 Toward a Global Civilization 960 The Second Vietnam War 920 The Global Economy 960 FILM & HISTORY Globalization and the Environmental Dr. Strangelove, Or: How I Learned to Stop Crisis 961 Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964) 921 The Social Challenges of China and the Cold War 923 Globalization 963 The Practice of Détente 924 New Global Movements and The Limits of Détente 925 New Hopes 963 Notes 965 Society and Culture in the Western World 925 Suggestions for Further Reading 965 The World of Science and Technology 925 The Environment and the Green Movements 926 Postmodern Thought 927 Glossary 967 Trends in Art, Literature, and Music 928 Popular Culture: Image and Globalization 930 Pronunciation Guide 975 Conclusion 933 Documents 983 Notes 933 Photo Credits 990 Suggestions for Further Reading 933 Index 993

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MAPS

MAP 11.1 Spread of the Black Death 305 SPOT MAP Pugachev’s Rebellion 548 MAP 11.2 The Hundred Years’ War 314 MAP 18.2 The Partitioning of Poland 549 SPOT MAP The Holy Roman Empire in the Fourteenth MAP 18.3 Battlefields of the Seven Years’ War 552 Century 319 MAP 19.1 North America, 1700–1803 573 SPOT MAP The States of Italy in the Fourteenth Century 321 SPOT MAP Rebellion in France 585 SPOT MAP Avignon 323 MAP 19.2 French Expansion During the Revolutionary MAP 12.1 Renaissance Italy 345 Wars, 1792–1799 587 SPOT MAP Lands of Charles the Bold 363 SPOT MAP Revolt in Saint Domingue (Haiti) 591 MAP 12.2 Europe in the Second Half of the Fifteenth MAP 19.3 Napoleon’s Grand Empire in 1810 598 Century 364 MAP 20.1 The Industrial Revolution in Britain by 1850 609 MAP 12.3 The Iberian Peninsula 365 MAP 20.2 The Industrialization of Europe by 1850 614 MAP 12.4 The Ottoman Empire and Southeastern MAP 21.1 Europe After the Congress of Vienna, 1815 634 Europe 367 MAP 21.2 Latin America in the First Half of the Nineteenth SPOT MAP Luther’s Saxony 379 Century 637 MAP 13.1 The Empire of Charles V 385 SPOT MAP The Balkans by 1830 638 SPOT MAP Zwingli’s Zürich 386 SPOT MAP Italy, 1815 639 SPOT MAP Calvin’s Geneva 392 MAP 21.3 The Distribution of Languages in Nineteenth- MAP 13.2 Catholics and Protestants in Europe by 1560 396 Century Europe 645 MAP 13.3 The Height of Spanish Power Under Philip II 402 MAP 21.4 The Revolutions of 1848–1849 649 MAP 14.1 Discoveries and Possessions in the Fifteenth and SPOT MAP The Crimean War 668 Sixteenth Centuries 415 MAP 22.1 Decline of the Ottoman Empire 669 SPOT MAP The Maya 417 MAP 22.2 The Unification of Italy 672 SPOT MAP The Aztecs 417 MAP 22.3 The Unification of Germany 676 SPOT MAP The Inca 420 MAP 22.4 Europe in 1871 679 MAP 14.2 Triangular Trade Route in the Atlantic MAP 22.5 Ethnic Groups in the Dual Monarchy, 1867 680 Economy 423 MAP 22.6 The United States: The West and the Civil SPOT MAP Southeast Asia, c. 1700 426 War 684 SPOT MAP The Mughal Empire 427 MAP 23.1 The Industrial Regions of Europe at the End of the SPOT MAP The Qing Empire 429 Nineteenth Century 703 SPOT MAP The West Indies 431 MAP 23.2 Population Growth in Europe, 1820–1900 710 MAP 14.3 The Columbian Exchange 437 SPOT MAP Palestine 746 MAP 15.1 The Thirty Years’ War 447 SPOT MAP Canada, 1871 752 MAP 15.2 The Wars of Louis XIV 457 SPOT MAP The Struggle for South Africa 753 MAP 15.3 The Growth of Brandenberg-Prussia 459 MAP 24.1 Africa in 1914 757 MAP 15.4 The Growth of the Austrian Empire 460 MAP 24.2 Asia in 1914 758 MAP 15.5 Russia: From Principality to Nation-State 464 SPOT MAP Japanese Expansion 760 SPOT MAP Sweden in the Seventeenth Century 465 SPOT MAP The Balkans in 1878 762 MAP 15.6 The Ottoman Empire 466 MAP 24.3 The Balkans in 1913 764 SPOT MAP Poland in the Seventeenth Century 467 MAP 25.1 Europe in 1914 770 SPOT MAP Civil War in England 470 SPOT MAP The Schlieffen Plan 771 SPOT MAP Pacific Discoveries 511 MAP 25.2 The Western Front, 1914–1918 775 MAP 17.1 The Enlightenment in Europe 513 MAP 25.3 The Eastern Front, 1914–1918 776 MAP 17.2 Religious Populations of Eighteenth-Century MAP 25.4 The Russian Revolution and Civil War 793 Europe 533 SPOT MAP The Middle East in 1919 799 MAP 18.1 Europe in 1763 544 MAP 25.5 Europe in 1919 800

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SPOT MAP The Little Entente 805 MAP 28.2 Decolonization in Africa 886 SPOT MAP Gained Italian Territory 813 MAP 28.3 Decolonization in the Middle East 888 SPOT MAP Eastern Europe After World War I 826 MAP 28.4 Decolonization in Asia 889 MAP 27.1 Changes in Central Europe, 1936–1939 844 SPOT MAP European Economic Community, MAP 27.2 World War II in Europe and North Africa 850 1957 897 MAP 27.3 World War II in Asia and the Paciﬁc 851 SPOT MAP The Vietnam War 922 MAP 27.4 The Holocaust 860 MAP 30.1 The New Europe 937 MAP 27.5 Territorial Changes After World War II 871 SPOT MAP Chechnya 939 SPOT MAP The Berlin Air Lift 880 MAP 30.2 The Lands of the Former Yugoslavia, MAP 28.1 The New European Alliance Systems in the 1950s 1995 944 and 1960s 881 MAP 30.3 European Union, 2007 948 SPOT MAP The Korean War 882 SPOT MAP Quebec 949

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CHRONOLOGIES

The Hundred Years’ War 316 Conservative Domination: The Concert of Europe 638 The States of Western and Central Europe 321 Reform, Reaction, and Revolution: The European States, The Decline of the Church 324 1815–1850 654 The Italian States in the Renaissance 348 The Unification of Italy 673 Europe in the Renaissance 366 The Unification of Germany 678 The Church in the Renaissance 369 National States at Midcentury 685 Luther’s Reform Movement 384 National States of Europe, 1871–1894 727 Politics and the German Reformation 385 Politics, 1894–1914 752 New Reform Movements 392 The New Imperialism: Africa 756 The Catholic Reformation 399 The New Imperialism: Asia 759 The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) 401 European Diplomacy 764 Philip II and Militant Catholicism 403 The Road to World War I 771 The Portuguese and Spanish Empires in the Sixteenth The Russian Revolution 794 Century 421 World War I 795 New Rivals on the World Stage 433 The Democratic States 811 The Thirty Years’ War 448 Fascist Italy 817 Absolutism in Western Europe 458 Nazi Germany 822 Absolutism in Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe 465 The Soviet Union 826 Limited Monarchy and Republics 473 The Authoritarian States 827 Important Works of the Scientific Revolution 496 Prelude to War, 1933–1939 847 Consequences of the Scientific Revolution: World War II 855 Important Works 505 The Cold War to 1962 883 Works of the Philosophes 522 The Soviet Union and Satellite States in Eastern Europe 893 The Atlantic Seaboard States 543 Western Europe After the War 897 Central and Eastern Europe 548 The Soviet Bloc 916 The Mediterranean World and Scandinavia 550 Western Europe, 1965–1985 919 The Mid-Century Wars 553 The Fall of the Soviet Bloc 942 The French Revolution 593 Western Europe Since 1985 947 The Napoleonic Era, 1799–1815 600

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PREFACE

DURING A VISIT to Great Britain, where he studied as a Features of the Text young man, Mohandas Gandhi, the leader of the effort to liberate India from British colonial rule, was asked what To enliven the past and let readers see for themselves the he thought of Western civilization. “I think it would be a materials that historians use to create their pictures of the good idea,”he replied. Gandhi’s response was as correct as past, I have included in each chapter primary sources it was clever. Western civilization has led to great prob- (boxed documents) that are keyed to the discussion in the lems as well as great accomplishments, but it remains a text. The documents include examples of the religious, good idea. And any complete understanding of today’s artistic, intellectual, social, economic, and political aspects world must take into account the meaning of Western of Western life. Such varied sources as a Renaissance ban- civilization and the role Western civilization has played in quet menu, a student fight song in nineteenth-century history. Despite modern progress, we still greatly reflect Britain, letters exchanged between a husband on the battle our religious traditions, our political systems and theo- front and his wife in World War I, the Declaration of the ries, our economic and social structures, and our cultural Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen in the French heritage. I have written this history of Western civilization Revolution, and a debate in the Reformation era all reveal to assist a new generation of students in learning more in a vivid fashion what Western civilization meant to the about the past that has helped create them and the world individual men and women who shaped it by their activi- in which they live. ties. I have added questions at the end of each source to help At the same time, for the seventh edition, as in the sixth, students in analyzing the documents as well as references I have added considerable new material on world history to related documents that are available online. to show the impact other parts of the world have made on Each chapter has a lengthy introduction and conclu- the West. Certainly, the ongoing struggle with terrorists sion to help maintain the continuity of the narrative and since 2001 has made clear the intricate relationship between to provide a synthesis of important themes. Anecdotes in the West and the rest of the world. It is important then to the chapter introductions convey more dramatically the show not only how Western civilization has affected the major theme or themes of each chapter. Detailed rest of the world but also how it has been influenced and chronologies reinforce the events discussed in the text, even defined since its beginnings by contacts with other and illustrated timelines at the end of each chapter en- peoples around the world. able students to review at a glance the chief developments Another of my goals was to write a well-balanced of an era. Many of the timelines also show parallel devel- work in which the political, economic, social, religious, opments in different cultures or nations. An annotated intellectual, cultural, and military aspects of Western bibliography at the end of each chapter reviews the most civilization have been integrated into a chronologically recent literature on each period and also gives references ordered synthesis. I have been especially aware of the to some of the older, “classic” works in each field. need to integrate the latest research on social history and Updated maps and extensive illustrations serve to women’s history into each chapter of the book rather deepen the reader’s understanding of the text. Detailed map than isolating it either in lengthy topical chapters, which captions are designed to enrich students’ awareness of the confuse the student by interrupting the chronological importance of geography to history, and numerous spot narrative, or in separate sections that appear at periodic maps enable readers to see at a glance the region or sub- intervals between chapters. ject being discussed in the text. To facilitate understand- Another purpose in writing this history of Western ing of cultural movements, illustrations of artistic works civilization has been to put the story back in history. That discussed in the text are placed near the discussions. story is an exciting one; yet many textbooks fail to capture Throughout the text, illustration captions have been revised the imagination of their readers. Narrative history effec- and expanded to further students’ understanding of the tively transmits the knowledge of the past and is the form past. Chapter outlines and focus questions, including that best aids remembrance. At the same time, I have not critical thinking questions, at the beginning of each overlooked the need for the kind of historical analysis that chapter give students a useful overview and guide them to makes students aware that historians often disagree on the main subjects of each chapter. The focus questions are their interpretations of the past. then repeated at the beginning of each major section in

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the chapter. A glossary of important terms (now bold- (Chapter 20); a new table on the expansion of the British faced in the text when they are introduced and defined) electorate in the nineteenth century (Chapter 22); mass and a pronunciation guide are provided at the back of education and upward mobility in the Stalinist era the book to maximize reader comprehension. (Chapter 26); Germany’s union with Austria; Czechoslo- vakia’s pact with France; Chamberlain; the invasion of New to This Edition Poland; the invasion of western Europe; the invasion of the Soviet Union; the Battle of Stalingrad; the Battle of Midway; As preparation for the revision of Western Civilization, I Normandy; battles in North Africa; industrial mobilization reexamined the entire book and analyzed the comments in the United States (Chapter 27); the Cold War, including and reviews of many colleagues who have found the book the Truman Doctrine, Berlin Air Lift, creation of West and to be a useful instrument for introducing their students to East Germany, and Korean War (Chapter 28); the non- the history of Western civilization. In making revisions for Western world (1965–1985); the Second Vietnam War; the seventh edition, I sought to build on the strengths of the antiwar protests in the 1960s (Chapter 29); Russia under first six editions and, above all, to maintain the balance, Yeltsin and Putin; Eastern Europe, Germany, France, Italy, synthesis, and narrative qualities that characterized those and the United States since 1985; the end of the Cold War; editions. To keep up with the ever-growing body of histori- the war in Iraq; and guest workers and immigrants cal scholarship, new or revised material has been added (Chapter 30). throughout the book on many topics, including the Neolithic Chapters 28 and 29 were reorganized and expanded Age; the Sumerians and their social classes; the Akkadian to create three chapters: Chapter 28: “Cold War and a Empire, especially the role of Naram-Sin; the Amorites; New Western World, 1945–1965”; Chapter 29: “Protest the Babylonian creation epic, Enuma elish; the crowns of and Stagnation: The Western World, 1965–1985”; and Egypt’s kings; the end of the Old Kingdom in Egypt Chapter 30: “After the Fall: The Western World in a Global (Chapter 1); the Medes (Chapter 2); the Greek way of war Age (Since 1985).” In addition, Chapter 14 was reorga- (Chapter 3); background on Macedonia; Philip’s military nized by placing the section “The Impact of European reforms in Macedonia; Alexander’s military skills, including Expansion” before “Toward a World Economy.” New sec- the siege of Tyre (Chapter 4); the organization and evo- tions were added to a number of chapters: “The Army and lution of the Roman army; the practice of three names in Romanization,”“Cities and Romanization,”“Roman Law Roman society; Julius Caesar (Chapter 5); Romanization and Romanization,” and “Christianity and Greco-Roman in the provinces; trading connections between the Roman Culture” in Chapter 6; “The Significance of Charlemagne” Empire and the Han Empire of China; culture and society in Chapter 8; “Monasticism and Social Services” in in the Early Empire; mystery cults in the Roman Empire; Chapter 10; “Calls for Reform” in Chapter 13; “Mercantile Christian martyrs; development of the early Christian Empires and World Trade” in Chapter 18; “Impact of church, including the impact of Greek thought on church World War I,” “Retreat from Democracy,” and “German teachings; the Christian Gospels (Chapter 6); the migration Expressionists” in Chapter 26; “Ongoing Rearmament” of the German tribes and the fusion of Germans and (in Germany) and “The Costs of World War II” in Romans (Chapter 7); fiefs (Chapter 8); the influence of Asia Chapter 27; “The First Vietnam War” in Chapter 28; and the Middle East on Western technological innovations “A Culture of Protest” and “China and the Cold War” in (Chapter 9); the Battle of Hastings; Henry I; background Chapter 29; “Art and Music in the Age of Commerce: The to the Crusades and the Peasants’ Crusade of Peter the 1980s and the 1990s”; “The Digital Age” with the follow- Hermit (Chapter 10); the impact of the Black Death on ing subsections: “The Technological World,” “Music and art and women (Chapter 11); Hus and Wyclif and their Art in the Digital Age,” and “Reality in the Digital Age”; relationship to Luther (Chapter 12); the role of popular and “Toward a Global Civilization” with the following culture and the role of cities in the spread of Luther’s ideas; subsections: “The Global Economy,” “Globalization and the Ottoman Empire during the German Reformation; the Environmental Crisis,” “The Social Challenges of the vibrancy of the Catholic Church in the English Refor- Globalization,” and “New Global Movements and New mation; the Elizabethan religious settlement; the Catholic Hopes”in Chapter 30. The “Suggestions for Further Reading” Reformation (Chapter 13); the “military revolution”; at the end of each chapter were thoroughly updated and Louis XIV’s relationship to the Parlements (Chapter 15); organized under subheadings to make them more useful. the relationship between the centralization of European New illustrations were added to every chapter. states, larger armies and navies, and international rivalry; The enthusiastic response to the primary sources causes of population growth; the impact of overseas trade (boxed documents) led me to evaluate the content of each on European cities (Chapter 18); the financial crisis in document carefully and add new documents throughout the France before the Revolution; the fall of the Bastille; fear text, including a new feature called Opposing Viewpoints, of invasion in 1792 and the “Marseillaise”; Girondins and which presents a comparison of two or three primary the Mountain and the execution of the king; Robespierre; sources in order to facilitate student analysis of historical Napoleon’s military campaigns; the response to Napoleon documents. This feature appears in nineteen chapters and in the German states and Prussia (Chapter 19); pollution includes such topics as “Roman Authorities and a Christian in cities in the nineteenth century; workhouses in Britain on Christianity,” “The Renaissance Prince: The Views of

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Machiavelli and Erasmus,”“Advice to Women: Two Views,” sources. More than one hundred images. Map commentary and “Who Started the Cold War? American and Soviet is provided by James Harrison, Siena College. Perspectives.”Focus questions are included to help students evaluate the documents. Lecture Enrichment Slides Prepared by George Strong and Two additional new features have also been added to Dale Hoak, College of William and Mary. These one hundred the seventh edition. Images of Everyday Life will be found slides contain images of famous paintings, statues, architectural in twelve chapters. This feature combines three or four achievements, and interesting photos. The authors provide illustrations with a lengthy caption to provide insight into commentary for each individual slide. different aspects of social life, such as “Activities of Athenian Women,”“Entertainment in the Middle Ages,”“The Aris- History Video Library A completely new selection of videos tocratic Way of Life,” and “Youth Culture in the 1960s.” for this edition, from Films from the Humanities & Sciences A third new feature is Film and History, which presents and other sources. More than fifty titles to choose from, with a brief analysis of the plot as well as the historical signifi- coverage spanning from “Egypt: A Gift to Civilization” to cance, value, and accuracy of sixteen films, including such “Children of the Holocaust.”Available to qualified adopters. movies as Alexander, The Lion in Winter, Marie Antoinette, Triumph of the Will, and The Lives of Others. Sights and Sounds of History Prepared by David Redles, Because courses in Western civilization at American Cuyahoga Community College. Short, focused video clips, and Canadian colleges and universities follow different photos, artwork, animations, music, and dramatic readings chronological divisions, a one-volume edition, two two- are used to bring life to historical topics and events that are volume editions, a three-volume edition, and a volume most difficult for students to appreciate from a textbook covering events since 1300 are being made available to fit alone. For example, students will experience the grandeur of the needs of instructors. Teaching and learning ancillaries Versailles and the defeat felt by a German soldier at Stalingrad. include the following: The video segments average four minutes in length and make excellent lecture launchers. For the Instructor Instructor’s Manual with Test Bank Prepared by Eugene For the Student Larson, Los Angeles Pierce College. This manual has many Study Guide Prepared by James Baker, Western Kentucky features, including chapter outlines, chapter summaries, University. Includes new learning objectives, chapter outlines, suggested lecture topics, and discussion questions for the chapter summaries, glossary terms, and six different types maps and artwork as well as the documents in the text. of questions for each chapter. Available in two volumes. World Wide Web sites and resources, video collections, a Resource Integration Guide, and suggested student activities Documents of Western Civilization Contains a broad selection are also included. Exam questions include essays, true-false, of carefully chosen documents accompanied by thought- identifications, and multiple-choice questions. Available in provoking discussion questions. Available in two volumes. two volumes. ThomsonNOW Western Civilization ThomsonNOW is a Music of Western Civilization CD Available free to qualified Web-based study system that saves time for students and adopters and for a small fee to students, this CD contains instructors by providing a complete package of diagnostic many of the musical selections highlighted in the text and quizzes, a personalized study plan, multimedia elements, and provides a broad sampling of the important musical pieces a grade book for instructors. ThomsonNOW uses an intel- of Western civilization. ligent and pedagogically accurate system to help students devise a personalized study plan based on their current PowerLectures Includes the Instructor’s Manual, Resource understanding of course material. This plan combines testing Integration Grid, ExamView testing, and PowerPoint® slides with interactions and documents to help students master the with lecture outlines and images that can be used as offered key concepts of the chapter they have just read. Professors or customized by importing personal lecture slides or other can track their students’ progress via a grade book, which material. It also includes a correlation guide to the music CD. is compatible with WebCT and Blackboard course manage- ExamView allows instructors to create, deliver, and customize ment systems. tests and study guides (both print and online) in minutes via an easy-to-use assessment and tutorial system. Instructors Map Exercise Workbook Prepared by Cynthia Kosso, can build tests with as many as 250 questions using up to Northern Arizona University. Includes more than twenty twelve question types. Using ExamView’s complete word- maps and exercises asking students to identify important processing capabilities, they can enter an unlimited number cities and countries. Available in two volumes. of new questions or edit existing ones. MapTutor CD-ROM This interactive map tutorial helps Full-Color Map Acetate Package Fully revised for this edition students learn geography by having them locate geographic of the text. Includes many maps from the text and other features, regions, cities, and sociopolitical movements.

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Each map exercise is accompanied by questions that test module of visual sources, including maps, animations, their knowledge and promote critical thinking. Animations and interactive exercises. Each reading also comes with vividly show movements such as the conquests of the an introduction and a series of questions. To learn more, Romans, the spread of Christianity, invasions, medieval trade visit http://custom.cengage.com/etep or call Thomson routes, and the spread of the Black Death. Learning Custom Publishing at (800) 355-9983.

Document Exercise Workbook Prepared by Donna Van Magellan Atlas of Western Civilization Available to bun- Raaphorst, Cuyahoga Community College. A collection of dle with any Western civilization text; contains forty-four exercises based around primary sources. Available in two full-color historical maps, including “The Conflict in volumes. Afghanistan, 2001” and “States of the World, 2001.”

The Journey of Civilization CD-ROM Prepared by David Wadsworth Western Civilization Resource Center and Book Redles, Cuyahoga Community College. This CD-ROM Companion Web site takes the student on eighteen interactive journeys through http://westernrc.wadsworth.com/ history. Enhanced with QuickTime movies, animations, http://www.thomsonedu.com/history/spielvogel sound clips, maps, and more, the journeys allow students to engage in history as active participants rather than as Both instructors and students will enjoy the chapter- readers of past events. by-chapter resources for Western Civilization, Seventh Edition at the companion Web site available at History: Hits on the Web Hits on the Web (HOW) is an excit- http://www.thomsonedu.com/history/spielvogel. Text- ing, class-tested product specially designed to help history speciﬁc content for students includes interactive maps and students use the Internet for studying, conducting research, timelines, tutorial quizzes, glossary, hyperlinks, and Internet and completing assignments. HOW is approximately eighty activities. Instructors also have access to the Instructor’s pages of valuable teaching tools that can be bundled with any Manual and PowerPoint slides (access code required). The Wadsworth textbook at a very affordable price. Available newly enhanced Wadsworth Western Civilization Resource through Thomson Custom Publishing. Center available at http://westernrc.wadsworth.com/ features such resources as documents and links to on- Exploring the European Past: Text and Images A Custom line readings correlated to specific periods in Western Reader for Western civilization. Written by leading edu- civilization, and photos that provide visual connections cators and historians, this fully customizable reader of to events, places, and people covered in a Western civi- primary and secondary sources is enhanced with an online lization course.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I BEGAN TO TEACH at age five in my family’s grape arbor. and responses have caused me to see many aspects of By the age of ten, I wanted to know and understand every- Western civilization in new ways. thing in the world, so I set out to memorize our entire set My ability to undertake a project of this magnitude was of encyclopedia volumes. At seventeen, as editor of the in part due to the outstanding European history teachers high school yearbook, I chose “patterns” as its theme. that I had as both an undergraduate and a graduate student. With that as my early history, followed by many rich years These included Kent Forster (modern Europe) and Robert of teaching, writing, and family nurturing, it seemed W. Green (early modern Europe) at The Pennsylvania State quite natural to accept the challenge of writing a history University and Franklin Pegues (medieval), Andreas Dor- of Western civilization as I approached that period in life palen (modern Germany), William MacDonald (ancient), often described as the age of wisdom. Although I see this and Harold J. Grimm (Renaissance and Reformation) at writing adventure as part of the natural unfolding of my The Ohio State University. These teachers provided me life, I gratefully acknowledge that without the generosity with profound insights into Western civilization and also of many others, it would not have been possible. taught me by their examples that learning only becomes David Redles gave generously of his time and ideas, true understanding when it is accompanied by compas- especially for Chapters 28 and 29. Chris Colin provided sion, humility, and open-mindedness. research on the history of music, while Laurie Batitto, Alex I would like to thank the many teachers and students Spencer, Stephen Maloney, Shaun Mason, Peter Angelos, who have used the first six editions of my Western and Fred Schooley offered valuable editorial assistance. Civilization. Their enthusiastic response to a textbook that I deeply appreciate the valuable technical assistance provided was intended to put the story back in history and capture by Dayton Coles. I am deeply grateful to John Soares for his the imagination of the reader has been very gratifying. assistance in preparing the map captions and to Charmarie I especially thank the many teachers and students who Blaisdell of Northeastern University for her detailed sugges- made the effort to contact me personally to share their tions on women’s history. Daniel Haxall of The Pennsylvania enthusiasm. Thanks to Thomson Wadsworth’s compre- State University and Kathryn Spielvogel of SUNY–Buffalo hensive review process, many historians were asked to provided valuable assistance with materials on postwar art, evaluate my manuscript and review each edition. I am popular culture, Postmodern art and thought, the Digital grateful to the following people for their innumerable Age, and the new Film and History feature. I am also suggestions over the course of the first six editions, which thankful to the thousands of students whose questions have greatly improved my work:

Anne J. Aby James T. Baker Douglas T. Bisson Minnesota West Community Western Kentucky University Belmont University and Technical College, Worthington Patrick Bass Charmarie Blaisdell Campus Morningside College Northeastern University Paul Allen John F. Battick Stephen H. Blumm University of Utah University of Maine Montgomery County Community Gerald Anderson Frederic J. Baumgartner College North Dakota State University Virginia Polytechnic Institute John Bohstedt Susan L. H. Anderson Phillip N. Bebb University of Tennessee–Knoxville Campbell University Ohio University Hugh S. Bonar Letizia Argenteri Anthony Bedford California State University University of San Diego Modesto Junior College Werner Braatz Roy A. Austensen F. E. Beemon University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh Illinois State University Middle Tennessee State Alfred S. Bradford James A. Baer University University of Missouri Northern Virginia Community Leonard R. Berlanstein Janet Brantley College–Alexandria University of Virginia Texarkana College

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Maryann E. Brink Mary Helen Finnerty W. Robert Houston College of William & Mary Westchester Community College University of South Alabama Jerry Brookshire Jennifer E. Forster Michael W. Howell Middle Tennessee State University Lakeland Community College College of the Ozarks Daniel Patrick Brown A. Z. Freeman David Hudson Moorpark College Robinson College California State University–Fresno Gregory S. Brown Marsha Frey Paul J. L. Hughes University of Nevada–Las Vegas Kansas State University Sussex County Community College Blaine T. Browne Frank J. Frost Richard A. Jackson Broward Community College University of California–Santa Barbara University of Houston Kevin W. Caldwell Frank Garosi Fred Jewell Blue Ridge Community College California State University–Sacramento Harding University J. Holden Camp Jr. Laura Gellott Jenny M. Jochens Hillyer College, University of Hartford University of Wisconsin–Parkside Towson State University Jack Cargill Richard M. Golden William M. Johnston Rutgers University University of North Texas University of Massachusetts Martha Carlin Manuel G. Gonzales Jeffrey A. Kaufmann University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Diablo Valley College Muscatine Community College Elizabeth Carney Amy G. Gordon David O. Kieft Clemson University Denison University University of Minnesota Susan Carrafiello Richard J. Grace Patricia Killen Wright State University Providence College Pacific Lutheran University Eric H. Cline Charlotte M. Gradie William E. Kinsella Jr. Xavier University Sacred Heart University Northern Virginia Community College– Robert G. Clouse Candace Gregory Annandale Indiana State University California State University–Sacramento James M. Kittelson Robert Cole Katherine Gribble Ohio State University Utah State University Highline Community College Doug Klepper William J. Connell Hanns Gross Santa Fe Community College Rutgers University Loyola University Cynthia Kosso Nancy Conradt John F. Guilmartin Northern Arizona University College of DuPage Ohio State University Ed Krzemienski Marc Cooper Jeffrey S. Hamilton The Citadel Southwest Missouri State Gustavus Adolphus College Paul E. Lambert Richard A. Cosgrove J. Drew Harrington Nichols College University of Arizona Western Kentucky University Clayton Miles Lehmann David A. Crain James Harrison University of South Dakota South Dakota State University Siena College Diana Chen Lin Michael A. Crane Jr. (student) Doina Pasca Harsanyi Indiana University, Northwest Everett Community College Central Michigan University Paul Douglas Lockhart Luanne Dagley Jay Hatheway Wright State University Pellissippi State Technical Community Edgewood College Ursula W. MacAffer College A. J. Heisserer Hudson Valley Community College John Davies University of Oklahoma Harold Marcuse University of Delaware Betsey Hertzler University of California–Santa Barbara Michael F. Doyle Mesa Community College Mavis Mate Ocean County College Robert Herzstein University of Oregon Joseph J. Eble University of South Carolina Priscilla McArthur Burlington County College Michael C. Hickey Troy State University–Dothan James W. Ermatinger Bloomsburg University T. Ronald Melton University of Nebraska–Kearney Shirley Hickson Brewton Parker College Porter Ewing North Greenville College Jack Allen Meyer Los Angeles City College Martha L. Hildreth University of South Carolina Carla Falkner University of Nevada Eugene W. Miller Jr. Northeast Mississippi Community Boyd H. Hill Jr. The Pennsylvania State University– College University of Colorado–Boulder Hazleton Steven Fanning Michael Hofstetter David B. Mock University of Illinois–Chicago Bethany College Tallahassee Community College Ellsworth Faris Donald C. Holsinger John Patrick Montano California State University–Chico Seattle Pacific University University of Delaware Gary B. Ferngren Frank L. Holt Rex Morrow Oregon State University University of Houston Trident Technical College

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Wyatt S. Moulds Norman G. Raiford Paul W. Strait Jones County Junior College Greenville Technical College Florida State University Kenneth Mouré Charles Rearick James E. Straukamp University of California–Santa Barbara University of Massachusetts–Amherst California State University–Sacramento Thomas M. Mulhern Jerome V. Reel Jr. Brian E. Strayer University of North Dakota Clemson University Andrews University Pierce Mullen Roger Reese Fred Suppe Montana State University Texas A&M University Ball State University Frederick I. Murphy William Roba Roger Tate Western Kentucky University Scott Community College Somerset Community College William M. Murray Joseph Robertson Tom Taylor University of South Florida Gadsden State Community College Seattle University Otto M. Nelson Jonathan Roth Emily Teipe Texas Tech University San Jose State University Fullerton College Sam Nelson Constance M. Rousseau David Tengewall Willmar Community College Providence College Anne Arundel Community College John A. Nichols Beverly J. Rowe Jack W. Thacker Slippery Rock University Texarkana College Western Kentucky University Lisa Nofzinger Julius R. Ruff Thomas Turley Albuquerque Technical Vocational Marquette University Santa Clara University Institute Geraldine Ryder John G. Tuthill Chris Oldstone-Moore Ocean County College University of Guam Augustana College Richard Saller Maarten Ultee Donald Ostrowski University of Chicago University of Alabama Harvard University Magdalena Sanchez Donna L. Van Raaphorst James O. Overﬁeld Texas Christian University Cuyahoga Community College University of Vermont Jack Schanﬁeld J. Barry Vaughn Matthew L. Panczyk Suffolk County Community College University of Alabama Bergen Community College Roger Schlesinger Allen M. Ward Kathleen A. Parrow Washington State University University of Connecticut Black Hills State University Joanne Schneider Richard D. Weigel Kathleen Paul Rhode Island College Western Kentucky University University of South Florida Thomas C. Schunk Michael Weiss Jody Peterson University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh Linn-Benton Community College Centralia College Kyle C. Sessions Arthur H. Williamson Carla Rahn Phillips Illinois State University California State University–Sacramento University of Minnesota Linda Simmons Daniel Woods Keith Pickus Northern Virginia Community College– Ferrum College Wichita State University Manassas Katherine Workman Linda J. Piper Donald V. Sippel Wright State University University of Georgia Rhode Island College Judith T. Wozniak Janet Polasky Stuart J. Smyth Cleveland State University University of New Hampshire Berkshire Community College Walter J. Wussow Thomas W. Porter Glen Spann University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire Randolph-Macon College Asbury College Edwin M. Yamauchi Charles A. Povlovich Heath A. Spencer Miami University California State University–Fullerton Seattle University Robert W. Young Penne L. Prigge John W. Steinberg Carroll Community College Rockingham Community College Georgia Southern University Nancy Rachels Robert P. Stephens Hillsborough Community College Virginia Tech

The following individuals contributed suggestions for the seventh edition:

Cyriaque Beurtheret Nicole Jobin Marjorie Plummer Salt Lake Community College University of Colorado Western Kentucky University Kevin Caldwell Jay Kilroy Norman G. Raiford Blue Ridge Community College Mesa Community College Greenville Technical College Joseph J. Casino Mike Markowski David L. Rufﬂey St. Joseph’s University Westminster College Pikes Peak Community College Paul Hagenloh Cliona Murphy Stuart Smyth The University of Alabama California State University–Bakersﬁeld University at SUNY–Albany

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The editors at Thomson Wadsworth Publishing a truly outstanding copy editor, continued to teach me Company have been both helpful and congenial at all much about the ﬁne points of the English language. times. I especially wish to thank Clark Baxter, whose clever Above all, I thank my family for their support. The wit, wisdom, gentle prodding, and good friendship have gifts of love, laughter, and patience from my daughters, added much depth to our working relationship. Margaret Jennifer and Kathryn; my sons, Eric and Christian; my Beasley thoughtfully, wisely, efﬁciently, and pleasantly daughters-in-law, Liz and Laurie; and my son-in-law, guided the overall development of the seventh edition. I Daniel, were enormously appreciated. My wife and best also thank Ashley Dodge for her valuable insights. I also friend, Diane, contributed editorial assistance, wise counsel, want to express my gratitude to John Orr, whose good good humor, and the loving support that made it possible humor, well-advised suggestions, and generous verbal for me to accomplish a project of this magnitude. I could support made the production process easier. Pat Lewis, not have written the book without her.

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INTRODUCTION TO STUDENTS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION

CIVILIZATION, AS HISTORIANS define it, first emerged As the concept of Western civilization has evolved between five and six thousand years ago when people in over the centuries, so have the values and unique features different parts of the world began to live in organized com- associated with that civilization. Science played a crucial munities with distinct political, military, economic, and role in the development of modern Western civilization. social structures. Religious, intellectual, and artistic activi- The societies of the Greeks, the Romans, and medieval ties assumed important roles in these early societies. The Europeans were based largely on a belief in the existence focus of this book is on Western civilization, a civilization of a spiritual order; a dramatic departure to a natural or that many people identify with the continent of Europe. material view of the universe occurred in the seventeenth- century Scientific Revolution. Science and technology Defining Western Civilization have been important in the growth of today’s modern and largely secular Western civilization, although antecedents Western civilization itself has evolved considerably over to scientific development also existed in Greek and medieval the centuries. Although the concept of the West did not thought and practice, and religion remains a component yet exist at the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, of the Western world today. their development of writing, law codes, and different roles Many historians have viewed the concept of political based on gender all eventually influenced what became liberty, belief in the fundamental value of every individual, Western civilization. Although the Greeks did not conceive and a rational outlook based on a system of logical, ana- of Western civilization as a cultural entity, their artistic, lytical thought as unique aspects of Western civilization. intellectual, and political contributions were crucial to the Of course, the West has also witnessed horrendous nega- foundations of Western civilization. The Romans produced tions of liberty, individualism, and reason. Racism, slavery, a remarkable series of accomplishments that were funda- violence, world wars, totalitarian regimes—these, too, form mental to the development of Western civilization, a civi- part of the complex story of what constitutes Western lization that came to consist largely of lands in Europe civilization. conquered by the Romans, in which Roman cultural and political ideals were gradually spread. Nevertheless, people The Dating of Time in these early civilizations viewed themselves as subjects of states or empires, not as members of Western civilization. In our examination of Western civilization, we also need With the rise of Christianity during the Late Roman to be aware of the dating of time. In recording the past, Empire, however, peoples in Europe began to identify historians try to determine the exact time when events themselves as part of a civilization different from others, occurred. World War II in Europe, for example, began on such as that of Islam, leading to a concept of a Western September 1, 1939, when Hitler sent German troops into civilization different from other civilizations. In the fif- Poland, and ended on May 7, 1945, when Germany sur- teenth century, Renaissance intellectuals began to identify rendered. By using dates, historians can place events in this civilization not only with Christianity but also with order and try to determine the development of patterns the intellectual and political achievements of the ancient over periods of time. Greeks and Romans. If someone asked you when you were born, you would Important to the development of the idea of a distinct reply with a number, such as 1988. In the United States, we Western civilization were encounters with other peoples. would all accept that number without question because it Between 700 and 1500, encounters with the world of Islam is part of the dating system followed in the Western world helped define the West. But after 1500, as European ships (Europe and the Western Hemisphere). In this system, began to move into other parts of the world, encounters events are dated by counting backward or forward from with peoples in Asia, Africa, and the Americas not only had the birth of Jesus Christ (assumed to be the year 1). An an impact on the civilizations found there but also affected event that took place four hundred years before the birth how people in the West defined themselves. At the same of Christ would be dated 400 B.C. (before Christ). Dates time, as they set up colonies, Europeans began to transplant after the birth of Christ are labeled A.D. These letters stand a sense of Western identity to other areas of the world, for the Latin words anno Domini, which mean “in the year especially North America and parts of Latin America, that of the Lord.” Thus, an event that took place two hundred have come to be considered part of Western civilization. years after the birth of Christ is written A.D. 200, or in the

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year of the Lord 200. It can also be written as 200, just as Some historians now prefer to use the abbreviations you would not give your birth year as A.D. 1988, but sim- B.C.E. (“before the Common Era”) and C.E. (“Common ply as 1988. Historians also make use of other terms to re- Era”) instead of B.C. and A.D. This is especially true of fer to time. A decade is ten years, a century is one hundred world historians, who prefer to use symbols that are not years, and a millennium is one thousand years. Thus, “the so Western or Christian oriented. The dates, of course, fourth century B.C.” refers to the fourth period of one remain the same. Thus, 1950 B.C.E. and 1950 B.C. would be hundred years counting backward from 1, the assumed the same year. In keeping with current usage by many his- date of the birth of Christ. Since the first century B.C. torians of Western civilization, this book uses the terms would be the years 100 B.C. to 1 B.C., the fourth century B.C. and A.D. B.C. would be the years 400 B.C. to 301 B.C. We could say, The dating of events can also vary from people to then, that an event in 350 B.C. took place in the fourth people. Most people in the Western world use the Western century B.C. calendar, also known as the Gregorian calendar after Pope “The fourth century A.D.” refers to the fourth period Gregory XIII, who refined it in 1582. The Hebrew calendar of one hundred years after the birth of Christ. Since the uses a different system in which the year 1 is the equiva- first period of one hundred years would be the years 1 to lent of the Western year 3760 B.C., considered to be the 100, the fourth period or fourth century would be the date of the creation of the world according to the Bible. years 301 to 400. We could say, then, that an event in 350 Thus, the Western year 2008 is the year 5768 on the took place in the fourth century. Likewise, the first mil- Hebrew calendar. The Islamic calendar begins year 1 on lennium B.C. refers to the years 1000 B.C. to 1 B.C.; the sec- the day Muhammad fled Mecca, which is the year 622 on ond millennium A.D. refers to the years 1001 to 2000. the Western calendar.

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WESTERN CIVILIZATION TO 1300

ALTHOUGH EARLY CIVILIZATIONS emerged in differ- The Israelites were one of these peoples. Never numer- ent parts of the world, the foundations of Western civi- ous, they created no empire and were dominated by the lization were laid by the Mesopotamians and the Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Persians. Nevertheless, they Egyptians. They developed cities and struggled with the left a spiritual legacy that influenced much of the later problems of organized states. They developed writing to development of Western civiliza- keep records and created literature. They constructed tion. The evolution of Hebrew monumental architecture to monotheism (belief in a single please their gods, symbolize god) created in Judaism one of their power, and preserve their the world’s great religions; it in- culture. They developed politi- fluenced the development of cal, military, social, and religious both Christianity and Islam. structures to deal with the basic When we speak of the Judeo- problems of human existence Christian heritage of Western and organization. These first lit- civilization, we refer not only to the concept of monothe- erate civilizations left detailed ism but also to ideas of law, morality, and social justice that records that allow us to view how they grappled with have become important parts of Western culture. three of the fundamental problems that humans have On the western fringes of the Persian Empire, another pondered: the nature of human relationships, the nature relatively small group of people, the Greeks, were creating of the universe, and the role of divine forces in that cos- cultural and political ideals that would also have an impor- mos. Although later peoples in Western civilization would tant impact on Western civilization. The first Greek civiliza- provide different answers from those of the tion, known as the Mycenaean, took shape around 1600 B.C. Mesopotamians and Egyptians, it was they who first and fell to new Greek-speaking invaders five hundred years posed the questions, gave answers, and wrote them down. later. By the eighth century B.C., the polis or city-state had be- Human memory begins with these two civilizations. come the chief focus of Greek life. Loyalty to the polis created By 1500 B.C., much of the creative impulse of the a close-knit community but also divided Greece into a host Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations was beginning of independent states. Two of them, Sparta and Athens, be- to wane. The entry of new peoples known as Indo- came the most important. They were very different, how- Europeans who moved into Asia Minor and Anatolia ever. Sparta created a closed, highly disciplined society, while (modern Turkey) led to the creation of a Hittite kingdom Athens moved toward an open, democratic civilization. that entered into conflict with the Egyptians. The invasion The Classical Age in Greece (c. 500–338 B.C.) began of the Sea Peoples around 1200 B.C., however, destroyed with a mighty confrontation between the Greeks and the the Hittites, severely weakened the Egyptians, and created Persian Empire. After their victory over the Persians, the a power vacuum that allowed a patchwork of petty king- Greeks began to divide into two large alliances, one headed doms and city-states to emerge, especially in the area of by Sparta and the other by Athens. Athens created a naval Syria and Palestine. All of them were eventually overshad- empire and flourished during the age of Pericles, but fear of owed by the rise of the great empires of the Assyrians, Athens led to the Great Peloponnesian War between Sparta Chaldeans, and Persians. The Assyrian Empire was the first and Athens and their allies. For all of their brilliant accom- to unite almost all of the ancient Near East. Far larger was plishments, the Greeks were unable to rise above the divi- the empire of the Great Kings of Persia. Although it owed sions and rivalries that caused them to fight each other and much to the administrative organization developed by the undermine their own civilization. Assyrians, the Persian Empire had its own peculiar The accomplishments of strengths. Persian rule was tolerant as well as efficient. the Greeks formed the foun- Conquered peoples were allowed to keep their own reli- tainhead of Western culture. gions, customs, and methods of doing business. The many Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle years of peace that the Persian Empire brought to the Near established the foundations of East facilitated trade and the general well-being of its peo- Western philosophy. Our liter- ples. Many Near Eastern peoples expressed gratitude for ary forms are largely derived being subjects of the Great Kings of Persia. from Greek poetry and drama.

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Greek notions of harmony, proportion, and beauty have the basis for a new system that would rule the empire in remained the touchstones for all subsequent Western art. an orderly fashion. A rational method of inquiry, so important to modern After a century of internal upheaval, Augustus estab- science, was conceived in ancient Greece. Many of our po- lished a new order that began the Roman Empire, which ex- litical terms are Greek in origin, and so are our concepts perienced peace and prosperity between 14 and 180. During of the rights and duties of citizenship, especially as they this era, trade flourished and the provinces were governed were conceived in Athens, the first great democracy. efficiently. In the course of the third century, however, the Especially during their Classical period, the Greeks raised Roman Empire came near to collapse due to invasions, civil and debated fundamental questions about the purpose of wars, and economic decline. Although the emperors human existence, the structure of human society, and the Diocletian and Constantine brought new life to the so- nature of the universe that have concerned Western called Late Empire at the beginning of the fourth century, thinkers ever since. their efforts shored up the empire only temporarily. In the While the Greek city-states were pursuing their squab- course of the fifth century, the empire divided into west- bles, to their north a new and powerful kingdom— ern and eastern parts. Macedonia—emerged. Under King Philip II, the Macedo- The Roman Empire was the largest empire in antiq- nians defeated a Greek allied army in 338 B.C. and then uity. Using their practical skills, the Romans produced consolidated their control over the Greek peninsula. achievements in language, law, engineering, and govern- Although the independent Greek city-states lost their free- ment that were bequeathed to the future. The Romance dom when they were conquered by the Macedonians, languages of today (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Greek culture did not die. Under the leadership of and Romanian) are based on Latin. Western practices of Alexander the Great, son of Philip II, both Macedonians impartial justice and trial by jury owe much to Roman and Greeks invaded and conquered the Persian Empire. In law. As great builders, the Romans left monuments to the conquered lands, Greeks and non-Greeks established a their skills throughout Europe, some of which, such as series of kingdoms (known as the Hellenistic kingdoms) aqueducts and roads, are still in use today. Aspects of and inaugurated the Hellenistic era. Roman administrative practices survived in the Western The Hellenistic period was, in its own way, a vibrant world for centuries. The Romans also preserved the intel- one. New cities arose and flourished. New philosophical lectual heritage of the ancient world. ideas captured the minds of many. Significant achievements During its last two hundred years, the Roman world occurred in art, literature, and science. Greek culture spread underwent a slow transformation with the spread of throughout the Near East and made an impact wherever it Christianity. The rise of Christianity marked an important was carried. In some areas of the Hellenistic world, queens break with the dominant values of the Roman world. played an active role in political life, and many upper-class Christianity began as a small Jewish sect, but under the women found new avenues for expressing themselves. guidance of Paul of Tarsus it became a world religion that Although the Hellenistic era achieved a degree of political appealed to both Jews and non-Jews. Despite persecution by stability, by the late third century B.C., signs of decline Roman authorities, Christianity grew and became widely were beginning to multiply, and the growing power of accepted by the fourth century. At the end of that century, it Rome would eventually endanger the Hellenistic world. was made the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Sometime in the eighth century B.C., a group of Latin- The period of late antiquity that saw the disintegra- speaking people built a small community called Rome on tion of the western part of the Roman Empire also wit- the Tiber River in Italy. Between 509 and 264 B.C., this city nessed the emergence of a new European civilization in expanded and united almost all of Italy under its control. the Early Middle Ages. This early Even more dramatically, between 264 and 133 B.C., Rome medieval civilization was formed by expanded to the west and east and became master of the the coalescence of three major ele- Mediterranean Sea. ments: the Germanic peoples who After 133 B.C., however, Rome’s republican institu- moved into the western part of the tions proved inadequate for the task of ruling an empire. empire and established new king- In the breakdown that ensued, ambitious individuals saw doms, the continuing attraction of opportunities for power unparalleled in Roman history the Greco-Roman cultural legacy, and succumbed to the tempta- and the Christian church. Politically, tions. After a series of bloody a new series of Germanic kingdoms civil wars, peace was finally emerged in western Europe. Each fused Roman and achieved when Octavian de- Germanic elements to create a new society. The Christian feated Antony and Cleopatra. church (or Roman Catholic Church, as it came to be Octavian, who came to be called in the west) played a crucial role in the growth of known by the title of Augustus, the new European civilization. The church developed an created a new system of govern- organized government under the leadership of the pope. ment that seemed to preserve It also assimilated the classical tradition and through its the Republic while establishing clergy brought Christianized civilization to the Germanic

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tribes. Especially important were the monks and nuns centuries, both the urban centers and the urban popula- who led the way in converting the Germanic peoples in tion of Europe were experiencing a dramatic expansion. Europe to Christianity. The revival of trade, the expansion of towns and cities, At the end of the eighth century, a new kingdom— and the development of a money economy did not mean the Carolingian Empire—came to control much of west- the end of a predominantly rural European society, but ern and central Europe, especially during the reign of they did open the door to new ways to make a living and Charlemagne. In the long run, the creation of a western new opportunities for people to expand and enrich their empire fostered the idea of a distinct European identity lives. Eventually, they created the foundations for the de- and marked a shift of power from the south to the north. velopment of a predominantly urban industrial society. Italy and the Mediterranean had been the center of the During the High Middle Ages, European society was Roman Empire. The lands north of the Alps now became dominated by a landed aristocracy whose primary func- the political center of Europe, and increasingly, Europe tion was to fight. These nobles emerged as the focus and center of Western civilization. built innumerable castles that gave Building on a fusion of Germanic, classical, and a distinctive look to the country- Christian elements, the Carolingian Empire was well gov- side. Although lords and vassals erned but was held together primarily by personal loyalty seemed forever mired in endless to the strong king. The economy of the eighth and ninth petty conflicts, over time medieval centuries was based almost entirely on farming, which kings began to exert a centralizing proved inadequate to maintain a authority and inaugurated the large monarchical system. As a process of developing new kinds of result, a new political and military monarchical states. By the thir- order—known as fief-holding— teenth century, European monarchs were solidifying their subsequently evolved to become an governmental institutions in pursuit of greater power. integral part of the political world of The nobles, who rationalized their warlike attitudes by the Middle Ages. Fief-holding was calling themselves the defenders of Christian society, con- characterized by a decentralization of tinued to dominate the medieval world politically, eco- political power, in which lords exer- nomically, and socially. But quietly and surely, within this cised legal, administrative, and mili- world of castles and private power, kings gradually began tary power. This transferred public to extend their public powers and developed the machin- power into many private hands and seemed to provide se- ery of government that would enable them to become the curity that the weak central government could not provide. centers of political authority in Europe. The actions of The new European civilization that had emerged in these medieval monarchs laid the foundation for the the ninth and tenth centuries began to come into its own European kingdoms that in one form or another have in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, and Europeans es- dominated the European political scene ever since. tablished new patterns that reached their high point in the During the High Middle Ages, the power of both thirteenth century. The High Middle Ages (1000–1300) nobles and kings was often overshadowed by the au- was a period of recovery and growth for Western civiliza- thority of the Catholic Church, perhaps the dominant tion, characterized by a greater sense of security and a institution of the High Middle Ages. In the Early burst of energy and enthusiasm. Climatic improvements Middle Ages, the Catholic Church had shared in the that produced better growing conditions, an expansion of challenge of new growth by reforming itself and strik- cultivated land, and technological changes combined to ing out on a path toward greater papal power, both enable Europe’s food supply to increase significantly after within the church and over European society. The High 1000. This increase in agricultural production helped sus- Middle Ages witnessed a spiritual renewal that led to tain a dramatic rise in population that was physically ap- numerous and even divergent paths: revived papal lead- parent in the expansion of towns and cities. ership, the development of centralized administrative The development of trade and the rise of cities added machinery that buttressed papal authority, and new di- a dynamic new element to the civilization of the High mensions to the religious life of the clergy and laity. A Middle Ages. Trading activities wave of religious enthusiasm in the twelfth and thir- flourished first in northern teenth centuries led to the formation of new religious Italy and Flanders and then orders that worked to provide for the needs of the peo- spread outward from these cen- ple, especially their concern for achieving salvation. ters. In the late tenth and The economic, political, and religious growth of the eleventh centuries, this renewal High Middle Ages also gave European society a new con- of commercial life led to a re- fidence that enabled it to look beyond its borders to the vival of cities. Old Roman sites lands and empires of the east. Only a confident Europe came back to life, and new could have undertaken the Crusades, a concerted military towns arose at major crossroads or natural harbors favor- effort to recover the Holy Land of the Near East from the able to trading activities. By the twelfth and thirteenth Muslims.

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Western assurance and energy, so crucial to the Growth and optimism seemed to characterize the Crusades, were also evident in a burst of intellectual and High Middle Ages, but underneath the calm exterior lay artistic activity. New educational institutions known as seeds of discontent and change. Dissent from church universities came into being in the twelfth century. New teaching and practices grew in the thirteenth century, literature, written in the ver- leading to a climate of fear and intolerance as the church nacular language, appealed to responded with inquisitorial instruments to enforce the growing number of people conformity to its teachings. The breakdown of the old in cities or at courts who could agricultural system and the creation of new relation- read. The study of theology, ships between lords and peasants led to local peasant “queen of the sciences,” uprisings in the late thirteenth century. The Crusades reached a high point in the ended ignominiously with the fall of the last crusading work of Thomas Aquinas. At foothold in the east in 1291. By that time, more and the same time, a religious building spree—especially evi- more signs of ominous troubles were appearing. The dent in the great Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals of fourteenth century would prove to be a time of crisis for the age—left the landscape bedecked with churches that European civilization. were the visible symbols of Christian Europe’s vitality.

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GLOSSARY

abbess the head of a convent or monastery for women. benefice in the Christian church, a position, such as a bishopric, abbot the head of a monastery. that consisted of both a sacred office and the right of the holder to absolutism a form of government in which the sovereign power or the annual revenues from the position. ultimate authority rested in the hands of a monarch who claimed bicameral legislature a legislature with two houses. to rule by divine right and was therefore responsible only to God. Black Death the outbreak of plague (mostly bubonic) in the mid- Abstract Expressionism a post–World War II artistic movement fourteenth century that killed from 25 to 50 percent of Europe’s that broke with all conventions of form and structure in favor of population. total abstraction. Blitzkrieg “lightning war.”A war conducted with great speed and abstract painting an artistic movement that developed early in the force, as in Germany’s advance at the beginning of World War II. twentieth century in which artists focused on color to avoid any Bolsheviks a small faction of the Russian Social Democratic Party references to visual reality. who were led by Lenin and dedicated to violent revolution; they aediles Roman officials who supervised the public games and the seized power in Russia in 1917 and were subsequently renamed grain supply of the city of Rome. the Communists. Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution the shift from hunting animals bourgeoisie (burghers) inhabitants (merchants and artisans) of and gathering plants for sustenance to producing food by systematic boroughs and burghs (towns). agriculture that occurred gradually between 10,000 and 4000 B.C. boyars the Russian nobility. (the Neolithic or “New Stone” Age). Brezhnev Doctrine the doctrine, enunciated by Leonid Brezhnev, that agricultural revolution the application of new agricultural tech- the Soviet Union had a right to intervene if socialism was threatened niques that allowed for a large increase in productivity in the in another socialist state; used to justify moving Soviet troops into eighteenth century. Czechoslovakia in 1968. anarchism a political theory that holds that all governments and Burschenschaften student societies in the German states dedicated existing social institutions are unnecessary and advocates a society to fostering the goal of a free, united Germany. based on voluntary cooperation. anticlericalism opposition to the power of the clergy, especially in caliph the secular leader of the Islamic community. political affairs. capital material wealth used or available for use in the production anti-Semitism hostility toward or discrimination against Jews. of more wealth. apartheid the system of racial segregation practiced in the Republic cartel a combination of independent commercial enterprises that of South Africa until the 1990s, which involved political, legal, and work together to control prices and limit competition. economic discrimination against nonwhites. Cartesian dualism Descartes’s principle of the separation of mind appeasement the policy, followed by the European nations in the 1930s, and matter (and mind and body) that enabled scientists to view of accepting Hitler’s annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia in the matter as something separate from themselves that could be investi- belief that meeting his demands would assure peace and stability. gated by reason. Arianism a Christian heresy that taught that Jesus was inferior to celibacy complete abstinence from sexual activity. Many early God. Though condemned by the Council of Nicaea in 325, Arianism Christians viewed celibacy as the surest way to holiness. was adopted by many of the Germanic peoples who entered the censors Roman officials chosen every five years to assess property Roman Empire over the next centuries. holdings to determine taxes, military service, and officeholding. aristocracy a class of hereditary nobility in medieval Europe; a warrior centuriate assembly the chief popular assembly of the Roman class who shared a distinctive lifestyle based on the institution of Republic. It passed laws and elected the chief magistrates. knighthood, although there were social divisions within the group chansons de geste a form of vernacular literature in the High Middle based on extremes of wealth. Ages that consisted of heroic epics focusing on the deeds of warriors. audiencias advisory groups to viceroys in Spanish America. chivalry the ideal of civilized behavior that emerged among the Ausgleich the “Compromise” of 1867 that created the dual monarchy nobility in the eleventh and twelfth centuries under the influence of Austria-Hungary. Austria and Hungary each had its own capital, of the church; a code of ethics knights were expected to uphold. constitution, and legislative assembly but were united under one Christian (northern) humanism an intellectual movement in monarch. northern Europe in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries authoritarian state a state that has a dictatorial government and some that combined the interest in the classics of the Italian Renaissance other trappings of a totalitarian state but does not demand that the with an interest in the sources of early Christianity, including the masses be actively involved in the regime’s goals as totalitarian states do. New Testament and the writings of the church fathers. auxiliaries troops enlisted from the subject peoples of the Roman civic humanism an intellectual movement of the Italian Renaissance Empire to supplement the regular legions composed of Roman that saw Cicero, who was both an intellectual and a statesman, as the citizens. ideal and held that humanists should be involved in government and use their rhetorical training in the service of the state. balance of power a distribution of power among several states such civil disobedience a policy of peaceful protest against laws or govern- that no single nation can dominate or interfere with the interests ment policies in order to achieve political change. of another. civilization a complex culture in which large numbers of humans Baroque an artistic movement of the seventeenth century in Europe share a variety of common elements, including cities; religious, that used dramatic effects to arouse the emotions and reflected the political, military, and social structures; writing; and significant search for power that was a large part of the seventeenth-century ethos. artistic and intellectual activity.

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civil rights the basic rights of citizens, including equality before cuneiform “wedge-shaped.” A system of writing developed by the the law, freedom of speech and press, and freedom from arbitrary Sumerians that consisted of wedge-shaped impressions made by a arrest. reed stylus on clay tablets. Cold War the ideological conflict between the Soviet Union and the curiales city councilors in Roman cities who played an important United States after World War II. role in governing the vast Roman Empire. collective farms large farms created in the Soviet Union by Stalin by combining many small holdings into large farms worked by the Dadaism an artistic movement in the 1920s and 1930s by artists peasants under government supervision. who were revolted by the senseless slaughter of World War I and collective security the use of an international army raised by an used their “anti-art” to express contempt for the Western tradition. association of nations to deter aggression and keep the peace. de-Christianization a policy, adopted in the radical phase of the coloni free tenant farmers who worked as sharecroppers on the large French Revolution, aimed at creating a secular society by eliminating estates of the Roman Empire (singular: colonus). Christian forms and institutions from French society. Columbian Exchange the reciprocal importation and exportation decolonization the process of becoming free of colonial status and of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas. achieving statehood; it occurred in most of the world’s colonies commercial capitalism beginning in the Middle Ages, an economic between 1947 and 1962. system in which people invested in trade and goods in order to deconstruction (poststructuralism) a system of thought, formu- make profits. lated by Jacques Derrida, that holds that culture is created in a variety common law law common to the entire kingdom of England; of ways, according to the manner in which people create their own imposed by the king’s courts beginning in the twelfth century to meaning. Hence, there is no fixed truth or universal meaning. replace the customary law used in county and feudal courts that deism belief in God as the creator of the universe who, after setting varied from place to place. it in motion, ceased to have any direct involvement in it and allowed commune in medieval Europe, an association of townspeople bound it to run according to its own natural laws. together by a sworn oath for the purpose of obtaining basic liberties demesne the part of a manor retained under the direct control of from the lord of the territory in which the town was located; also, the lord and worked by the serfs as part of their labor services. the self-governing town after receiving its liberties. denazification after World War II, the Allied policy of rooting out any conciliarism a movement in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century Europe traces of Nazism in German society by bringing prominent Nazis to that held that final authority in spiritual matters resided with a trial for war crimes and purging any known Nazis from political office. general church council, not the pope; it emerged in response to the depression a very severe, protracted economic downturn with high Avignon papacy and the Great Schism and was used to justify the levels of unemployment. summoning of the Council of Constance (1414–1418). de-Stalinization the policy of denouncing and undoing the most condottieri leaders of bands of mercenary soldiers in Renaissance repressive aspects of Stalin’s regime; begun by Nikita Khrushchev Italy who sold their services to the highest bidder. in 1956. confession one of the seven sacraments of the Catholic Church; it détente the relaxation of tension between the Soviet Union and the provided for the forgiveness of one’s sins. United States that occurred in the 1970s. conquistadors “conquerors.” Leaders in the Spanish conquests in developed nations a term used to refer to rich nations, primarily in the Americas, especially Mexico and Peru, in the sixteenth century. the Northern Hemisphere, that have well-organized industrial and conscription a military draft. agricultural systems, advanced technologies, and effective educa- conservatism an ideology based on tradition and social stability tional systems. that favored the maintenance of established institutions, organized developing nations a term used to refer to poor nations, mainly in religion, and obedience to authority and resisted change, especially the Southern Hemisphere, that are primarily farming nations with abrupt change. little technology and serious population problems. consuls the chief executive officers of the Roman Republic. Two dialectic logic, one of the seven liberal arts that made up the medieval were chosen annually to administer the government and lead the curriculum. In Marxist thought, the process by which all change army in battle. occurs through the clash of antagonistic elements. consumer society Western society that emerged after World Diaspora the scattering of Jews throughout the ancient world after War II as the working classes adopted the consumption patterns the Babylonian captivity in the sixth century B.C. of the middle class and payment plans, credit cards, and easy dictator in the Roman Republic, an official granted unlimited credit made consumer goods such as appliances and automobiles power to run the state for a short period of time, usually six affordable. months, during an emergency. containment a policy adopted by the United States in the Cold War. diocese the area under the jurisdiction of a Christian bishop; based Its goal was to use whatever means, short of all-out war, to limit originally on Roman administrative districts. Soviet expansion. direct representation a system of choosing delegates to a represen- Continental System Napoleon’s effort to bar British goods from the tative assembly in which citizens vote directly for the delegates who Continent in the hope of weakening Britain’s economy and destroying will represent them. its capacity to wage war. divination the practice of seeking to foretell future events by inter- cosmopolitanism the quality of being sophisticated and having preting divine signs, which could appear in various forms, such as wide international experience. in entrails of animals, in patterns in smoke, or in dreams. cottage industry a system of textile manufacturing in which spinners divine-right monarchy a monarchy based on the belief that monarchs and weavers worked at home in their cottages using raw materials receive their power directly from God and are responsible to no one supplied to them by capitalist entrepreneurs. except God. council of the plebs a council only for plebeians. After 287 B.C., domino theory the belief that if the Communists succeeded in however, its resolutions were binding on all Romans. Vietnam, other countries in Southeast and East Asia would also fall Crusade in the Middle Ages, a military campaign in defense of (like dominoes) to communism; cited as a justification for the U.S. Christendom. intervention in Vietnam. Cubism an artistic style developed at the beginning of the twentieth Donatism a Christian heresy that argued that the sacraments of the century, especially by Pablo Picasso, that used geometric designs to church were not valid if administered by an immoral priest. re-create reality in the viewer’s mind. dualism the belief that the universe is dominated by two opposing cultural relativism the belief that no culture is superior to another forces, one good and the other evil. because culture is a matter of custom, not reason, and derives its dynastic state a state in which the maintenance and expansion of meaning from the group holding it. the interests of the ruling family is the primary consideration.

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economic imperialism the process in which banks and corporations Final Solution the attempted physical extermination of the Jewish from developed nations invest in underdeveloped regions and estab- people by the Nazis during World War II. lish a major presence there in the hope of making high profits; folk culture the traditional arts and crafts, literature, music, and other not necessarily the same as colonial expansion in that businesses customs of the people; something that people make, as opposed to invest where they can make a profit, which may not be in their modern popular culture, which is something people buy. own nation’s colonies. free trade the unrestricted international exchange of goods with low economic liberalism the idea that government should not interfere or no tariffs. in the workings of the economy. Führerprinzip in Nazi Germany, a leadership principle based on the Einsatzgruppen in Nazi Germany, special strike forces in the SS that belief in a single-minded party (the Nazis) under one leader (Hitler). played an important role in rounding up and killing Jews. functionalism the idea that the function of an object should deter- empiricism the practice of relying on observation and experiment. mine its design and materials. enclosure movement in the eighteenth century, the fencing in of the old open fields, combining many small holdings into larger units general strike a strike by all or most workers in an economy; espoused that could be farmed more efficiently. by Georges Sorel as the heroic action that could be used to inspire encomienda in Spanish America, a form of economic and social the workers to destroy capitalist society. organization in which a Spaniard was given a royal grant that genocide the deliberate extermination of a people. enabled the holder of the grant to collect tribute from the Indians gentry well-to-do English landowners below the level of the nobility. and use them as laborers. They played an important role in the English Civil War of the seven- encyclical a letter from the pope to all the bishops of the Roman teenth century. Catholic Church. geocentric conception the belief that the earth was at the center of enlightened absolutism an absolute monarchy in which the ruler the universe and that the sun and other celestial objects revolved follows the principles of the Enlightenment by introducing reforms around the earth. for the improvement of society, allowing freedom of speech and the glasnost “openness.” Mikhail Gorbachev’s policy of encouraging press, permitting religious toleration, expanding education, and Soviet citizens to openly discuss the strengths and weaknesses of ruling in accordance with the laws. the Soviet Union. Enlightenment an eighteenth-century intellectual movement, led by global economy an interdependent economy in which the production, the philosophes, that stressed the application of reason and the scien- distribution, and sale of goods is accomplished on a worldwide scale. tific method to all aspects of life. globalization a term referring to the trend by which peoples and entrepreneur one who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk in nations have become more interdependent; often used to refer to a business venture in the expectation of making a profit. the development of a global economy and culture. Epicureanism a philosophy founded by Epicurus in the fourth century global warming the increase in the temperature of the earth’s B.C. that taught that happiness (freedom from emotional turmoil) atmosphere caused by the greenhouse effect. could be achieved through the pursuit of pleasure (intellectual good emperors the five emperors who ruled from 96 to 180 (Nerva, rather than sensual pleasure). Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius), a period of equestrians a group of extremely wealthy men in the late Roman peace and prosperity for the Roman Empire. Republic who were effectively barred from high office but sought Gothic a term used to describe the art and especially architecture of political power commensurate with their wealth; called equestrians Europe in the twelfth, thirteenth, and fourteenth centuries. because many had gotten their start as cavalry officers (equites). Gothic literature a form of literature used by Romantics to emphasize ethnic cleansing the policy of killing or forcibly removing people of the bizarre and unusual, especially evident in horror stories. another ethnic group; used by the Serbs against Bosnian Muslims Great Schism the crisis in the late medieval church when there were in the 1990s. first two and then three popes; ended by the Council of Constance Eucharist a Christian sacrament in which consecrated bread and (1414–1418). wine are consumed in celebration of Jesus’ Last Supper; also called greenhouse effect the warming of the earth caused by the buildup the Lord’s Supper or communion. of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as a result of human activity. Eurocommunism a form of communism that dropped its Marxist guest workers foreign workers working temporarily in European ideology. It was especially favored in Italy. countries. evolutionary socialism a socialist doctrine espoused by Eduard guild an association of people with common interests and concerns, Bernstein who argued that socialists should stress cooperation and especially people working in the same craft. In medieval Europe, evolution to attain power by democratic means rather than by conflict guilds came to control much of the production process and to restrict and revolution. entry into various trades. exchequer the permanent royal treasury of England. It emerged gymnasium in classical Greece, a place for athletics; in the during the reign of King Henry II in the twelfth century. Hellenistic Age, a secondary school with a curriculum centered on excommunication in the Catholic Church, a censure depriving a music, physical exercise, and literature. person of the right to receive the sacraments of the church. existentialism a philosophical movement that arose after World heliocentric conception the belief that the sun, not the earth, is at War II that emphasized the meaninglessness of life, born of the the center of the universe. desperation caused by two world wars. Hellenistic literally, “imitating the Greeks”; the era after the death of Alexander the Great when Greek culture spread into the Near East family allowances one aspect of the welfare state whereby the state and blended with the culture of that region. provides a minimum level of material assistance for children. helots serfs in ancient Sparta who were permanently bound to the fascism an ideology or movement that exalts the nation above the land that they worked for their Spartan masters. individual and calls for a centralized government with a dictatorial heresy the holding of religious doctrines different from the official leader, economic and social regimentation, and forcible suppression teachings of the church. of opposition; in particular, the ideology of Mussolini’s Fascist Hermeticism an intellectual movement beginning in the fifteenth regime in Italy. century that taught that divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature; federates German troops enlisted in groups to fight as allies for the it included works on alchemy and magic as well as theology and phi- Romans. losophy. The tradition continued into the seventeenth century and feminism the belief in the social, political, and economic equality of influenced many of the leading figures of the Scientific Revolution. the sexes; also, organized activity to advance women’s rights. hetairai highly sophisticated courtesans in ancient Athens who fief a landed estate granted to a vassal in exchange for military services. offered intellectual and musical entertainment as well as sex.

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hieroglyphics a pictorial system of writing used in ancient Egypt. does not interfere but allows the economy to self-regulate according high culture the literary and artistic culture of the educated and to the forces of supply and demand. wealthy ruling classes. latifundia large landed estates in the Roman Empire (singular: Holocaust the mass slaughter of European Jews by the Nazis during latifundium). World War II. lay investiture the practice in which someone other than a member home rule in the United Kingdom, self-government by having a of the clergy chose a bishop and invested him with the symbols of separate parliament but not complete independence. both his temporal office and his spiritual office; led to the hoplites heavily armed infantry soldiers in ancient Greece who Investiture Controversy, which was ended by compromise in the entered battle in a phalanx formation. Concordat of Worms in 1122. Huguenots French Calvinists. Lebensraum “living space.” The doctrine, adopted by Hitler, that a humanism an intellectual movement in Renaissance Italy based on nation’s power depends on the amount of land it occupies; thus, a the study of the Greek and Roman classics. nation must expand to be strong. legitimacy, principle of the idea that after the Napoleonic wars, iconoclast a member of an eighth-century Byzantine movement peace could best be reestablished in Europe by restoring legitimate against the use of icons (pictures of sacred figures), which it con- monarchs who would preserve traditional institutions; guided demned as idolatry. Metternich at the Congress of Vienna. ideology a political philosophy such as conservatism or liberalism. Leninism Lenin’s revision of Marxism that held that Russia need imperium in the Roman Republic, the right to command troops that not experience a bourgeois revolution before it could move toward belonged to the chief executive officers (consuls and praetors); a socialism. military commander was known as an imperator. In the Roman liberal arts the seven areas of study that formed the basis of educa- Empire, the title imperator (emperor) came to be used for the ruler. tion in medieval and early modern Europe. Following Boethius and Impressionism an artistic movement that originated in France in other late Roman authors, they consisted of grammar, rhetoric, and the 1870s. Impressionists sought to capture their impressions of the dialectic or logic (the trivium) and arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, changing effects of light on objects in nature. and music (the quadrivium). indirect representation a system of choosing delegates to a repre- liberalism an ideology based on the belief that people should be as sentative assembly in which citizens do not choose the delegates free from restraint as possible. Economic liberalism is the idea that directly but instead vote for electors who choose the delegates. the government should not interfere in the workings of the economy. individualism emphasis on and interest in the unique traits of each Political liberalism is the idea that there should be restraints on the person. exercise of power so that people can enjoy basic civil rights in a indulgence in Christian theology, the remission of part or all of the constitutional state with a representative assembly. temporal punishment in purgatory due to sin; granted for charitable limited liability the principle that shareholders in a joint-stock cor- contributions and other good deeds. Indulgences became a regular poration can be held responsible for the corporation’s debts only practice of the Christian church in the High Middle Ages, and their up to the amount they have invested. abuse was instrumental in sparking Luther’s reform movement in limited monarchy (constitutional monarchy) a system of govern- the sixteenth century. ment in which the monarch is limited by a representative assembly infanticide the practice of killing infants. and by the duty to rule in accordance with the laws of the land. inflation a sustained rise in the price level. intendants royal officials in seventeenth-century France who major domus the chief officer of the king’s household in the were sent into the provinces to execute the orders of the central Frankish kingdom. government. mandates a system established after World War I whereby a nation interdict in the Catholic Church, a censure by which a region or officially administered a territory (mandate) on behalf of the League country is deprived of receiving the sacraments. of Nations. Thus, France administered Lebanon and Syria as man- intervention, principle of the idea, after the Congress of Vienna, dates, and Britain administered Iraq and Palestine. that the great powers of Europe had the right to send armies into Mannerism a sixteenth-century artistic movement in Europe that countries experiencing revolution to restore legitimate monarchs deliberately broke down the High Renaissance principles of balance, to their thrones. harmony, and moderation. isolationism a foreign policy in which a nation refrains from making manor an agricultural estate operated by a lord and worked by alliances or engaging actively in international affairs. peasants who performed labor services and paid various rents and fees to the lord in exchange for protection and sustenance. Janissaries an elite core of eight thousand troops personally loyal to Marshall Plan the European Recovery Program, under which the the sultan of the Ottoman Empire. United States provided financial aid to European countries to help jihad “striving in the way of the Lord.” In Islam, the attempt to achieve them rebuild after World War II. personal betterment, although it can also mean fair, defensive fighting Marxism the political, economic, and social theories of Karl Marx, to preserve one’s life and one’s faith. which included the idea that history is the story of class struggle joint-stock company a company or association that raises capital by and that ultimately the proletariat will overthrow the bourgeoisie selling shares to individuals who receive dividends on their invest- and establish a dictatorship en route to a classless society. ment while a board of directors runs the company. mass education a state-run educational system, usually free and joint-stock investment bank a bank created by selling shares of stock compulsory, that aims to ensure that all children in society have at to investors. Such banks potentially have access to much more capi- least a basic education. tal than private banks owned by one or a few individuals. mass leisure forms of leisure that appeal to large numbers of people justification the primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation, in a society, including the working classes; emerged at the end of the teaching that humans are saved not through good works but by the nineteenth century to provide workers with amusements after work grace of God, bestowed freely through the sacrifice of Jesus. and on weekends; used during the twentieth century by totalitarian states to control their populations. Kulturkampf “culture conflict.” The name given to Bismarck’s attack mass politics a political order characterized by mass political parties on the Catholic Church in Germany, which has come to refer to and universal male and (eventually) female suffrage. conflict between church and state anywhere. mass society a society in which the concerns of the majority—the lower classes—play a prominent role; characterized by extension of laissez-faire “let (them) do (as they please).”An economic doctrine voting rights, an improved standard of living for the lower classes, that holds that an economy is best served when the government and mass education.

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materialism the belief that everything mental, spiritual, or ideal is nation-state a form of political organization in which a relatively an outgrowth of physical forces and that truth is found in concrete homogeneous people inhabits a sovereign state, as opposed to a state material existence, not through feeling or intuition. containing people of several nationalities. mercantilism an economic theory that held that a nation’s prosperity NATO the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance depended on its supply of gold and silver and that the total volume of formed in 1949 in which the signatories (Belgium, Canada, Denmark, trade is unchangeable; its adherents therefore advocated that the gov- France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, ernment play an active role in the economy by encouraging exports Norway, Portugal, and the United States) agreed to provide mutual and discouraging imports, especially through the use of tariffs. assistance if any one of them was attacked; later expanded to include Mesolithic Age the period from 10,000 to 7000 B.C., characterized other nations. by a gradual transition from a food-gathering and hunting economy natural laws a body of laws or specific principles held to be derived to a food-producing economy. from nature and binding on all human societies even in the absence metics resident foreigners in ancient Athens who were not per- of written laws governing such matters. mitted full rights of citizenship but did receive the protection natural rights certain inalienable rights to which all people are enti- of the laws. tled, including the right to life, liberty, and property; freedom of Middle Passage the journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas as speech and religion; and equality before the law. the middle leg of the triangular trade. natural selection Darwin’s idea that organisms that are most adapt- militarism a policy of aggressive military preparedness; in particular, able to their environment survive and pass on the variations that the large armies based on mass conscription and complex, inflexible enabled them to survive, while less adaptable organisms become plans for mobilization that most European nations had before World extinct; “survival of the fittest.” War I. Nazi New Order the Nazis’ plan for their conquered territories; it millenarianism the belief that the end of the world is at hand and included the extermination of Jews and others considered inferior, the kingdom of God is about to be established on earth. ruthless exploitation of resources, German colonization in the east, ministerial responsibility a tenet of nineteenth-century liberalism and the use of Poles, Russians, and Ukrainians as slave labor. that held that ministers of the monarch should be responsible to the Neoclassicism a late-eighteenth-century artistic movement that legislative assembly rather than to the monarch. emerged in France. It sought to recapture the dignity and simplicity mir a peasant village commune in Russia. of the classical style of ancient Greece and Rome. mobilization the organization of troops and supplies for service in Neoplatonism a revival of Platonic philosophy in the third century A.D., time of war. associated with Plotinus; a similar revival in the Italian Renaissance, Modern Devotion a movement founded by Gerard Groote in the associated with Marsilio Ficino, who attempted to synthesize fourteenth century, aimed at a practical mysticism based on leading Christianity and Platonism. lives serving the needs of fellow human beings. nepotism the appointment of family members to important political Modernism the artistic and literary styles that emerged in the decades positions; derived from the regular appointment of nephews (Greek, before 1914 as artists rebelled against traditional efforts to portray nepos) by Renaissance popes. reality as accurately as possible (leading to Impressionism and New Economic Policy a modified version of the old capitalist system Cubism) and writers explored new forms. introduced in the Soviet Union by Lenin in 1921 to revive the econ- monasticism a movement that began in early Christianity whose omy after the ravages of the civil war and war communism. purpose was to create communities of men and women who prac- new imperialism the revival of imperialism after 1880 in which ticed a communal life dedicated to God as a moral example to the European nations established colonies throughout much of Asia world around them. and Africa. monk a man who chooses to live a communal life divorced from the new monarchies the governments of France, England, and Spain at world in order to dedicate himself totally to the will of God. the end of the fifteenth century, whose rulers succeeded in reestab- monogamy the practice of being married to one person at a time. lishing or extending centralized royal authority, suppressing the monotheism the doctrine or belief that there is only one God. nobility, controlling the church, and insisting on the loyalty of all multiculturalism a term referring to the connection of several cultural peoples living in their territories. or ethnic groups within a society. nobiles “nobles.” The small group of families from both patrician multinational corporation a company with divisions in more than and plebeian origins who produced most of the men who were two countries. elected to office in the late Roman Republic. mutual deterrence the belief that nuclear war could best be nominalist a member of a school of thought in medieval Europe prevented if both the United States and the Soviet Union had that, following Aristotle, held that only individual objects are real sufficient nuclear weapons so that even if one nation launched and that universals are only names created by humans. a preemptive first strike, the other could respond and devastate nuclear family a family group consisting only of a father, a mother, the attacker. and one or more children. mystery religions religions that involve initiation into secret rites that nuns women who withdrew from the world and joined a religious promise intense emotional involvement with spiritual forces and a community; the female equivalent of monks. greater chance of individual immortality. mysticism the immediate experience of oneness with God. old regime (old order) the political and social system of France in the eighteenth century before the Revolution. nationalism a sense of national consciousness based on awareness of oligarchy rule by a few. being part of a community—a “nation”—that has common institu- optimates “best men.”Aristocratic leaders in the late Roman tions, traditions, language, and customs and that becomes the focus Republic who generally came from senatorial families and wished of the individual’s primary political loyalty. to retain their oligarchical privileges. nationalities problem the dilemma faced by the Austro-Hungarian orders (estates) the traditional tripartite division of European Empire in trying to unite a wide variety of ethnic groups (Austrians, society based on heredity and quality rather than wealth or eco- Hungarians, Poles, Croats, Czechs, Serbs, Slovaks, and Slovenes, among nomic standing, first established in the Middle Ages and continu- others) in an era when nationalism and calls for self-determination ing into the eighteenth century; traditionally consisted of those were coming to the fore. who pray (the clergy), those who fight (the nobility), and those nationalization the process of converting a business or industry from who work (all the rest). private ownership to government control and ownership. organic evolution Darwin’s principle that all plants and animals nation in arms the people’s army raised by universal mobilization to have evolved over a long period of time from earlier and simpler repel the foreign enemies of the French Revolution. forms of life.

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Paleolithic Age the period of human history when humans used passed down orally and centered on public and group activities simple stone tools (c. 2,500,000–10,000 B.C.). such as festivals. In the modern age, the term refers to the enter- pantheism a doctrine that equates God with the universe and all tainment, recreation, and pleasures that people purchase as part of that is in it. the mass consumer society. panzer division in the German army under Hitler, a strike force of populares “favoring the people.”Aristocratic leaders in the late about three hundred tanks and accompanying forces and supplies. Roman Republic who tended to use the people’s assemblies in an papal curia the administrative staff of the Catholic Church, composed effort to break the stranglehold of the nobiles on political offices. of cardinals who assist the pope in running the church. popular sovereignty the doctrine that government is created by pasteurization a process developed by Louis Pasteur for heating a and subject to the will of the people, who are the source of all product to destroy the microorganisms that might cause spoilage. political power. paterfamilias the dominant male in a Roman family whose powers populism a political philosophy or movement that supports the over his wife and children were theoretically unlimited, though they rights and power of ordinary people in their struggle against the were sometimes circumvented in practice. privileged elite. patriarchal family a family in which the husband dominates his portolani charts of landmasses and coastlines made by navigators wife and children. and mathematicians in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. patriarchy a society in which the father is supreme in the clan or Post-Impressionism an artistic movement that began in France in family; more generally, a society dominated by men. the 1880s. Post-Impressionists sought to use color and line to express patricians great landowners who became the ruling class in the inner feelings and produce a personal statement of reality. Roman Republic. Postmodernism a term used to cover a variety of artistic and intel- patronage the practice of awarding titles and making appointments lectual styles and ways of thinking prominent since the 1970s. to government and other positions to gain political support. praetor a Roman executive official responsible for the administra- Pax Romana “Roman peace.”A term used to refer to the stability tion of the law. and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the Mediterranean praetorian guard the military unit that served as the personal body- world and much of western Europe during the first and second guard of the Roman emperors. centuries A.D. predestination the belief, associated with Calvinism, that God, as a Pentateuch the first five books of the Hebrew Bible (Genesis, Exodus, consequence of his foreknowledge of all events, has predetermined Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy). those who will be saved (the elect) and those who will be damned. perestroika “restructuring.”A term applied to Mikhail Gorbachev’s prefect during the reign of Napoleon, an official appointed by the economic, political, and social reforms in the Soviet Union. central government to oversee all aspects of a local government. perioikoi in ancient Sparta, free inhabitants but not citizens who price revolution the dramatic rise in prices (inflation) that were required to pay taxes and perform military service. occurred throughout Europe in the sixteenth and early seven- permissive society a term applied to Western society after World War II teenth centuries. to reflect the new sexual freedom and the emergence of a drug culture. primogeniture an inheritance practice in which the eldest son receives Petrine supremacy the doctrine that the bishop of Rome (the pope), all or the largest share of the parents’ estate. as the successor of Saint Peter (traditionally considered the first bishop principate the form of government established by Augustus for the of Rome), should hold a preeminent position in the church. Roman Empire; it continued the constitutional forms of the Republic phalanstery a self-sustaining cooperative community, as advocated and consisted of the princeps (“first citizen”) and the senate, although by Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. the princeps was clearly the dominant partner. phalanx a rectangular formation of tightly massed infantry soldiers. procurator the head of the Holy Synod, the chief decision-making philosophes intellectuals of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment body for the Russian Orthodox Church. who believed in applying a spirit of rational criticism to all things, proletariat the industrial working class. In Marxism, the class that including religion and politics, and who focused on improving and will ultimately overthrow the bourgeoisie. enjoying this world, rather than on the afterlife. propaganda a program of distorted information put out by an orga- Pietism a movement that arose in Germany in the seventeenth century nization or government to spread its policy, cause, or doctrine. whose goal was to foster a personal experience of God as the focus psychoanalysis a method developed by Sigmund Freud to resolve a of true religious experience. patient’s psychic conflict. plebeians the class of Roman citizens that included nonpatrician purgatory defined by the Catholic Church as the place where souls landowners, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers in the Roman went after death to be purged of punishment for sins committed Republic. Their struggle for equal rights with the patricians dominated in life. much of the Republic’s history. Puritans English Protestants inspired by Calvinist theology who wished plebiscita laws passed by the council of the plebs. to remove all traces of Catholicism from the Church of England. pluralism the practice of holding several church offices simultane- ously; a problem of the late medieval church. quadrivium arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music; four of plutocrats members of the wealthy elite. the seven liberal arts (the others made up the trivium) that formed pogroms organized massacres of Jews. the basis of medieval and early modern education. polis an ancient Greek city-state encompassing both an urban area and quaestors Roman officials responsible for the administration of finan- its surrounding countryside; a small but autonomous political unit cial affairs. where all major political and social activities were carried out centrally. querelles des femmes “arguments about women.” A centuries-old political democracy a form of government characterized by universal debate about the nature of women that continued during the Scientific suffrage and mass political parties. Revolution as those who argued for the inferiority of women found politiques a group who emerged during the French Wars of additional support in the new anatomy and medicine. Religion in the sixteenth century, placed politics above religion, and believed that no religious truth was worth the ravages of civil war. rapprochement the rebuilding of harmonious relations between polytheism belief in or worship of more than one god. nations. Pop Art an artistic movement of the 1950s and 1960s in which rationalism a system of thought based on the belief that human artists took images of popular culture and transformed them into reason and experience are the chief sources of knowledge. works of fine art. Andy Warhol’s painting of Campbell’s soup cans Realism a nineteenth-century school of painting that emphasized the is one example. everyday life of ordinary people, depicted with photographic accuracy. popular culture as opposed to high culture, the unofficial written and realist a subscriber to the medieval European school of thought that unwritten culture of the masses, much of which was traditionally held, following Plato, that the individual objects we perceive are not

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real but merely manifestations of universal ideas existing in the scriptoria writing rooms for the copying of manuscripts in medieval mind of God. monasteries. Realpolitik “politics of reality.” Politics based on practical concerns scutage in the fourteenth century, a money payment for military rather than theory or ethics. service that replaced the obligation of military service in the lord- real wages, income, and prices wages, income, and prices that have vassal relationship. been adjusted for inflation. secularization the process of becoming more concerned with reason of state the principle that a nation should act on the basis of material, worldly, temporal things and less with spiritual and its long-term interests and not merely to further the dynastic interests religious things. of its ruling family. self-determination the doctrine that the people of a given territory Reconquista in Spain, the reconquest of Muslim lands by Christian or a particular nationality should have the right to determine their rulers and their armies. own government and political future. relativity theory Einstein’s theory that, among other things, (1) space senate the leading council of the Roman Republic; composed of and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer and inter- about three hundred men (senators) who served for life and domi- woven into a four-dimensional space-time continuum and (2) matter nated much of the political life of the Republic. is a form of energy (E = mc2). separation of powers a doctrine enunciated by Montesquieu in the relics the bones of Christian saints or objects intimately associated eighteenth century that separate executive, legislative, and judicial with saints that were considered worthy of veneration. powers serve to limit and control each other. Renaissance the “rebirth” of classical culture that occurred in Italy serf a peasant who is bound to the land and obliged to provide labor between c. 1350 and c. 1550; also, the earlier revivals of classical services and pay various rents and fees to the lord; considered unfree culture that occurred under Charlemagne and in the twelfth century. but not a slave because serfs could not be bought and sold. rentier a person who lives on income from property and is not per- skepticism a doubtful or questioning attitude, especially about sonally involved in its operation. religion. reparations payments made by a defeated nation after a war to social Darwinism the application of Darwin’s principle of organic compensate another nation for damage sustained as a result of the evolution to the social order; led to the belief that progress comes war; required from Germany after World War I. from the struggle for survival as the fittest advance and the weak revisionism a socialist doctrine that rejected Marx’s emphasis on class decline. struggle and revolution and argued instead that workers should work socialism an ideology that calls for collective or government owner- through political parties to bring about gradual change. ship of the means of production and the distribution of goods. revolution a fundamental change in the political and social organi- socialized medicine health services for all citizens provided by gov- zation of a state. ernment assistance. revolutionary socialism a socialist doctrine that violent action was social security government programs that provide social welfare the only way to achieve the goals of socialism. measures such as old-age pensions and sickness, accident, and rhetoric the art of persuasive speaking; in the Middle Ages, one of disability insurance. the seven liberal arts. Socratic method a form of teaching that uses a question-and-answer risorgimento a movement in Italy in the nineteenth century aimed format to enable students to reach conclusions by using their own at the creation of a united Italian republic. reasoning. Rococo an eighteenth-century artistic movement that emphasized Sophists wandering scholars and professional teachers in ancient grace, gentility, lightness, and charm. Greece who stressed the importance of rhetoric and tended toward Romanesque a term used to describe the art and especially architec- skepticism and relativism. ture of Europe in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. soviets councils of workers’ and soldiers’ deputies formed through- Romanticism a nineteenth-century intellectual and artistic movement out Russia in 1917 that played an important role in the Bolshevik that rejected the emphasis on reason of the Enlightenment. Instead, Revolution. Romantics stressed the importance of intuition, feeling, emotion, sphere of influence a territory or region over which an outside and imagination as sources of knowing. nation exercises political or economic influence. squadristi in Italy in the 1920s, bands of armed Fascists used to sacraments rites considered imperative for a Christian’s salvation. create disorder by attacking Socialist offices and newspapers. By the thirteenth century, these consisted of the Eucharist or Lord’s stagflation a combination of high inflation and high unemployment Supper, baptism, marriage, penance, extreme unction, holy orders, that was prevalent in the United States and elsewhere from 1973 to and confirmation of children; Protestant reformers of the sixteenth the mid-1980s. century generally recognized only two—baptism and communion Stalinization the adoption by Eastern European Communist coun- (the Lord’s Supper). tries of features of the economic, political, and military policies salons gatherings of philosophes and other notables to discuss the implemented by Stalin in the Soviet Union. ideas of the Enlightenment; so called from the elegant drawing Stoicism a philosophy founded by Zeno in the fourth century B.C. rooms (salons) where they met. that taught that happiness could be obtained by accepting one’s sans-culottes “without breeches.” The common people, who did not lot and living in harmony with the will of God, thereby achieving wear the fine clothes of the upper classes and played an important inner peace. role in the radical phase of the French Revolution. subinfeudation the practice whereby a lord’s greatest vassals subdi- satrap a governor with both civil and military duties in the ancient vided their fiefs and had vassals of their own, who in turn subdivided Persian Empire, which was divided into satrapies, or provinces, their fiefs, and so on down to simple knights, whose fiefs were too each administered by a satrap. small to subdivide. scholasticism the philosophical and theological system of suffrage the right to vote. the medieval schools, which emphasized rigorous analysis of suffragists advocates of extending the right to vote to women. contradictory authorities; often used to try to reconcile faith sultan “holder of power.” A title taken by Turkish leaders who took and reason. command of the Abbasid Empire in 1055. scientific method a method of seeking knowledge through induc- surplus value in Marxism, the difference between a product’s real tive principles, using experiments and observations to develop value and the wages of the worker who produced the product. generalizations. Surrealism an artistic movement that arose between World War I Scientific Revolution the transition from the medieval worldview to and World War II. Surrealists portrayed recognizable objects in a largely secular, rational, and materialistic perspective that began unrecognizable relationships in order to reveal the world of the in the seventeenth century and was popularized in the eighteenth. unconscious.

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syncretism the combining of different forms of belief or practice, uncertainty principle a principle in quantum mechanics, posited by as, for example, when two gods are regarded as different forms of Heisenberg, that holds that one cannot determine the path of an the same underlying divine force and are fused together. electron because the very act of observing the electron would affect its location. tariffs duties (taxes) imposed on imported goods, usually to raise unconditional surrender complete, unqualified surrender of a bel- revenue and to discourage imports and protect domestic industries. ligerent nation. tetrarchy rule by four; the system of government established by utopian socialists intellectuals and theorists in the early nineteenth Diocletian (284–305) in which the Roman Empire was divided into century who favored equality in social and economic conditions two parts, each ruled by an “Augustus” assisted by a “Caesar.” and wished to replace private property and competition with col- theocracy a government ruled by a divine authority. lective ownership and cooperation. Third Estate one of the traditional tripartite divisions (orders) of European society based on heredity and quality rather than wealth vassalage the granting of a fief, or landed estate, in exchange for or economic standing, first established in the Middle Ages and con- providing military services to the lord and fulfilling certain other tinuing into the eighteenth century; consisted of all who were not obligations such as appearing at the lord’s court when summoned members of the clergy or nobility (the first two estates). and making a payment on the knighting of the lord’s eldest son. three-field system in medieval agriculture, the practice of dividing vernacular the everyday language of a region, as distinguished from the arable land into three fields so that one could lie fallow while a language used for special purposes. For example, in medieval the others were planted in winter grains and spring crops. Paris, French was the vernacular, but Latin was used for academic tithe a portion of one’s harvest or income, paid by medieval peasants writing and for classes at the University of Paris. to the village church. viceroy the administrative head of the provinces of New Spain and Torah the body of law in Hebrew Scripture, contained in the Peru in the Americas. Pentateuch (the first five books of the Hebrew Bible). volkish thought the belief that German culture is superior and that totalitarian state a state characterized by government control over the German people have a universal mission to save Western civi- all aspects of economic, social, political, cultural, and intellectual lization from “inferior” races. life, the subordination of the individual to the state, and insistence that the masses be actively involved in the regime’s goals. war communism Lenin’s policy of nationalizing industrial and total war warfare in which all of a nation’s resources, including other facilities and requisitioning the peasants’ produce during the civilians at home as well as soldiers in the field, are mobilized for civil war in Russia. the war effort. war guilt clause the clause in the Treaty of Versailles that declared trade union an association of workers in the same trade, formed to that Germany (with Austria) was responsible for starting World help members secure better wages, benefits, and working conditions. War I and ordered Germany to pay reparations for the damage the transformism the theory that societies evolve gradually. Allies had suffered as a result of the war. transnational corporation another term for “a multinational corpo- Warsaw Pact a military alliance, formed in 1955, in which Albania, ration,” or a company with divisions in more than two countries. Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, transubstantiation a doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church that and the Soviet Union agreed to provide mutual assistance. during the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and wine is mirac- welfare state a sociopolitical system in which the government assumes ulously transformed into the body and blood of Jesus. primary responsibility for the social welfare of its citizens by pro- trench warfare warfare in which the opposing forces attack and viding such things as social security, unemployment benefits, and counterattack from a relatively permanent system of trenches health care. protected by barbed wire; characteristic of World War I. wergeld “money for a man.” In early Germanic law, a person’s value triangular trade a pattern of trade in early modern Europe that in monetary terms, paid by a wrongdoer to the family of the person connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas in an Atlantic economy. who had been injured or killed. tribunes of the plebs beginning in 494 B.C., Roman officials who world-machine Newton’s conception of the universe as one huge, were given the power to protect plebeians against arrest by patri- regulated, and uniform machine that operated according to natural cian magistrates. laws in absolute time, space, and motion. trivium grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic or logic; three of the seven liberal arts (the others made up the quadrivium) that were the basis zemstvos local assemblies established in Russia in 1864 by Tsar of medieval and early modern education. Alexander II. Truman Doctrine the doctrine, enunciated by Harry Truman in ziggurat a massive stepped tower on which a temple dedicated to 1947, that the United States would provide economic aid to coun- the chief god or goddess of a Sumerian city was built. tries that said they were threatened by Communist expansion. Zionism an international movement that called for the establish- tyrant in an ancient Greek polis (or an Italian city-state during the ment of a Jewish state or a refuge for Jews in Palestine. Renaissance), a ruler who came to power in an unconstitutional Zollverein the customs union of all the German states except way and ruled without being subject to the law. Austria, formed by Prussia in 1834. Zoroastrianism a religion founded by the Persian Zoroaster in the ultraroyalists in nineteenth-century France, a group of aristocrats seventh century B.C., characterized by worship of a supreme god, who sought to return to a monarchical system dominated by a Ahuramazda, who represents the good against the evil spirit, identi- landed aristocracy and the Catholic Church. fied as Ahriman.

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Abbasid uh-BAH-sid or AB-uh-sid Ashurnasirpal ah-shur-NAH-zur-pahl Abd al-Rahman ub-duh-rahkh-MAHN asiento ah-SYEN-toh Abu al-Abbas uh-BOOL-uh-BUSS Asoka uh-SOH-kuh Abu Bakr ah-bu-BAHK-ur assignat ah-see-NYAH Achaemenid ah-KEE-muh-nud Assyrians uh-SEER-ee-unz Adenauer, Konrad AD-uh-now-ur Astell, Mary AST-ul aediles EE-dylz Atahualpa ah-tuh-WAHL-puh Aeolians ee-OH-lee-unz Atatürk, Kemal ah-tah-TIRK, kuh-MAHL Aeschylus ESS-kuh-luss Attalid AT-uh-lid Aetius ay-EE-shuss audiencias ow-dee-en-SEE-uss Afrikaners ah-fri-KAH-nurz Auerstadt OW-urr-shtaht Agesilaus uh-jess-uh-LAY-uss augur AW-gurr Agincourt AH-zhen-koor Augustine AW-guh-steen Ahlwardt, Hermann AHL-vart Aurelian aw-REEL-yun Ahuramazda uh-HOOR-uh-MAHZ-duh Auschwitz-Birkenau OWSH-vitz-BEER-kuh-now Aix-la-Chapelle ex-lah-shah-PELL Ausgleich OWSS-glykh Akhenaten ah-kuh-NAH-tun auspices AWSS-puh-sizz Akkadians uh-KAY-dee-unz Austerlitz AWSS-tur-litz Alaric AL-uh-rik Australopithecines aw-stray-loh-PITH-uh-synz Alberti, Leon Battista al-BAYR-tee Austrasia au-STRY-zhuh Albigensians al-buh-JEN-see-unz Autun oh-TUNH Albuquerque, Afonso de AL-buh-kur-kee, ah-FAHN-soh day Avicenna av-i-SENN-uh Alcibiades al-suh-BY-uh-deez Avignon ah-veen-YONH Alcuin AL-kwin Azerbaijan az-ur-by-JAN Alemanni al-uh-MAH-nee Baader-Meinhof BAH-durr-MYN-huff al-Fatah al-FAH-tuh Babeuf, Gracchus bah-BUFF, GRAK-uss al-Hakim al-hah-KEEM Bach, Johann Sebastian BAKH, yoh-HAHN suh-BASS-chun Alia, Ramiz AH-lee-uh, rah-MEEZ Baden-Powell, Robert BAD-un-POW-ul al-Khwarizmi al-KHWAR-iz-mee Bakunin, Michael buh-KOON-yun Allah AH-lah Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de bal-BOH-uh, BAHS-koh NOON- al-Ma’mun al-muh-MOON yez day al-Sadat, Anwar al-suh-DAHT, ahn-wahr Ballin, Albert BAH-leen Amenhotep ah-mun-HOH-tep Banque de Belgique BAHNK duh bel-ZHEEK Andreotti, Giulio ahn-dray-AH-tee, JOOL-yoh Barbarossa bar-buh-ROH-suh Andropov, Yuri ahn-DRAHP-awf, YOOR-ee Baroque buh-ROHK Anjou AHN-zhoo Barth, Karl BAHRT Antigonid an-TIG-uh-nid Bastille bass-STEEL Antigonus Gonatus an-TIG-oh-nuss guh-NAH-tuss Batista, Fulgencio bah-TEES-tuh, full-JEN-see-oh Antiochus an-TY-uh-kuss Bauhaus BOW-howss Antonescu, Ion an-tuh-NESS-koo, YON Bayle, Pierre BELL, PYAYR Antoninus Pius an-tuh-NY-nuss PY-uss Beauharnais, Josephine de boh-ar-NAY, zhoh-seff-FEEN duh apella uh-PELL-uh Beauvoir, Simone de boh-VWAR, see-MUHN duh Apollonius ap-uh-LOH-nee-uss Bebel, August BAY-bul, ow-GOOST appartement uh-par-tuh-MUNH Beccaria, Cesare buh-KAH-ree-uh, CHAY-zuh-ray Aquinas, Thomas uh-KWY-nuss Bede BEED Arafat, Yasir ah-ruh-FAHT, yah-SEER Beguines bay-GEENZ aratrum uh-RAH-trum Beiderbecke, Bix BY-der-bek, BIKS Archimedes ahr-kuh-MEE-deez Beijing bay-ZHING Argonautica ahr-guh-NAWT-uh-kuh Belarus bell-uh-ROOSS Aristarchus ar-iss-TAR-kus Belgioioso, Cristina bell-joh-YOH-soh Aristotle AR-iss-tot-ul Belisarius bell-uh-SAH-ree-uss Arsinoë ahr-SIN-oh-ee beneﬁce BEN-uh-ﬁss artium baccalarius ar-TEE-um bak-uh-LAR-ee-uss Bergson, Henri BERG-son, AHN-ree artium magister ar-TEE-um muh-GISS-ter Berlioz, Hector BAYR-lee-ohz Aryan AR-ee-un Berlusconi, Silvio bayr-loo-SKOH-nee, SEEL-vee-oh Ashkenazic ash-kuh-NAH-zik Bernhardi, Friedrich von bayrn-HAR-dee, FREED-reekh fun Ashurbanipal ah-shur-BAH-nuh-pahl Bernini, Gian Lorenzo bur-NEE-nee, ZHAHN loh-RENT-zoh

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This page constitutes an extension of the copyright page. CHAPTER 12 We have made every effort to trace the ownership of all A RENAISSANCE BANQUET 339 copyrighted material and to secure permission from copy- Reprinted from Food in History by Reay Tannahill, copyright © right holders. In the event of any question arising as to the 1973, 1988 by Reay Tannahill. use of any material, we will be pleased to make the necessary corrections in future printings. We thank the following MARRIAGE NEGOTIATIONS 344 authors, publishers, and agents for permission to use the From The Society of Renaissance Florence, edited by Gene Brucker. Copyright © 1971 by Gene Brucker. material indicated. Reprinted with permission of The Renaissance Society of America. THE LETTERS OF ISABELLA D’ESTE 347 CHAPTER 11 Reuse of excerpt from The Letters of Isabella d’Este from THE THE BLACK DEATH 306 BED AND THE THRONE by GEORGE R. MAREK. Copyright From The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio, trans. by Frances © 1976 by George R. Marek. Reprinted by permission of Winwar, pp. xxii–xxiv, xxviii–xxix. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers. The Limited Editions Club. OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: THE RENAISSANCE PRINCE: THE CREMATION OF THE STRASBOURG JEWS 308 THE VIEWS OF MACHIAVELLI AND ERASMUS 350 From The Jew in the Medieval World by Jacob Rader Marcus. Machiavelli, The Prince (1513). From The Prince by Copyright © 1972 by Atheneum. Reprinted with permission of Machiavelli, translated by David Wootton, pp. 51–52. The Hebrew Union College Press. Copyright © 1995 by Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. Reprinted by permission of Hackett Publishing Company, A REVOLT OF FRENCH PEASANTS 310 Inc. All rights reserved. From CHRONICLES by Froissart, translated by Geoffrey Erasmus, Education of a Christian Prince (1516). From The Brereton (Penguin Classics, 1968, Revised 1978). Translation Education of a Christian Prince, by Erasmus, translated by L. K. copyright © Geoffrey Brereton, 1968. Reproduced by permission Born. Copyright © 1936 by Columbia University Press. of Penguin Books, Ltd. Reprinted with permission of the publisher. THE HUNDRED YEARS’WAR 313 PETRARCH: MOUNTAIN CLIMBING AND THE SEARCH From CHRONICLES by Froissart, translated by Geoffrey Brereton (Penguin Classics, 1968, Revised 1978). Translation FOR SPIRITUAL CONTENTMENT 351 From The Renaissance Philosophy of Man by Ernst Cassirer, copyright © Geoffrey Brereton, 1968. Reproduced by permission Paul Kristeller, and John Randall, Jr. Copyright © 1948 by of Penguin Books, Ltd. University of Chicago Press. Reprinted by permission of the A FEMINIST HEROINE: CHRISTINE DE PIZAN publisher. ON JOAN OF ARC 315 PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA AND From The Writings of Christine de Pizan, edited by Charity Cannon Willard. Copyright © 1994 by Persea Books, Inc. THE DIGNITY OF MAN 353 From The Renaissance Philosophy of Man by Ernst Cassirer, Reprinted by permission of Persea Books, Inc. (New York). Paul Kristeller, and John Randall, Jr. Copyright © 1948 by BONIFACE VIII’S DEFENSE OF PAPAL SUPREMACY 322 University of Chicago Press. Reprinted by permission of the From Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages by Ernest F. publisher. Henderson. London: George Bell & Sons, 1896. A WOMAN’S DEFENSE OF LEARNING 354 DANTE’S VISION OF HELL 327 Laura Cereta, “Defense of the Liberal Instruction of Women,” From THE DIVINE COMEDY by Dante Alighieri, translated from Her Immaculate Hand: Selected Works by and about the by John Ciardi. Copyright 1954, 1957, 1959, 1960, 1961, 1965, Women Humanists of Quattrocentro Italy, ed. by Margaret King 1967, 1970 by the Ciardi Family Publishing Trust. Used by and Albert Rabil (Pegasus Press, Asheville, NC, 2000). Reprinted permission of W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. by permission. THE LEGAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN 331 THE GENIUS OF LEONARDO DA VINCI 361 From Not in God’s Image: Women in History from the Greeks to From LIVES OF THE ARTISTS VOLUME I by Giorgio Vasari, Victorians by Julia O’Faolain and Lauro Martines. Copyright © translated by George Bull (Penguin Classics, 1965). Translation 1973 by Julia O’Faolain and Lauro Martines. Reprinted by © George Bull, 1965. Reproduced by permission of Penguin permission of the authors. Books, Ltd.

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CHAPTER 13 LAS CASAS AND THE SPANISH TREATMENT OF THE AMERICAN NATIVES 422 ERASMUS: IN PRAISE OF FOLLY 376 From The Tears of the Indians, Bartolome de Las Casas. Copyright “The Praise of Folly” from The Essential Erasmus by Erasmus, © 1970 by The John Lilburne Company Publishers. translated by John P. Dolan, copyright © 1964 by John P. Dolan. Used by permission of Dutton Signet, a division of THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE 424 Penguin Putnam, Inc. From European Society in the Eighteenth Century, ed. Robert LUTHER AND THE NINETY-FIVE THESES 379 and Elborg Forster. New York: Walker & Co., 1969. Reprinted by permission of Walker & Co. From Martin Luther: Documents of Modern History by E. G. Rupp and Benjamin Drewery. Palgrave Macmillan, 1970. OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: WEST MEETS EAST: Reproduced with permission of Palgrave Macmillan. AN EXCHANGE OF ROYAL LETTERS 428 LUTHER AND THE “ROBBING From The World of Southeast Asia: Selected Historical AND MURDERING HORDES OF PEASANTS” 382 Readings, Harry J. Benda and John A. Larkin, eds. Copyright © 1967 by Harper & Row Publishers. Used with permission of From Martin Luther: Documents of Modern History by E. G. John A. Larkin. Rupp and Benjamin Drewery. Palgrave Macmillan, 1970. Reproduced with permission of Palgrave Macmillan. AN IMPERIAL EDICT TO THE KING OF ENGLAND 430 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: A RENAISSANCE DEBATE: From China’s Response to the West: A Documentary Survey, 1839–1923 by Ssu-yu Teng and John K. Fairbank (Cambridge, CONFLICT AT MARBURG 388 Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982). “The Marburg Colloquy,”edited by Donald Ziegler, from GREAT DEBATES OF THE REFORMATION, edited by Donald THE MISSION 434 Ziegler, copyright © 1969 by Donald Ziegler. Used by permission Excerpt from Latin American Civilization by Benjamin K of Modern Library, a division of Random House, Inc. een, ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), Vol. I, pp. 223–24. Reprinted by permission of the estate of THE ROLE OF DISCIPLINE IN THE “MOST PERFECT SCHOOL Benjamin Keen. OF CHRIST ON EARTH” 393 From The Reformation: A Narrative History Related by Contem- porary Observers and Participants by Hans J. Hillerbrand. Copyright © 1964 by Harper & Row, Publishers. Reprinted CHAPTER 15 with permission of Hans J. Hillerbrand. A WITCHCRAFT TRIAL IN FRANCE 445 A PROTESTANT WOMAN 394 From Witchcraft in Europe, 1100–1700: A Documentary History From Not in God’s Image: Women in History from the Greeks to edited by Alan C. Kors and Edward Peters. Copyright © 1972 Victorians by Julia O’Faolain and Lauro Martines. Copyright © University of Pennsylvania Press. Reprinted with permission of 1973 by Julia O’Faolain and Lauro Martines. Reprinted by the University of Pennsylvania Press. permission of the authors. THE FACE OF WAR IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY 449 LOYOLA AND OBEDIENCE TO “OUR HOLY MOTHER, Excerpt from The Adventures of Simplicius Simplissimus by THE HIERARCHICAL CHURCH” 397 Hans Jacob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen, translated by Excerpt from The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius of Loyola George Schulz-Behrend, © 1993 Camden House/Boydell & translated by Louis J. Puhl, S.J. (Newman Press 1951). Brewer, Rochester, New York. Reprinted with permission of Reprinted with permission of Loyola Press. To order Camden House Publishers. copies of this book, call 1-800-621-1008 or visit www.loyolabooks.org. LOUIS XIV: KINGLY ADVICE 453 From From Absolution to Revolution, 1648–1848 by Herbert H. QUEEN ELIZABETH ADDRESSES PARLIAMENT (1601) 405 Rowen. Copyright © 1963 by Macmillan Publishing Company. From Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments by John E. Neale. Reprinted by permission of Prentice Hall, Inc., a Pearson London: Jonathan Cape, 1953. Education Company. TRAVELS WITH THE KING 456 From THE AGE OF MAGNIFICENCE by Sanche de Gramont, CHAPTER 14 copyright © 1964, renewed 1991 by G. P. Putnam’s Sons. Used by permission of G. P. Putnam’s Sons, a division of Penguin THE PORTUGUESE CONQUEST OF MALACCA 416 Group (USA), Inc. From The World of Southeast Asia: Selected Historical Readings, Harry J. Benda and John A. Larkin, eds. Copyright PETER THE GREAT DEALS WITH A REBELLION 462 © 1967 by Harper & Row Publishers. Used with permission of From Readings in European History, vol. 2, by James Harvey John A. Larkin. Robinson (Lexington, Mass.: Ginn and Co., 1906). COLUMBUS LANDS IN THE NEW WORLD 418 THE BILL OF RIGHTS 474 From Letters by Christopher Columbus, translated and edited by From The Statutes: Revised Edition (London: Eyre and R. H. Major (London: Hakluyt Society, 1843), pp. 35–43. Spottiswoode, 1871), Vol. 2, pp. 10–12. THE SPANISH CONQUISTADOR: WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE: IN PRAISE CORTÉS AND THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO 419 OF ENGLAND 479 From The European Reconnaissance: Selected Documents by Excerpt from Richard II in Shakespeare, The Complete John H. Parry. Copyright © 1968 by John H. Parry. Reprinted Works, edited by G. B. Harrison (New York: Harcourt Brace & by permission of Walker & Co. World, 1952).

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CHAPTER 16 DIDEROT QUESTIONS CHRISTIAN SEXUAL STANDARDS 518 ON THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE HEAVENLY From Rameau’s Nephew and Other Works by Denis Diderot. SPHERES 488 Copyright © 1956 by Jacques Barzun and Ralph Bowen. Used From The Collected Works by Copernicus, translated by Edward by permission of Jacques Barzun. Rosen. Rev. ed. published 1978 by Palgrave Macmillan. Repro- duced with permission of Palgrave Macmillan. A SOCIAL CONTRACT 520 KEPLER AND THE EMERGING SCIENTIFIC Extract from A SOCIAL CONTRACT by Jean-Jacques Rousseau translated by Maurice Cranston (translation COMMUNITY 490 copyright © Estate Maurice Cranston 1968) is reproduced From Johannes Kepler, Life and Letters by Carola Baumgardt, by permission of PFD (www.pfd.co.uk) on behalf of the copyright 1951 by the Philosophical Library. Used by permission Estate of Maurice Cranston. of the publisher. OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: THE STARRY MESSENGER 491 From DISCOVERIES AND OPINIONS OF GALILEO by WOMEN IN THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT: Galileo Galilei, translated by Stillman Drake, copyright © 1957 ROUSSEAU AND WOLLSTONECRAFT 521 by Stillman Drake. Used by permission of Doubleday, a division Rousseau, Emile (1762). From Emile or on Education by of Random House, Inc. Allan Bloom. Copyright © 1979 by Allan Bloom. Reprinted by permission of Basic Books, a member of Perseus Books OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: A NEW HEAVEN? Group. FAITH VERSUS REASON 492 Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Woman Galileo, Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina, 1614. From (1792). From Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of the Rights DISCOVERIES AND OPINIONS OF GALILEO by Galileo of Woman (1792). Galilei, translated by Stillman Drake, copyright © 1957 by Stillman Drake. Used by permission of Doubleday, a division GIBBON AND THE IDEA OF PROGRESS 527 of Random House, Inc. From Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Robert Bellarmine, Letter to Paolo Foscarini, 1615. From Roman Empire, Vol. 4, J. B. Bury, ed., 1901. Galileo, Science, and the Church by Jerome J. Langford (New THE PUNISHMENT OF CRIME 529 York: Desclee, 1966). From Les Nuits de Paris or Nocturnal Spectator: A NEWTON’S RULES OF REASONING 494 Selection, trans. L. Asher and E. Fertig, pp. 7–8. New York: From Isaac Newton, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Knopf, 1964. Philosophy, 2 volumes (London, 1803), vol. 2: pp. 160–62. THE CONVERSION EXPERIENCE THE “NATURAL”INFERIORITY OF WOMEN 499 IN WESLEY’S METHODISM 535 From A Political Treatise, Benedict de Spinoza, copyright 1895 From The Journal of the Reverend John Wesley AM, vol. 2. by George Routledge & Sons. J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1920. THE FATHER OF MODERN RATIONALISM 501 From Descartes’ Philosophical Writings, translated by Norman Kemp Smith, copyright © 1958 by Macmillan CHAPTER 18 Education. Reproduced with permission of Palgrave Macmillan. THE FRENCH KING’S BEDTIME 542 PASCAL:“WHAT IS A MAN IN THE INFINITE?” 506 From Memoirs of the Comtesse de Boigne. Ed. M. Charles From PENSEES by Blaise Pascal, translated with an introduction Nicoullaud. New York: Heinemann, 1907. by A. J. Krailsheimer (Penguin Classics, 1966). Copyright © A. J. FREDERICK THE GREAT AND HIS FATHER 546 Krailsheimer, 1966. Reproduced by permission of Penguin From Readings in European History, vol. 2, by James Harvey Books Ltd. Robinson (Lexington, Mass.: Ginn and Co., 1906). THE CHILDHOOD OF CATHERINE THE GREAT 547 CHAPTER 17 From The Memoirs of Catherine the Great, edited by Dominique Maroger, translated by Moura Budberg (New THE SEPARATION OF POWERS 514 York: Macmillan, 1955). From Les Philosophes by Norman L. Torrey, copyright © 1961 by Norman L. Torrey. Used by permission of G. P. Putnam’s BRITISH VICTORY IN INDIA 554 Sons, a division of Penguin Putnam, Inc. From Readings in European History, vol. 2, by James Harvey Robinson (Lexington, Mass.: Ginn and Co., 1906). THE ATTACK ON RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE 516 Voltaire, The Ignorant Philosopher. From From Absolution to MARITAL ARRANGEMENTS 555 Revolution, 1648–1848 by Herbert H. Rowen. Copyright © From The Rivals by Richard Sheridan (London, 1775). 1963 by Macmillan Publishing Company. Reprinted by PROPAGANDA FOR THE NEW AGRICULTURE 559 permission of Prentice Hall, Inc., a Pearson Education From Arthur Young, Travels during the Years, 1787, 1788, and Company. 1789 . . . in the Kingdom of France (London: W. Richardson, 1794). Voltaire, Candide. From CANDIDE OR OPTIMISM by Voltaire, translated by John Butt (Penguin Classics, 1947). THE BEGINNINGS OF MECHANIZED INDUSTRY: This edition copyright © John Butt, 1947. Reproduced by THE ATTACK ON NEW MACHINES 561 permission of Penguin Books, Ltd. Leeds Woolen Workers’ Petition (Leeds, 1786).

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POVERTY IN FRANCE 567 CHILD LABOR: DISCIPLINE IN THE TEXTILE MILLS 626 From European Society in the Eighteenth Century by Robert From Human Documents of the Industrial Revolution in Britain Forster and Elborg Forster. Copyright © 1969 by Robert and by E. Royston Pike. London: Unwin & Hyman, 1966. Elborg Forster. Reprinted by permission of Walker & Co. CHILD LABOR: THE MINES 627 From Human Documents of the Industrial Revolution in Britain by E. Royston Pike. London: Unwin & Hyman, 1966. CHAPTER 19 POLITICAL DEMANDS OF THE CHARTIST THE ARGUMENT FOR INDEPENDENCE 574 MOVEMENT 629 From The Federal and State Constitutions, S.N. Thorpe, compiler From R. G. Gammage, History of the Chartist Movement and editor, volume 1, pp. 3–4. Washington, D.C., 1909. 1837–1854 (Truslove and Hanson, 1894). THE FALL OF THE BASTILLE 579 From The Press in the French Revolution: A Selection of Documents Taken from the Press of the Revolution for the Years 1789–1794. CHAPTER 21 J. Gilchrist and W. J. Murray, eds. (London: Ginn, 1971). OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: THE NATURAL RIGHTS THE VOICE OF CONSERVATISM: METTERNICH OF THE FRENCH PEOPLE: TWO VIEWS 581 OF AUSTRIA 635 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. From The From Klemens von Metternich, Memoirs, Alexander Napler, French Revolution by Paul H. Beik. Copyright © 1970 by Paul trans. (London: Richard Bentley & Sons, 1881). H. Beik. Reprinted by permission of Walker & Co. UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AND GERMAN UNITY 641 Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen. From Metternich’s Europe, Mack Walker, ed., copyright © 1968 From Women in Revolutionary Paris, 1789–1795: Selected Docu- by Mack Walker. Reprinted by permission of Walker & Co. ments Translated with Notes and Commentary. Translated with THE VOICE OF LIBERALISM: JOHN STUART notes and commentary by Darline Gay Levy, Harriet Branson MILL ON LIBERTY 643 Applewhite, and Mary Durham Johnson. Copyright 1979 by From Utilitarianism, On Liberty, and Representative Government the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. Used with by John Stuart Mill. Published by Viking Press, 1914. permission of the editors and the University of Illinois Press. JUSTICE IN THE REIGN OF TERROR 588 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: RESPONSE From J. M. Thompson, English Witness of the French Revolution TO THE REVOLUTION: TWO PERSPECTIVES 650 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1938). Thomas Babington Macaulay, Speech of March 2, 1831. From Speeches, Parliamentary and Miscellaneous by Thomas ROBESPIERRE AND REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT 589 B. Macaulay (New York: Hurst Co., 1853), vol. 1, pp. 20–21, From Robespierre, edited by George Rudé. Copyright © 1967 by 25–26. Prentice-Hall, Inc.. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Carl Schurz, Reminiscences. From The Reminiscence of DE-CHRISTIANIZATION 590 Carl Schurz by Carl Schurz (New York: The McClure Co., From The French Revolution by Paul H. Beik. Copyright © 1970 1907), vol. I, pp. 112–13. by Paul H. Beik. Reprinted by permission of Walker & Co. THE VOICE OF ITALIAN NATIONALISM: NAPOLEON AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE 594 GIUSEPPE MAZZINI AND YOUNG ITALY 653 From A Documentary Survey of the French Revolution by John From Joseph Mazzini: His Life, Writings, and Political Principles Hall Stewart. Copyright © 1951 by Macmillan Publishing (New York: Hurd & Houghton, 1872), pp. 62–69, 71–74. Company, renewed 1979 by John Hall Stewart. Reprinted with THE NEW BRITISH POLICE: permission of Prentice-Hall, Inc., a Pearson Education Company. “WE ARE NOT TREATED AS MEN” 656 From Clive Emsley, Policing and Its Context, 1750–1870 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1983). CHAPTER 20 GOTHIC LITERATURE: EDGAR ALLAN POE 658 THE TRAITS OF THE BRITISH INDUSTRIAL From Selected Prose and Poetry, Edgar Allan Poe. New York: ENTREPRENEUR 606 Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1950. From The History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain by Edward Baines (London: Fisher, Fisher, and Jackson, 1835), pp. 195–96. CHAPTER 22 DISCIPLINE IN THE NEW FACTORIES 611 From Documents of European Economic History, Vol. I by Sidney LOUIS NAPOLEON APPEALS TO THE PEOPLE 667 Pollard & Colin Holmes. Copyright © Sidney Pollard and Colin From The Constitutions and Other Select Documents Illustrative Holmes. Reproduced with permission of Palgrave Macmillan. of the History of France 1789–1907, by Frank Maloy Anderson “S-T-E-A-M-BOAT A-COMING!” 617 (Minneapolis: H. W. Wilson, 1904). From Life on the Mississippi by Mark Twain. New York, Harper GARIBALDI AND ROMANTIC NATIONALISM 674 and Brothers, 1911. From the Times of London, June 13, 1860. THE GREAT IRISH FAMINE 619 BISMARCK “GOADS”FRANCE INTO WAR 677 From A History of Ireland under the Union by P. S. O’Hegarty. From Documents of German History, edited by Louis L. Snyder, Copyright © 1952 by Methuen & Co. ed. (Piscataway: N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1958).

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EMANCIPATION: SERFS AND SLAVES 681 CHAPTER 24 Tsar Alexander II, Imperial Decree, March 3, 1861. From FREUD AND THE CONCEPT OF REPRESSION 735 Annual Register (New York: Longmans, Green, 1861), p. 207. From Five Lectures on Psycho-analysis by Sigmund Freud, President Abraham Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation, translated by James Strachey. Copyright © 1961 by James January 1, 1863. From U. S. Statutes at Large (Washinton, D.C., Strachey. Used by permission of W. W. Norton & Company, Government Printing Ofﬁce, 1875), vol. 12, pp. 1268–69. Inc. and Sigmund Freud Copyrights Ltd. THE CLASSLESS SOCIETY 688 SYMBOLIST POETRY:ART FOR ART’S SAKE 738 From The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Frederick “The Drunken Boat” by Arthur Rimbaud from Realism, Engels, trans. Samuel Moore, 1888. Naturalism, Symbolism: Modes of Thought and Expression in DARWIN AND THE DESCENT OF MAN 690 Europe by Roland Stromberg. English translation copyright © From The Descent of Man by Charles Darwin (New York: 1968 by Roland Stromberg. Reprinted by permission of the Appleton, 1876), pp. 606–607, 619. Estate of Roland Stromberg. ANESTHESIA AND MODERN SURGERY 691 THE STRUGGLE FOR THE RIGHT TO VOTE 745 From The History of Medicine in the United States: A Collection From Emmeline Pankhurst, My Own Story (New York: Hearst of Facts and Figures by Francis Randolph Packard International Library, 1914). (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1901). THE VOICE OF ZIONISM: THEODOR HERZL REALISM: CHARLES DICKENS AND THE JEWISH STATE 747 AND AN IMAGE OF HELL ON EARTH 694 From Theodor Herzl, The Jewish State. Trans. Sylvia d’Avigdor. From Charles Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop (London: 3rd edition (New York: Federation of American Zionists, 1917), Chapman & Hall, 1841). pp. 7–8, 11, 12. BLOODY SUNDAY 751 From George Gapon, The Story of My Life (New York: Dutton, 1906), pp. 182–85. CHAPTER 23 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: WHITE MAN’S BURDEN VERSUS THE DEPARTMENT STORE AND THE BEGINNINGS OF MASS BLACK MAN’S BURDEN CONSUMERISM 701 Rudyard Kipling, The White Man’s Burden.From Rudyard From Documents of European Economic History, Vol. I by Kipling’s Verse (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1919), pp. 371–72. Sidney Pollard & Colin Holmes. Copyright © Sidney Pollard Edward Morel, The Black Man’s Burden. From E. D. Morel, and Colin Holmes. Reproduced with permission of Palgrave The Black Man’s Burden: The White Man in Africa from the Macmillan. Fifteenth Century to World War I (London: National Labour THE VOICE OF EVOLUTIONARY SOCIALISM: Press, 1920). EDUARD BERNSTEIN 707 THE EMPEROR’S BIG MOUTH 763 From Eduard Bernstein, Evolutionary Socialism, Edith C. From The Daily Telegraph, London, October 28, 1908. Harney, trans. (New York: B. W. Huebsch, 1911), pp. x–xii, xiv. THE HOUSING VENTURE OF OCTAVIA HILL 713 From Octavia Hill, Homes of the London Poor (New York: CHAPTER 25 Macmillan, 1875), pp. 15–16, 17–18, 23. OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: ADVICE TO WOMEN: “YOU HAVE TO BEAR THE RESPONSIBILITY TWO VIEWS 716 FOR WAR OR PEACE” 772 Elizabeth Poole Sanford, Woman in Her Social and Domestic From Diplomatic Documents Relating to the Outbreak of the Character. From Elizabeth Poole Sanford, Woman, in Her Social European War. Ed. James Brown Scott (New York: Oxford and Domestic Character (Boston: Otis, Broaders & Co., 1842), University Press, 1916). pp. 5–7, 15–16. THE EXCITEMENT OF WAR 774 Henrik Ibsen, A Doll’s House. Excerpt as appeared in Roots Stefan Zweig, The World of Yesterday. From THE WORLD OF of Western Civilization by Wesley D. Camp (Wiley, 1983). YESTERDAY by Stefan Zweig, translated by Helmut Ripperger, THE FIGHT SONG: SPORTS IN THE ENGLISH copyright 1943 by the Viking Press, Inc. Used by permission of Viking Penguin, a division of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. and PUBLIC SCHOOL 722 by permission of Williams Verlag AG. From Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public School Robert Graves, Goodbye to All That. From Robert Graves, by J. A. Mangan (Cambridge University Press, 1981). Good-Bye to All That (London: Jonathan Cape, 1929). A LEADER OF THE PARIS COMMUNE 725 Walter Limmer, Letter to His Parents. From Jon E. Lewis, From Louise Michel, THE RED VIRGIN: MEMOIRS ed., The Mammoth Book of Eyewitness: World War I (New York: OF LOUISE MICHEL, pp. 64, 68, trans. by Bullitt Lowry Caroll and Graf Publishers, an imprint of Avalon Publishing and Elizabeth Ellington Gunter (University of Alabama Group, 2003), p. 24. Press, 1981). Reprinted by permission of University of THE REALITY OF WAR:TRENCH WARFARE 778 Alabama Press. All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque. “Im BISMARCK AND THE WELFARE OF THE WORKERS 728 Westen Nichts Neues,”copyright 1928 by Ullstein A.G.; From Bismarck, edited by Frederick B. M. Hollyday, pp. 60, 63, Copyright renewed © 1956 by Erich Maria Remarque. “All 65. Copyright © 1970 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. Quiet on the Western Front,”copyright 1929, 1930 by Little,

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Brown and Company; Copyright renewed © 1957, 1958 by THE FORMATION OF COLLECTIVE FARMS 825 Erich Maria Remarque. All Rights Reserved. From Fedor Belov, The History of a Soviet Collective Farm THE SONGS OF WORLD WAR I 781 (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., 1955). Reproduced “Die Wacht am Rhein (The Watch on the Rhine),”Max with permission of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., Schneckenburger, 1840; “The Old Barbed Wire,”lyrics Westport, CT. anonymous; “Over There,”George M. Cohan, 1917. MASS LEISURE: STRENGTH THROUGH JOY 831 WOMEN IN THE FACTORIES 787 From Nazism 1919–1945: A Documentary Reader, Vol. 2: State, From “Munition Work” by Naomi Loughnan, in Women War Economy and Society 1933–1939. Edited by J. Noakes and Workers, edited by Gilbert Stone (London: George Harrap and G. Pridham, new edition, 2000, pp. 158–159. Reprinted by Company, 1917), pp. 25, 35–38. permission of University of Exeter Press. WAR AND THE FAMILY 788 HESSE AND THE UNCONSCIOUS 835 Personal Letters of Reginald B. Mott family. From Demian by Hermann Hesse (New York: Bantam Books, 1966), p. 30. SOLDIER AND PEASANT VOICES 792 From Voices of Revolution, 1917 by Mark D. Steinberg. Copyright © 2001 Yale University Press. Reprinted by permission. CHAPTER 27 OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: THREE VOICES HITLER’S FOREIGN POLICY GOALS 841 OF PEACEMAKING 797 From Hitler’s Secret Book by Adolf Hitler, translated by Salvator Georges Clemenceau, Grandeur and Misery of Victory. From Attanasio. Copyright 1961, 1989 by Grove Press. Used with Georges Clemenceau, Grandeur and Misery of Victory (New permission of Grove/Atlantic Inc. York: Harcourt, 1930), pp. 105, 107, 280. OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: THE MUNICH CONFERENCE: Pan-African Congress. Excerpts from Resolution from the TWO VIEWS 845 Pan-African Congress, Paris, 1919. Winston Churchill, Speech to the House of Commons, October 5, 1938. From Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Ofﬁce, 1938), CHAPTER 26 vol. 339, pp. 361–369. Neville Chamberlain, Speech to the House of Commons, THE GREAT DEPRESSION: UNEMPLOYED October 6, 1938. From Neville Chamberlain, In Search of Peace AND HOMELESS IN GERMANY 808 (New York: Putnam, 1939), pp. 213–215, 217. From Living Age, Vol. 344, no. 4398 (March 1933), A GERMAN SOLDIER AT STALINGRAD 853 pp. 27–31, 34–38. From Vaili Chuikov, The Battle for Stalingrad (Grafton Books / THE STRUGGLES OF A DEMOCRACY: UNEMPLOYMENT HarperCollins UK), 1964. AND SLUMS IN GREAT BRITAIN 809 HITLER’S PLANS FOR A NEW ORDER IN THE EAST 856 Men Without Work: A Report Made to the Pilgrim Trust.From From Hitler’s Secret Conversations 1941–1944 by Hugh Trevor- Men without Work: A Report Made to the Pilgrim Trust Roper (New York: Farrar, Straus & Young, 1953). (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1938). George Orwell, “A Woman in the Slums.”From George THE HOLOCAUST: THE CAMP COMMANDANT Orwell, The Road to Wigan Pier (London: Victor Gollancz, 1937). AND THE CAMP VICTIMS 862 From Nazism 1919–1945: A Documentary Reader, Vol. 3: Foreign THE VOICE OF ITALIAN FASCISM 816 Policy, War and Racial Extermination. Edited by J. Noakes and Reprinted by permission of the publisher from International G. Pridham, new edition, 2001, pp. 590–592. Reprinted by Conciliation, No. 306 (Washington, D.C., Carnegie permission of University of Exeter Press. Endowment for International Peace, 1935), pp. 5–17. www. carnegieendowment.org. THE BOMBING OF CIVILIANS 866 From John Campbell, ed. The Experience of World War II (New ADOLF HITLER’S HATRED OF THE JEWS 818 York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 180. From MEIN KAMPF by Adolf Hitler, translated by Ralph EMERGENCE OF THE COLD WAR: Manheim. Copyright © 1943, renewed 1971 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Reprinted by permission of Houghton CHURCHILL AND STALIN 872 Mifflin Company and Random House UK. All rights From the Congressional Record, 79th Congress, 2nd Session, reserved. A (Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Ofﬁce), pp. 1145–1147. PROPAGANDA AND MASS MEETINGS IN NAZI GERMANY 821 From Adolf Hitler, Speech at the Nuremberg Party Rally, 1936. CHAPTER 28 A Teacher’s Impression of a Hitler Rally, 1932. From OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS: WHO STARTED THE COLD WAR? Louise Solmitz, “Diary,” trans. and quoted in Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Pridham, Documents on Nazism, 1919–45 (New AMERICAN AND SOVIET PERSPECTIVES 877 York: Viking, 1974), p. 161. Reprinted by permission of Peters From Origins of the Cold War: The Novikov, Kennan, and Fraser and Dunlop on behalf of Jeremy Noakes and Geoffrey Roberts ‘Long’ Telegrams of 1946. (Kenneth M. Jensen, editor) Pridham. Washington, DC: Endowment of the United States Institute of

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Peace, 1993. pp. 20–21, 28–31, 8, 16. Reprinted by permission THE FURY OF THE RED GUARDS 924 of the United States Institute of Peace. From Life and Death in Shanghai by Nien Cheng. Copyright THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE 878 © 1986 by Nien Cheng. Reprinted by permission of Grove/ Reprinted from the Congressional Record, 80th Congress, 1st Atlantic, Inc. Session (Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Ofﬁce), THE LIMITS OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY 927 Vol. 93, p. 1981. Reuse of excerpt from SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL: ECONOMICS THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS FROM KHRUSHCHEV’S AS IF PEOPLE MATTERED by E.F. SCHUMACHER. Copyright PERSPECTIVE 884 © 1973 by E.F. Schumacher. Reprinted by permission of From Khrushchev Remembers, edited and translated by Strobe HarperCollins Publishers. Talbott (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970). GRANDMASTER FLASH AND THE FURIOUS FIVE:“THE FRANTZ FANON AND THE WRETCHED MESSAGE” 931 OF THE EARTH 887 “The Message” by Clifton Chase, Edward Fletcher, Melvin From The Wretched of the Earth by Frantz Fanon, translated by Glover, and Sylvia Robinson. Performed by Grandmaster Flash Constance Farrington. Copyright © 1963 by Presence and the Furious Five. Copyright © 1982 E/A Music, Inc. and Africaine. Used by permission of Grove/Atlantic, Inc. Grandmaster Flash Publishing Inc. Print rights administered by Sugar Hill Music Publishing, Ltd. KHRUSHCHEV DENOUNCES STALIN 891 Reprinted from the Congressional Record, 84th Congress, 2nd Session (Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Ofﬁce), Vol. 102, Part 7, pp. 9389–9402. CHAPTER 30 SOVIET REPRESSION IN EASTERN EUROPE: GORBACHEV AND PERESTROIKA 938 HUNGARY,1956 894 Excerpt from “New Thinking” from Perestroika by Mikhail From the Department of State Bulletin, Nov. 12, 1956, Gorbachev. Copyright © 1987 by Mikhail Gorbachev. pp. 746–47. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers, Inc. THE VOICE OF THE WOMEN’S LIBERATION VACLAV HAVEL:THE CALL FOR A NEW POLITICS 941 MOVEMENT 903 From The Washington Post, February 22, 1990, p. 28d. From THE SECOND SEX by Simone de Beauvior, translated A CHILD’S ACCOUNT OF THE SHELLING by H. M. Parshley, copyright 1952 and renewed 1980 by Alfred OF SARAJEVO 943 A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc. Used by From Zlata’s Diary by Zlata Filipovic, copyright © 1994 by permission of Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House, Fixot et editions Robert Laffont. Used by permission of Viking Inc. and by Editions Gallimard. Penguin, a division of Penguin Putnam, Inc. VIOLENCE AGAINST FOREIGNERS IN GERMANY 956 Published in English in The German Tribune, October 6, 1991, CHAPTER 29 pp. 3–5. “THE TIMES THEY ARE A-CHANGIN’”: THE MUSIC POPE JOHN PAUL II:AN APPEAL FOR PEACE 957 OF YOUTHFUL PROTEST 912 From John Paul II and the Laity, edited by Leonard Doohan Copyright © 1963; renewed 1991 by Special Rider Music. All (The Jesuit Educational Center for Human Development; rights reserved. International copyright secured. Reprinted by published by Le Jacq Publishing, Inc., 1984), pp. 48–50. permission. Reprinted by permission of Human Development. 1968: THE YEAR OF STUDENT REVOLTS 913 A WARNING TO HUMANITY 962 Reprinted from Student Protest by Gerald F. McGuigan. “World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity,”1992. Union of Copyright © 1968 by Methuen & Co., Publishers. Concerned Scientists. 1992. World Scientists Warning to THE BREZHNEV DOCTRINE 915 Humanity. Excerpt. Cambridge, MA: UCS. Online at From “A Letter to Czechoslovakia,” Moscow News, Supplement www.ucsusa.org. to No. 30917 (1968), pp. 3–6. “Findings of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report,”2007. Union of Concerned Scientists. 2007. Findings of the IPCC MARGARET THATCHER: ENTERING A MAN’S WORLD 918 Fourth Assessment Report. Excerpt. Cambridge, MA: UCS. Excerpt on “Entering a Man’s World” from The Path to Power Online at www.ucsusa.org. by Margaret Thatcher. Copyright © 1995 by Margaret Thatcher. Reprinted by permission of HarperCollins Publishers, Inc.

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This page constitutes an extension of the copyright page. We have made 384 Alte Pinakothek, Munich, Germany//Scala/Art Resource, NY 387 The every effort to trace the ownership of all copyrighted material and to Art Archive/University Library, Geneva, Switzerland/Gianni Dagli Orti secure permission from copyright holders. In the event of any ques- 390 © Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection, USA//The tion arising as to the use of any material, we will be pleased to make Bridgeman Art Library 391 The Art Archive/University Library, Geneva, the necessary corrections in future printings. We thank the following Switzerland/ Gianni Dagli Orti 395 © Musée des Beaux-Arts, Basel, Switzerland/ Roger-Viollet, Paris/The Bridgeman Art Library 398 Il Gesu, copyright holders for permission to use the material indicated. Rome, Italy//Scala/Art Resource, NY 400 © Musée Cantonal des Beaux- Arts de Lausanne, Switzerland/Photo © Held Collection/The Bridgeman CHAPTER 11 Art Library 401 Galleria Palatina, Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy// Scala/Art Resource, NY 404 © Stapleton Collection/CORBIS 303 The Art Archive/Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Venice, Italy/ Gianni 406 Polygram/The Kobal Collection Dagli Orti 307 top Bibliothèque Royale Albert I (Ms. 13076-77, c.24t, Fol. 24v), Brussels, Belgium//Snark/Art Resource, NY 307 bottom Image Select/Art Resource, NY 309 Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France//© Art Media/HIP/The Image Works 312 © Bibliotheque Nationale (Fr 2643 CHAPTER 14 f.165v), Paris, France/The Bridgeman Art Library 315 Musée de l’Histoire 410 Kunstbibliothek, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Germany//Bildarchiv de France aux Archives Nationales, Paris, France//Bridgeman-Giraudon/ Preussischer Kulturbesitz (Knud Petersen)/Art Resource, NY 413 The Art Resource, NY 317 top Sierra Pictures/The Kobal Collection 317 bottom Huntington Library, Art Collections and Botanical Gardens, San Marino, Gaumont/The Kobal Collection/Jack English 320 © British Library, California, USA//© Huntington Library/SuperStock 414 © Bettmann/ London, UK//HIP/Art Resource, NY 323 © British Library (Ms Add CORBIS 417 Museo Navale, Genova-Pegli, Italy//© SuperStock, 23923 f.2), London, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library 328 © British Inc./SuperStock 420 © Visual Arts Library (London)/Alamy 425 © Library (Harl.4431, f.261v), London, UK//HIP/Art Resource, NY 329 top Bibliothèque des Arts Décoratifs, Paris, France//Archives Charmet/The Scrovegni Chapel, Padua, Italy//Scala/Art Resource, NY 329 bottom Bridgeman Art Library 427 top © Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Camposanto, Pisa, Italy//Alinari/Art Resource, NY 332 top Palazzo Library 427 bottom The Art Archive 431 Musée des Arts Asiatiques- Borromeo, Milan, Italy//Scala/Art Resource, NY 332 center The Art Archive/ Guimet (MG 18653), Paris, France//Réunion des Musées Nationaux Bodleian Library (Douce 276 folio 124v), Oxford, UK 332 bottom left (Arnaudet)/Art Resource, NY 432 The Art Archive/Navy Historical Service, © British Library (Roy 6 E VII f.67v), London, UK//© British Library Vincennes, France/Gianni Dagli Orti 435 © Warner Brothers/Courtesy Board. All Rights Reserved/The Bridgeman Art Library 332 bottom right Everett Collection 437 The Huntington Library, Art Collections and The Art Archive/Bibliothèque Universitaire de Mèdecine, Montpellier, Botanical Gardens, San Marino, California, USA//© Huntington France /Gianni Dagli Orti 333 © British Library (Sloane.1997, f.7), Library/SuperStock 439 Duke Anton Ulrich Museum, Braunschweig, London, UK//HIP/Art Resource, NY Germany//© SuperStock, Inc./SuperStock

CHAPTER 12 337 © Vatican Museums and Galleries, Vatican City, Italy/The Bridgeman CHAPTER 15 Art Library 340 © Staatsarchiv, Hamburg, Germany/ The Bridgeman Art 443 Louvre (7492), Paris, France//Réunion des Musées Nationaux (Hervé Library 343 © Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art Library 346 Uffizi, Lewandowski)/Art Resource, NY 450 Bridgeman-Giraudon/ Art Resource, Florence, Italy//Alinari/Art Resource, NY 348 AKG/Photo Researchers, NY 451 © National Gallery, London, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library Inc. 356 top Brancacci Chapel, S. Maria del Carmine, Florence, Italy// 454 Musée et Domaine National de Versailles et de Trianon, Versailles, Scala/Art Resource, NY 356 bottom Uffizi, Florence, Italy//Scala/Art France//© Archivo Iconografico, S.A./CORBIS 455 Chateaux de Versailles Resource, NY 357 left Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence, Italy// et de Trianon, Versailles, France//Scala/Art Resource, NY 461 Museum of Scala/Art Resource, NY 357 right Scala/Art Resource, NY 358 top San History, Moscow, Russia//Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz (Alfredo Lorenzo, Florence, Italy//Scala/Art Resource, NY 358 bottom S. Maria delle Dagli Orti)/ Art Resource, NY 469 top Museum der Bildenden Kuenste Grazie, Milan, Italy//Scala/Art Resource, NY 359 Stanza della Segnatura, (Inv. 1558), Leipzig, Germany//Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY 469 bot- Stanze di Raffaello, Vatican Palace, Vatican State//Erich Lessing/Art tom left Gemaeldegalerie (Inv. 820 B), Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Resource, NY 360 left Accademia, Florence, Italy//Scala/ Art Resource, NY Germany//Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz (Jörg P. Anders)/Art 360 right Vanni/Art Resource, NY 362 National Gallery, London, Resource, NY 469 bottom right Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The UK//Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY 363 Uffizi, Florence, Italy//Erich Netherlands//Alinari/Art Resource, NY 471 © National Portrait Gallery, Lessing/Art Resource, NY 369 Uffizi, Florence, Italy//Scala/Art Resource, NY London, UK/SuperStock 475 National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, USA//© SuperStock, Inc./SuperStock 476 left Louvre (Inv. 1774), Paris, France//Réunion des Musées Nationaux (Jean Lewandowski)/Art Resource, CHAPTER 13 NY 476 right Cornaro Chapel, S. Maria della Vittoria, Rome, Italy// 373 © Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France/The Bridgeman Art Library Scala/Art Resource, NY 477 Uffizi, Florence, Italy//Alinari/Art Resource, 375 Louvre, Paris, France//Scala/Art Resource, NY 377 Germanisches NY 478 Leyster, Judith (Dutch, 1609–1660) Self-Portrait c. 1630, Gift of Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg, Germany//Scala/ Art Resource, NY Mr. and Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss, Image courtesy of the Board of Trustees, 380 NFP Teleart/Eikon Film/The Kobal Collection/ Rolf Von Der Heydt National Gallery of Art {1949.6.1.(1050)/PA}, Washington, DC, USA, oil 3 × 5 381 Kupferstichkabinett (Inv. 1170) Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Germany// on canvas, 29–8 25–8 inches 478 bottom Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz (Jörg P.Anders)/Art Resource, NY Netherlands//© SuperStock, Inc./SuperStock

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CHAPTER 16 France//Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY 599 Museo del Prado, Madrid, Spain//Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY 483 Private Collection, New York, USA//Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY 486 Image Select/Art Resource, NY 487 Image Select/Art Resource, NY 489 left Musée de l’Oeuvre Notre Dame, Strasbourg, France//Imagno/ CHAPTER 20 Austrian Archives/Getty Images 489 right Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France//© Archivo Iconograﬁco, S.A./ CORBIS 493 National Portrait 604 © British Library, London, UK//HIP/Art Resource, NY 607 © Oxford Gallery, London, UK//Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz (Jochen Science Archive, Oxford, UK//HIP/Art Resource, NY 608 Time & Life Remmer)/Art Resource, NY 497 © Bettmann/CORBIS 500 Chateaux de Pictures/Getty Images 610 top © Ironbridge Gorge Museum, Telford, Versailles et de Trianon (Inv. 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All rights reserved. 620 © Oxford Versailles et de Trianon, Versailles, France//Réunion des Musées Science Archive, Oxford, UK/HIP/Art Resource, NY 621 British Museum, Nationaux/Art Resource, NY London, UK//British Museum/Art Resource, NY 624 © SSPL/The Image Works 628 © Trades Union Congress, London, UK/The Bridgeman Art Library CHAPTER 17 509 Chateaux de Malmaison et Bois-Preau, Rueil-Malmaison, France// CHAPTER 21 Réunion des Musées Nationaux (D. Arnaudet)//Art Resource, NY 632 Museo del Risorgimento, Milan, Italy//Scala/Art Resource, NY 511 Archivio di Stato, Bologna, Italy//Alinari/Art Resource, NY 633 Maximilianeum Foundation, Munich, Germany//© SuperStock, 515 Chateaux de Versailles et de Trianon (MV 6101), Versailles, Inc./SuperStock 638 The Art Archive/Museo Nacional de Historia, Lima, France//Réunion des Musées Nationaux (Gérard Blot)/ Art Resource, NY Peru/Gianni Dagli Orti 642 © Private Collection/The Bridgeman Art 517 Louvre (RF1972-14), Paris, France//Réunion des Musées Library 646 The Art Archive/Eileen Tweedy 647 Chateaux de Versailles et Nationaux/Art Resource, NY 519 Musée d’Art et d’Histoire, Geneva, de Trianon, Versailles, France//Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY 652 Wien Switzerland//Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY 523 Louvre (Inv. 8525), Museum Karlsplatz, Vienna, Austria//Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY Paris, France//Réunion des Musées Nationaux (Gérard Blot)/Art Resource, 655 Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images 659 Ed Pritchard/Stone/Getty NY 524 left Courtesy of James R. Spencer 524 right Vierzehnheiligen, Images 660 top Gemaeldegalerie (A II 887), Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Germany//Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY 525 Louvre (Inv. 3692), Paris, Germany// Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz (Jörg P. Anders)/Art France//Réunion des Musées Nationaux (G. Blot/C. Jean)/Art Resource, Resource, NY 660 bottom National Gallery, London, UK//Erich NY 526 © Musée Condé, Chantilly, France//Giraudon/The Bridgeman Lessing/Art Resource, NY 661 Louvre, Paris, France//Erich Lessing/Art Art Library 528 © British Museum, London, UK/The Bridgeman Art Resource, NY Library 531 Museo di Firenze com’era, Florence, Italy//Scala/Art Resource, NY 534 © National Portrait Gallery, London, UK//SuperStock CHAPTER 22 665 Bismarck Museum, Friedrichsruh, Germany//Bildarchiv Preussischer CHAPTER 18 Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY 666 Chateaux de Versailles et de Trianon, 538 Musée des Beaux-Arts, Chartres, France//Erich Lessing/Art Resource, Versailles, France//Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY NY 541 Columbia/Pathe/Sony/The Kobal Collection 542 © National 670 Image Select/Art Resource, NY 671 Warner Bros/The Kobal Collection Portrait Gallery, London, UK/SuperStock 545 top Sanssouci Palace, 673 The Art Archive/Museo Civico, Modigliana, Italy/Alfredo Dagli Orti Potsdam, Germany//Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY 545 bottom © 675 The Art Archive/ Culver Pictures 681 © Mary Evans Picture Library/ Chateau de Versailles, Versailles, France/The Bridgeman Art Library The Image Works 682 Hulton Archive/Getty Images 686 Bildarchiv 548 Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow, Russia//Scala/Art Resource, NY Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY 687 © Bettmann/ CORBIS 553 British Library, London, UK// Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY 692 © Jefferson College, Philadelphia, USA/The Bridgeman Art Library 556 © Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection, USA/The 693 © Oskar Reinhart Collection, Winterthur, Switzerland/ The Bridgeman Bridgeman Art Library 560 Hulton Archive/Getty Images 564 top left © Art Library 695 Musée d’Orsay, Paris, France//Erich Lessing/Art Collection of the Earl of Pembroke, Wilton House, Wiltshire, UK/The Resource, NY Bridgeman Art Library 564 top right Louvre, Paris, France//Scala/Art Resource, NY 564 bottom left Alnwick Castle, Northumberland, UK//Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY 564 bottom right Staatliche CHAPTER 23 Schloesser und Gaerten, Karlsruhe, Germany//Erich Lessing/Art Resource, 698 Museum of the City of New York/Byron Collection/Getty Images NY 566 The Art Archive/Private Collection/Alfredo Dagli Orti 700 Photo courtesy private collection 704 The Art Archive/Private Collection/Laurie Platt Winfrey 705 © Private Collection//Archives Charmet/The Bridgeman Art Library 706 Photo courtesy private collec- CHAPTER 19 tion 711 © Bradford Art Galleries and Museums, West Yorkshire, UK/The 571 Chateaux de Versailles et de Trianon, Versailles, France//Réunion des Bridgeman Art Library 712 Topical Press Agency/Getty Images 718 top © Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY 576 © Bettmann/CORBIS 578 © Harrogate Museums and Art Gallery, North Yorkshire, UK/The Bridgeman Musée de la Ville de Paris, Musée Carnavalet, Paris, France// Giraudon/The Art Library 718 bottom left The Art Archive/Bodleian Library Bridgeman Art Library 582 Musée de la Ville de Paris, Musée Carnavalet, (JJ Boy Scouts), Oxford, UK 718 bottom right The Art Archive/ Paris, France//Réunion des Musées Nationaux (Bulloz)/Art Resource, NY Greenaway Collection Keats House, London, UK 720 © Bettmann/ 585 The Art Archive/Musée Carnavalet, Paris, France/Marc Charmet CORBIS 723 left & right Rischgitz/Getty Images 724 © Scottish 586 Musée de la Ville de Paris, Musée Carnavalet (f.13), Paris, France// National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh, Scotland/The Bridgeman Art Library Giraudon/Art Resource, NY 589 Musée de la Ville de Paris, Musée 727 © Bettmann/CORBIS Carnavalet (f.59), Paris, France//Giraudon/Art Resource, NY 592 Musée de la Ville de Paris, Musée Carnavalet, Paris, France//Giraudon/Art Resource, NY 595 Chateaux de Versailles et de Trianon (MV6314), CHAPTER 24 Versailles, France//Réunion des Musées Nationaux (Gérard Blot)/ Art 731 © Bettmann/CORBIS 733 AP Images 734 © Oesterreichische Resource, NY 596 Chateaux de Versailles et de Trianon, Versailles, Nationalbibliothek, Vienna, Austria//Archives Charmet/The Bridgeman

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Art Library 739 Musée Marmottan-Claude Monet, Paris, France// CHAPTER 27 Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY 739 bottom Musée Fabre, Montpellier, France//Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY 740 top 839 Hugo Jaeger/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images 843 Bildarchiv Musée d’Orsay, Paris, France//Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY 740 bottom Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY 846 National Archives (306-NT- The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, USA//Digital Image © The 1222E), Washington, DC 847 Keystone/Getty Images 849 © Artmedia/HIP/ Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by Scala/Art Resource, NY 741 top The Image Works 852 © Topham/The Image Works 854 National Archives right © 2004 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris//The (111-C-273), Washington, DC 858 Les Films Du Losange/CCC Filmkunst/ Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, USA//Digital Image © The The Kobal Collection 859 Library of Congress (2391, f.401), Washington, Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by Scala/Art Resource, NY 741 top left DC 861 Hulton Archive/Getty Images 863 Hulton Archive/ Getty Images © Dr. Werner Muensterberger Collection, London, UK/The Bridgeman 867 top left Keystone/Getty Images 867 bottom left © Bettmann/CORBIS Art Library 741 bottom © 2004 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New 867 right J. R. Eyerman//Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images 869 The Art York/ADAGP, Paris//Russian State Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia// Archive/Imperial War Museum, London, UK Scala/Art Resource, NY 744 top Hulton Archive/Getty Images 744 bottom Arthur Barrett/Getty Images 750 © Underwood & Underwood/CORBIS CHAPTER 28 753 Copyright © North Wind/North Wind Picture Archives. All rights reserved. 761 © Asian Art & Archaeology, Inc./CORBIS 875 © Bettmann (Reginald Kenny)/CORBIS 879 London Films/ The Kobal Collection 880 © Bettmann/CORBIS 885 © Marc Riboud/ Magnum Photos 892 Time & Life Pictures (Ralph Crane)/ Getty Images 895 © Bettmann/CORBIS 896 © Sally & Richard Greenhill/Alamy CHAPTER 25 899 © Bob Adelman/Magnum Photos 900 Hulton Collection/Getty Images 768 © Private Collection//Archives Charmet/Bridgeman Art Library 903 © 2004 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris. On 773 top Courtesy of Librairie Larousse, Paris, France 773 bottom Three Loan to the Hamburg Kunsthalle, Hamburg, Germany//The Bridgeman Lions/Getty Images 776 General Photographic Agency/Getty Images Art Library 905 Hans Namuth/Photo Researchers, Inc. 906 AP Images 777 Hulton Archive/Getty Images 779 United Artists/The Kobal Collection 780 top & bottom left Hulton Archive/Getty Images 780 right Three Lions/Getty Images 782 © Bettmann/CORBIS 784 © Bettmann/ CHAPTER 29 CORBIS 785 The Art Archive/Musée des 2 Guerres Mondiales, Paris, 909 © Bettmann/CORBIS 911 top © Henry Diltz/CORBIS 911 bottom France/Gianni Dagli Orti 786 Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images left & right © Ted Streshinsky/CORBIS 914 AP Images 916 © Bettmann/ 790 © Bettmann/CORBIS 791 left Keystone/Getty Images 791 right CORBIS 917 © Peter Turnley/CORBIS 921 left & right Hawk Films © Underwood & Underwood/CORBIS 798 Lee Jackson/Topical Press Productions/Columbia/The Kobal Collection 922 © Tim Page/CORBIS Agency/Getty Images 923 Hulton Archive/Getty Images 926 Courtesy of NASA 928 Art © Estate of Robert Smithson/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY//Photo © George Steinmetz/CORBIS 929 © Robert Holmes/CORBIS CHAPTER 26 803 © Bettmann/CORBIS 805 Three Lions/Getty Images 807 Harlingue/ CHAPTER 30 Roger Viollet/Getty Images 812 AP Images/Max Desfor 815 AP Images 935 AP Images/Czarek Sokolowski 939 AP Images 940 © Peter 818 Hugo Jaeger/Time & Life Pictures/ Getty Images 820 Hugo Jaeger/Time Turnley/CORBIS 942 © Reuters (David Brauchli)/CORBIS 944 AP & Life Pictures/Getty Images 823 top © Bettmann/CORBIS 824 Time & Images/Rikard Larma 946 Creado Film/BR/Arte/The Kobal Collection Life Pictures/Getty Images 828 Sasha/Getty Images 830 NSDAP/The Kobal 950 AP Images/Ira Schwartz 952 left Jeremy Walker/Stone/Getty Images Collection 832 © 2004 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, 952 center AP Images/Carmen Taylor 952 right AP Images/Graham Paris//Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Dresden, Germany//Erich Lessing/Art Morrison 954 AP Images/Dave Caulkin 958 © 2004 The Estate of Jean- Resource, NY 833 © 2004 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/VG Bild- Michel Basquiat/ADAGP, Paris/ARS, New York//Banque d’Images, Kunst, Bonn//Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (NG 57/61), ADAGP/Art Resource, NY 959 Bill Viola, The Crossing, 1996. Two syn- Berlin, Germany//Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz (Jörg P.Anders)/Art chronized NTSC color videos with dual-stereo-sound installation, contin- Resource, NY 833 bottom © 2004 Salvador Dali, Gala-Salvadore Dali uous loop 192 × 440 × 684 inches (487.7 × 838.2 × 1737.4 cm) Solomon Foundation/Artist Rights Society (ARS), New York//The Museum of Modern R. Guggenheim Museum (2000.61), New York. Gift, The Bohen Art (162.1934), New York, USA//Digital Image © The Museum of Modern Foundation, 2000. Photograph by Sally Ritts © The Solomon R. Art/ Licensed by Scala/Art Resource, NY 834 Bauhaus, Dessau, Guggenheim Foundation, New York 960 © Warner Brothers/ Courtesy Germany//Vanni/Art Resource, NY Everett Collection 961 Courtesy of NASA

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INDEX

Italicized page numbers show the locations of American Federation of Labor, 751 classicism, 477; Impressionism, 737–39; illustrations American Indians, 433 interwar years, 831–34; mannerism, 475; in Americanization, 905–6 Middle Ages, 328–29; Modernism, 737–40; of Absolutism, 451, 461, 466–67, 539, 543–49, 550 American Medical Association, 692 Nazi Germany, 833–34; Neoclassicism, 522; Abstract Expressionism, 902–3 American Revolution, 572–75 Neo-Expressionism, 957; Pop Art, 903; Post- Abstract painting, 740, 831 Americas: colonization, 431–33; exploration of, 416. Impressionism, 739; Postmodernism, 928–29; Acerbo Law (Italy), 814 See also specific countries Realism, 693–94; Renaissance, 355–62, 484; Acheson, Dean, 876 Amiens, Peace of, 597 Rococo, 521, 522; Romanticism, 659–60; of Act of Supremacy (England), 390, 403 Amish, 389 Soviet Union, 834; Surrealism, 832, 834 Act of Uniformity (England), 404 Amsterdam, 468, 910 Art Brut, 902 Addison, Joseph, 527 Amsterdam Exchange, 439 Articles of Confederation, 573 Adenauer, Konrad, 880, 895–96 Amusement parks, 608, 698–99, 721 Artisans and craftspeople: in Britain, 623, 628; in Administration. See Government Anabaptists, 387–89, 394 France, 576; Luddites, 628 Adoration of the Magi (Dürer), 362, 363 Anarchism, 708 Artois, 459 Adrianople: Treaty of, 638 Anatomy, 496 Aryan race, 736, 820, 822, 840, 855–56, 857 Advertising, 956 Andersen, Hans Christian, 657 The Ascent of Mount Ventoux (Petrarch), 351 Afghanistan, 757, 761, 925, 951–52 Andes Mountains, 420 Asia: decolonization of, 888–89; imperialism in, Africa: after WWI, 811–12; Belgian colonies, 755–56; Andreotti, Giulio, 919 756–59; in 1914, 758; WWII, 845–47, 851 (map). British colonies, 753, 755; Cape of Good Hope, Andropov, Yuri, 915 See also specific countries 413, 422; decolonization, 884–85, 886 (map); Anesthesia, 691 “Asia for Asians,”861 French colonies, 755, 756; Germans colonies, Angkor kingdom, 426 Assembly line, 701–2 756; imperialism, 753, 755–56, 759–60; Italians Anglicanism, 391, 403–4, 470, 472, 534–35 Astell, Mary, 520 in, 755; movements to end foreign rule, 759–60; Anglo-German Naval Pact, 841 Astronomy, 485–95, 497–98 in 1914, 757 (map); Portuguese colonies, 413, Angola, 755, 885 Atatürk, 811 755; slave trade, 342, 422–25; WWI, 781–82; Animé, 959 Atheism, 517 WWII, 850 (map), 852. See also specific countries Annam, 759 Athletics. See Sports African Americans: civil rights movement, 898–99; Anne (England), 540 Atomic bomb, 836, 855, 864, 868, 880, 925 migration to North, 864; slavery, 683–84; during Anne of Austria, 452 Atoms, 732, 836 WWII, 864 Anne of Cleves, 391 Atonal music, 834 African National Congress (ANC) (South Africa), 885 Anne Boleyn, 389, 390 Attlee, Clement, 896 Afrikaners, 753, 754 Antiballistic Missile Treaty, 924 Audiencias, 421 Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants Anticlericalism, 736 Auerstadt, Battle of, 597 (Luther), 382 Anti-Comintern Pact, 842 Augsburg, Diet of, 384 The Age of Louis XIV (Voltaire), 526 Anti-Corn Law League, 648 Augsburg, Peace of, 385, 446 Agincourt, Battle of, 313 Anti-Semitism: in Austrian Empire, 746; during Black Augustinians, 377 Agricultural revolution, 557–58, 605 Death, 308; in Germany, 736, 746, 822–23; Auschwitz-Birkenau, 859, 860, 861 Agriculture: in Britain, 557–58, 620; in Eastern Europe, Herzl’s analysis in The Jewish State, 747; of Ausgleich, 678 893; in eighteenth century, 554, 557–58; in Hitler/Nazi Germany, 817, 857 Austerlitz, Battle of, 597 nineteenth century, 709; in Soviet Union, 823, Antiwar protests, 914 Australia, 511, 756, 782 824–25; in U.S., 615–16 Apartheid, 885 Austria: after WWI, 796; annexation by Nazi Germany, Ahlwardt, Hermann, 746 Apothecaries, 530 842–43; Battle of Mohács, 384; Concert of Airforce, in WWII, 842, 848, 852, 865–66 Appeasement, 842, 843 Europe, 636; in eighteenth century, 545–46; Airplanes, 700, 783, 829 Apple Computer Company, 958–59 emigration, 709 (table); Habsburg dynasty, Aix-la-Chapelle: Congress of, 636; Treaty of, 551 Apprenticeships, 624–25 460–61, 545–46; military, 552; Napoleonic Wars, Akbar, 426 “April Theses” (Lenin), 790 597; Polish territory, 548, 549; population, 709 Alaska, 757 Aqaba, Gulf of, 888 (table); religious toleration, 532; Seven Years’ Albania/Albanians, 763–64, 892, 943–44, 945, 954 Aquinas, Thomas, 325–26, 330 War, 551–52; War of Austrian Succession, 545, Alberti, Leon Battista, 338, 343 Arab League, 886 551; war with France (1792), 584 Albuquerque, Afonso de, 414 Arabs: and Israel, 886–87, 888; trade, 414. See also Islam Austria-Hungary: and the Balkans, 762–65, 771; Alcoholic beverages, 530 Arafat, Yasir, 888 breakup of, 796; ethnic groups of, 680 (map), Aleshker, Lev, 708 Aragon, 365 726, 749; formation of, 678; under Francis Alexander I (Russia), 597, 640 Architecture: Baroque-Rococo style, 522, 524; Bauhaus Joseph I, 678, 726; nationalism, 749; Three Alexander I (Yugoslavia), 826 School, 833; Chicago School, 833; functionalism, Emperors’ League, 761–62; Triple Alliance, 762; Alexander II (Russia), 669, 679–80, 681, 682, 727 833; Gothic, 361, 657, 658; Postmodernism, 929; women’s right to vote, 786; before WWI, 769; Alexander III (Russia), 682, 727 Renaissance, 357, 360 WWI, 769, 771, 775, 784 Alexander V (Pope), 324 Ardennes, 848 Austrian Empire: after Congress of Vienna, 634 (map); Alexander VI (Pope), 369 Argentina, 636 Ausgleich, 678; and Crimean War, 668; diversity Alexandra (Russia), 789 Aristocracy. See Nobility in, 640; emancipation of serfs, 678; imperial Alfonso XII (Spain), 724 Aristotle: planetary movement, 485, 486; principle of parliament, 678; Italian territory, 639, 652, Alfonso XIII (Spain), 827 motion, 491 670–71; Italian War, 673, 678; Ottoman Empire Algeria, 649, 755, 885, 887, 894–95 Arkwright, Richard, 559, 606, 607 territories to, 668; repression in, 640; revolutions Alliances: of Cold War, 880; of Nazi Germany, 842; Armada, Spanish, 405–6 of 1848, 651–52; Schleswig-Holstein, 675; war WWI, 769; WWII, 851. See also specific wars Armed forces. See Military with Prussia (1866), 672, 675–76 and pacts Armenia, 795 Austrian Peace Society, 743 Allied Powers (WWI), 782, 794, 795, 850 (map) Arms. See Weapons and warfare Austro-Prussian War, 672, 675–76 Allies (WWII), 848, 850 (map), 852, 854, 866–68, Army: in eighteenth century, 552–53; military Authoritarianism, 826–27 869–70, 871 (map) revolution (1560–1660), 450; Prussian, 673, 674 Autocracy: of Austrian Empire, 678; of Napoleon, 595; All Quiet on the Western Front (Remarque), 778 Arouet, François-Marie (Voltaire), 452, 514–15 of Russian tsars, 461, 640, 727 Al-Qaeda, 951 Art: abstract painting, 740; after WWII, 902–3; Automobiles, 700, 900 Alsace-Lorraine, 456–57, 677, 761, 769 Baroque, 476–77; contemporary, 960; Cubism, Avignon, papacy at, 323 Amalgamated Society of Engineers, 628 739–40; Dadaism, 832; in Digital Age, 959; Awakening, 662 Ambassadors, 347–48 Dutch, 469, 477; Expressionism, 832; French Axis powers, 850 (map), 851, 854

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Azerbaijan, 794, 937 Birthrates: current trends, 953; in eighteenth century, Bulge, Battle of, 854 Baby boom, 901 557; in nineteenth century, 618, 715 Burckhardt, Jacob, 338 Bach, Alexander von, 678 Bismarck, Otto von, 666, 673–77, 726, 727, 756, 761–62 Bureaucracy: in Austria-Hungary, 726; in France, 596; Bach, Johann Sebastian, 522–24 Black Death, 303–8, 328–29, 331–32 in Hungary, 366; in Ottoman Empire, 465; Bacon, Francis, 501 “Black Hole of Calcutta,”429 papal, 323; in Prussia, 543; in Russia/Soviet Baden-Powell, Robert, 717 The Black Man’s Burden (Morel), 754–55 Union, 641, 914; in Sweden, 464; in U.S., 864. Baines, Edward, 606 Blacks. See Africa; African Americans; Slavery See also Government Bakunin, Michael, 708 Blackwell, Elizabeth, 692 Burke, Edmund, 635 Balance of power: after Crimean War, 668; Congress Blair, Tony, 947, 960 Burma, 759, 888 of Vienna, 634–35; in eighteenth century, 457, Blanc, Louis, 644, 648 Burschenschaften, 640, 641 550; and Polish partition, 548; in Renaissance Blenheim, Battle of, 457 Bush, George H. W., 949, 950 Italy, 346–47 Blitzkrieg, 842, 847 Bush, George W., 949, 952 Balboa, Vasco Nuñex de, 416 Blood flag ritual, 818 Bushido, 865 Baldwin, Stanley, 808 “Bloodless revolution,”463 Butler, Josephine, 705 Balkan League, 763 Bloody Sunday, 750, 751 Byrnes, James, 870 Balkans: Bosnian Crisis, 762–65; crisis (1914), 771; in Bloomsbury Circle, 835 Byron, Lord, 658 1878, 762 (map); in 1913, 764 (map); Ottoman Blues music, 906 Byzantine Empire: end of, 367; in 1403, 367 (map) Empire, 762. See also specific countries Blum, Léon, 810 Balkan Wars, 763 Bobbies, 655, 656 Cabot, John, 416 Ball, John, 310 Boccaccio, Giovanni, 306, 307, 327 Cabral, Pedro, 416 Ballet, 741 Bodichon, Barbara, 720 Calais, 316, 391 Ballin, Albert, 714 Bodin, Jean, 451 Calas affair, 515 Banking, 340, 439, 468, 558, 615, 685 Boers, 422, 753, 755 Calendars, 590–91 Bank of Amsterdam, 439 Boer War, 755 Calonne, Charles de, 577 Bank of England, 558 Bohemia: within Austrian Empire, 460; Catholic Calvin, John, 391–92, 395 Banquets, during Renaissance, 339 Church, 368; German occupation, 843; within Calvinism, 391–92, 395, 399–401, 403, 446 Barbados, 431 Holy Roman Empire, 366; mineral deposits in, Cambodia, 759, 888 Barney, Matthew, 959 340; revolution of 1848, 651; Thirty Years’ War, Camus, Albert, 903–4 Baroque style, 476–77 446–47. See also Czechoslovakia Canada, 432, 684–85, 751–52, 899, 920, 949 Barth, Karl, 905 Boleyn, Anne, 389, 390 Canals, 605 Barton, Clara, 743 Bolívar, Simón, 636 Candide (Voltaire), 516 Baseball, 722 Bologna, 345, 566 Cannons, 333 Basescu, Traian, 941 Bolsheviks, 790–94, 824, 825 Canterbury Tales (Chaucer), 327–28 Basquiat, Jean-Michel, 957, 958 Boniface VIII (Pope), 322 Canton, British trading post at, 430 Bastille, fall of, 571, 579–80 Book of Common Prayer, 391, 404, 470 Cape of Good Hope, 413, 422 Batavia, 426, 427 The Book of the City of Ladies (Christine de Pizan), 328 Capetian dynasty, 311 Batista, Fulgencio, 883 The Book of the Courtier (Castiglione), 341 Cape Town, 753 Battles. See specific battles Books, 355, 398 Capital, 605 Baudrillard, Jean, 959–60 Booth, William, 737 Capitalism, 737, 753, 912 Bauhaus School, 833, 834 Borgia family, 349, 369 Capuchins, 396 Bavaria, 319 Borodino, Battle at, 600 Caraffa, Gian Pietro, 398 Bayle, Pierre, 511 Bosnia-Herzegovina: NATO peacekeepers in, 945; Carbonari, 639 Bay of Pigs invasion, 883 separatist movement, 942; war in, 943, 944 Caribbean, 423, 431 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 828, 906 Bosnian Crisis, 762–65 Carlstadt, Andreas, 381 Beatles, 906 Bossuet, Jacques, 451 Carlyle, Thomas, 657 Beauty, 659 Botticelli, Sandro, 356 Carmelites, 396 Beauvoir, Simone de, 902, 904 Boulanger, Georges, 724 Carnegie Steel Company, 750 Bebel, August, 705, 706 Bourban dynasty, 446, 549, 551, 639. See also Carnival, 530, 531 Beccaria, Cesare, 529 specific rulers Carol II (Romania), 827 Beckett, Samuel, 903 Bourgeoisie, 576–77, 687 Cars, 700, 900 Beer Hall Putsch, 817 Bowling Congress, 721 Cartel of the Left (France), 809–10 Beethoven, Ludwig van, 661 Boxer Rebellion, 760 Cartels, 701 Beggars, 566–67 Boyars, 461 Carter, Jimmy, 920, 925 Belgioioso, Christina, 652 Boyle, Robert, 497 Cartesian dualism, 500 Belgium: Africa, 755–56; banking, 615; emigration, Boy Scouts, 717, 718 Cartier, Jacques, 432 709 (table); independence, 647; industrialization, Bradenburg, 447 (map), 448 Cartwright, Edmund, 607 615; population, 709 (table); within Spanish Bradenburg-Prussia, 459–60 Castiglione, Baldassare, 341 Netherlands, 403; WWI, 772–73, 775; Brahe, Tycho, 487 Castile, 365 WWII, 848 Bramante, Donato, 360 Castro, Fidel, 883 Belgrade, Turks’ seizure of, 465 Brancacci Chapel, 355 Catalonia, rebellion of 1640, 450 Bell, Alexander Graham, 699 Brandt, Willy, 917 Catherine de’ Medici, 399 Belorussians, 861 Breast-feeding, 556 Catherine Howard, 391 Bengal, 429 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of, 793 Catherine of Aragon, 389, 391 Benin, 425 Brétigny, Peace of, 313 Catherine of Siena, 323, 325 Bergman, Ingmar, 906 Brezhnev, Leonid, 892, 914–15 Catherine of Valois, 313 Bergson, Henri, 733 Brezhnev Doctrine, 914, 915 Catherine the Great (Russia), 538–39, 546–48 Berlin: Olympics (1936), 829; police force, 655; Briand, Aristide, 806 Catholic Church: and Austrian Empire, 678; population, 710; Soviet blockade and air Bright, John, 648 conciliarism, 324–25; Council of Trent, 398–99; lift, 878–80 Brinkmanship, 769 denunciation of Copernicus, 486–87; in Berlin Wall, 882–83, 941, 942 Britain. See England (Great Britain) eighteenth century, 532, 533, 534; and fascist Berlioz, Hector, 661 Britain, Battle of, 848 Italy, 816; in 1560, 396 (map); flagellant Berlusconi, Silvio, 947 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 828, 906 movement, 307–8; and French Revolution, 583; Bermuda, 431 British East India Company, 428, 429, 430, 757 and Galileo, 488–91, 492, 493; Germany’s Bernhardi, Friedrich von, 736 Brothers Karmazov (Dostoevsky), 737 Kulturkampf, 726; Great Schism, 323–24; heresy, Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 476 Brown, Gordon, 947 368, 378; indulgences, 376–77, 378; Jesuits, Bernstein, Eduard, 706, 707 Bruges, 339–40 396–98; Lateran Accords, 816; missionaries, Bessarabia, 668, 669 Brunelleschi, Filippo, 357, 358 397–98, 431, 434–36; mysticism, 396; and Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von, 771 Bruni, Leonardo, 351, 354 Napoleon, 595; in New World, 421; before Beveridge, William, 901 Brüning, Heinrich, 819 Protestant Reformation, 376–77; purgatory, Bible: authority of, 383; Erasmus’s, 375; Bruno, Giordano, 352 376–77; reform, 368, 374–76, 377; during Gutenberg’s, 355; Luther’s translation Bubonic plague, 304–8 Renaissance, 368–69; Romantic Era revival, 662; into German, 380; nineteenth century Bucer, Martin, 387 sacraments, 377, 382–83; and Thirty Years’ War, criticism, 736; Vulgate, 375 Bulganin, Nikolai, 882 446–49; transubstantiation, 382–83; Vatican II, Bill of Rights (England), 473, 474 Bulgaria: authoritarian state after WWI, 826; Balkan 905. See also Papacy Bill of Rights (U.S.), 574, 642 League, 763; Balkan Wars, 763; EU membership, Catholic League, 446, 448 Birth control, 557, 715, 831, 901, 910, 953 948; illiteracy rates, 721; population, 709 (table); Catholic Reformation, 395–99 Birth of a Nation, 828 Treaty of San Stefano, 762; WWI, 775, 781 Cavendish, Margaret, 497

Licensed to:

Cavour, Camillo di, 670–72 736–37; Romantic revival, 662. See also Common Market, 897 Ceausescu, Nicolae , 917, 940 Sacraments specific groups Commonwealth of Independent States, 938 Celibacy, 393 Christian Socialists (Austria), 746 Communism: domino theory, 922; Greek civil war, Cell phones, 958 Christian Social Workers (Germany), 746 876; Marxism, 686–87, 688; Red Scare in U.S., Censors, 512–13 Christina (Sweden), 464, 500 898; Truman Doctrine, 876; in Western Europe Central America, 416, 417, 421, 636. See also Christine de Pizan, 315, 328 after WWII, 893. See also Soviet Union specific countries Chronicles (Froissart), 310, 313 The Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels), Central planning, 914 Chrysoloras, Manuel, 352 686–87, 688 Central Powers, 721, 781, 783 Church and state, relationship between, 388, Communist Party (China), 889–90, 923 Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), 882 532, 642 Communist Party (Germany), 796, 878 Cereta, Laura, 353 Churches and cathedrals: Nazi control, 822_. See also Communist Party (Indonesia), 890 Ceylon, 426, 888 specific religions Communist Party (Italy), 919, 947 Cézanne, Paul, 739, 740 Churchill, John, 457 Communist Party (Russia), 792, 793, 794–95, 915, 936 Chadwick, Edwin, 621–22 Churchill, Winston, 845, 848, 869, 870, 871, 872, 884 Compass, 412 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 736 Church of England, 391, 403–4, 470, 472, 534–35 Competition, 644 Chamberlain, Neville, 842, 843, 845, 848 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 349 Compromise of 1867, 678 Champagne offensive, 777 Ciompi, 311 Compulsory education, 719 Champlain, Samuel de, 432 Cities and towns: in eighteenth century, 565–66; in Computers, 925–26, 958 Chapbooks, 531 Middle Ages, 330; in nineteenth century, Comte, Auguste, 692–93 The Charge of the Light Brigade (film), 671 619–22, 710–12 Concentration camps, 859–60 Charities, 737 Citizenship: of Jews, 554, 745, 822; of women, 743 Concerning Character (Vergerio), 352–53 Charles I (England), 470–71 City-states: in Italy, 320–21, 345–46 Concert of Europe, 636 Charles I (Spain), 347 Civic humanism, 351 Conciliarism, 324–25 Charles II (England), 472–73, 502 Civil Code (Napoleon), 595, 639 Concubines, 342 Charles III (Spain), 549 Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 583 The Conditions of the Working Class in England Charles IV (Holy Roman Empire), 319 Civil disobedience, 811 (Engels), 686 Charles V (France), 313 Civilian Conservation Corps, 810 Condorcet, Marie-Jean de, 517–18 Charles V (Holy Roman Empire), 379, 383, 384–85, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy Condottieri, 320 385 (map), 389 (Burckhardt), 338 Coney Island, 698–99 Charles VI (Austria), 551 Civil liberties, 642 Confederate States of America, 683–84 Charles VI (France), 313–14, 319 Civil Rights Act (1964) (U.S.), 898 Confession, 377–78 Charles VII, the Dauphin (France), 314, 319, 363 Civil rights movement (U.S.), 898–99 Congo, 756, 885 Charles VIII (France), 347 Civil service, 543, 544. See also Bureaucracy Congress of Berlin, 762 Charles IX (France), 400 Civil wars: England, 470–72; France, 313; Greece, 876; Congress of People’s Deputies, 936, 938 Charles X (France), 639, 646 Russia, 793–95; Spain, 827; U.S., 683–84 Congress of Vienna, 632, 633–35 Charles X (Sweden), 464 Class conflict, 786–87. See also Social structure Conquistadors, 417 Charles XI (Sweden), 464 Classical economics, 642 Conscription, 553, 770, 783 Charles XII (Sweden), 463, 464, 550 Classical studies: at eighteenth century universities, 528 Conservatism: after Napoleonic Wars, 635–41; Charles Albert (Piedmont), 652, 670 Classicism, French, 477 Burke’s contributions, 635; de Maistre’s Charles Martel Club, 951 Clemenceau, Georges, 784, 797, 798 contributions, 635 Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy, 363, 366 Clement V (Pope), 323 Conservative Party (Britain), 683, 808–9, 946 Charter of Nobility, 547 Clement VI (Pope), 308 Conservative Party (Canada), 899 Chartism, 628, 629 Clement VII (Pope), 324, 383, 389 Constance, Council of, 324–25, 368 Chateaubriand, François-René de, 662 Clement XIV (Pope), 532 Constantine (Russia), 641 Châtelet, marquise de, 515 Clergy, 575, 583 Constantinople: fall of, 367 Chaucer, 327–28 Climate: “little ice age,”304 Constituent Assembly (Russia), 791–92 Chechnya, 939 Clinton, Bill, 943, 949, 951 Constitution(s): Austria-Hungary, 726; Denmark, 463; Cheka, 794 Clive, Robert, 428, 429, 551, 553, 554 England, 471, 514; France, 578, 580, 583, 584, Chemical industry, 699 Coal mines, 624, 627, 808–9 592, 594, 648, 649, 666, 724, 895; Germany, 651, Chemistry, 497 Coal Mines Act (1842) (Britain), 630 726; Italy/Italian states, 321; Prussia, 673; Russia, Chernobyl disaster, 926 Cobden, Richard, 648 938; Spain, 639, 724; U.S., 574, 653, 913 Chiang Kai-shek, 846, 889 COBOL, 925 Consumer goods, 700 Chicago School, of architecture, 833 Cochin China, French occupation of, 759 Consumer society, 900, 905 Childbirth, death in, 343 Cockerill, John, 613 Consumption, 626, 962 Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (Byron), 658 Codreanu, Corneliu, 827 Contagious Diseases Acts (Great Britain), 705 Child labor, 624–25, 626, 627, 629–30 Coffee, 436 Containment policy, 878 Children: in eighteenth century, 556–57; in Middle Coffeehouses, 528 Contarini, Gasparo, 398 Ages, 330–31; in nineteenth century, 715, 717; Cohan, George M., 781 Continental System, 598 in Renaissance Italy, 342. See also Education Coke, Thomas, 565 Contraception, 557, 715, 831, 901, 910, 953 Chile, 636 Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 439, 454–55, 502 Convention People’s Party (Gold Coast), 885 China: after WWII, 868; Boxer Rebellion, 760; British Cold War: Berlin Wall, 841, 842, 882–83; China, Cook, James, 511, 756 in, 430, 757; and Cold War, 923–24; communist 923–24; Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech, 871, Cook, Thomas, 721 takeover, 889–90; Great Leap Forward, 890; 872; containment policy, 878; Cuban Missile Cooperatives, 644–45 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 923; Crisis, 883, 884; and decolonization, 890; Copernicus, Nicolaus, 485–87, 488 Japan’s invasion of, 846; Jesuit missionaries in, détente, 914, 923, 924–25; domino theory, 922; Coral Sea, Battle of, 853 434–36; Korean War, 882; Ming dynasty, 429; and Eastern Europe, 876; emergence of, 869, Corn Law (1815) (Britain), 639, 648 open door policy, 757–58; Portuguese exploration, 870–72, 877; end of, 949–51; escalation (1950s), Cort, Henry, 608 429; Qing dynasty, 429; trade, 414, 429–30; 882; German occupation zones, 878–80; grain Cortés, Hernán, 412, 418–19 U.S. relations with, 923–24; war with Japan embargo, 925; Korean War, 880–82; Marshall Cosimo de’Medici, 345, 352, 358 (1894–1895), 758, 760 Plan, 877–78; military alliances, 880; Olympic Cosmopolitan movement, 512 Chirac, Jacques, 947 Games, 925, 931; Truman Doctrine, 876, 878; Cossacks, 547–48 Chocolate, 436 Vietnam, 882, 920, 922–23 Cottage industry, 558–59, 560 Cholera, 622, 669 Collectivization, 824, 825 Cotton industry, 607, 615, 624–25, 683 Chrétien, Jean, 949 Cologne, 319, 866 Cotton-spinning mills, 605 Christian II (Denmark), 386 Colonies and colonization: Africa, 753–56, 759–60; Council for Mutual Economic Assistance Christian III (Denmark), 386 after WWI, 810–12; Asia, 756–59, 760; British, (COMECON), 880 Christian IV (Denmark), 447–48, 463 427–29, 431–32, 457, 572–73, 606, 618; French, Council of Constance, 324–25, 368 Christian V (Denmark), 463 432–33; impact of, 433–38; and mercantilism, Council of Pisa, 324 Christian VII (Denmark), 550 439–40, 559–60; Portuguese, 413–17; Spanish, Council of Trent, 398–99 Christian Democrats, 894 417–21, 636 Counter-Reformation, 395–99 Christian Democrats (CDU) (Germany), 895, 917, Columbian Exchange, 436, 437 Country homes, 563–64 942, 945 Columbus, Christopher, 412, 415–16, 417, 418 Courbet, Gustave, 693 Christian Democrats (Italy), 897, 919 COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Courtiers, 341 Christian humanism, 374–76, 381 Assistance), 880 Crafts people. See Artisans and craftspeople Christianity/Christians: and Enlightenment, 515, 518; Commerce. See Trade Cranmer, Thomas, 389, 391 in Middle Ages, 325–26; mysticism, 325; Commercial capitalism, 438–39 The Creation (Haydn), 525 Nietzsche on, 733; nineteenth century threats, Committee of Public Safety, 585–88, 591–92 Creation of Adam (Michelangelo), 359

Licensed to:

Crécy, Battle of, 312 Democratic Party (U.S.), 683, 949 Dutch East Indies, 846, 850, 861, 862, 888 Crédit Mobilier, 615 Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (Picasso), 740, 742 Dutch people: Anabaptists, 389; Calvinists, 395; in Cremaster (Barney), 959 Denazification, 878 Cape Town, 422; in Japan, 431; North American Crimea, 852 Denikin, Anton, 794 settlements, 432; in Southeast Asia, 426; spice Crime and punishment, 528–29, 655–57 Denmark: “bloodless revolution,”463; in eighteenth trade, 426 Crime and Punishment (Dostoevsky), 737 century, 550; emigration, 709 (table); Hanseatic Dutch Republic: art(s), 469, 477; banking, 558; decline Crimean War, 668–69, 671 League in, 339; industrial cooperatives after of, 543; emergence of, 403; recognition under Croatia/Croats, 460, 942, 943 WWI, 810; Lutheranism, 386; population, 709 Peace of Westphalia, 468; in seventeenth Crompton, Samuel, 607 (table); in seventeenth century, 463; Thirty century, 467–68. See also Netherlands Cromwell, Oliver, 470, 471 Years’ War, 447–48; war with Prussia, 675; Dutch War, 456 Cromwell, Thomas, 390 WWII, 848 Dutch West India Company, 432 Crops. See Agriculture Department stores, 701 The Duties of Man (Mazzini), 652 The Crossing (Viola), 959 Departure from Egypt (Kiefer), 957 Dylan, Bob, 912 Crystal Palace, 611, 612 Depressions: 1842, 626; 1873–1895, 702; Great, 803–4, Cuba, 416, 724 806–7, 809, 810 Eakins, Thomas, 692 Cuban Missile Crisis, 883, 884 De Rerum Novarum (Leo XIII), 737 Eastern Europe: authoritarianism after WWI, 826–27; Cubism, 739–40 Derrida, Jacques, 927 Cold War disagreement over, 876; collapse of Cultural relativism, 512 Descartes, René, 499–500, 501–2, 504 communism, 939–42; in EU, 948; Soviet control, Culture: in Middle Ages, 326–29; popular, 526, 530–31, The Descent of Man (Darwin), 689, 690 870, 892–93. See also specific countries 905–6, 930–32. See also Art; Music Despotism, 596–97 Eastern Orthodox Christianity: in eighteenth century, Curie, Marie, 732, 733 Détente, 914, 923, 924–25 533 (map) Curie, Pierre, 732 Deterrence, mutual, 880 Easter Rebellion, 785 Cut with the Kitchen Knife (Höch), 833 Developed nations, 964 East Germany, 880, 916, 917, 941–42, 945 Cyprus, 402, 948 Developing nations, 964 East India Company, 428, 429, 430, 757 Czechoslovakia: break up of, 940; collapse of Diaghilev, Sergei, 741 Eastman, George, 739 communism, 940; communist takeover, 892; Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems (Galileo), Eber, Nandor, 674 displacement of Germans after WWII, 868; 490–91 Ebert, Friedrich, 795, 796 establishment of, 796; German occupation, Dias, Bartholomeu, 413 EC (European Community), 919, 947 843–44; invasion by Soviet bloc nations (1968), Dickens, Charles, 693, 694 Ecclesiastical Ordinances, 392 915; Little Entente, 805; political democracy Dictatorships, 813 Eck, Johann, 378 under Masaryk, 827; Prague Spring, 916 Diderot, Denis, 515–16, 517, 518, 519, 530, 534, 539 Eckhart, Meister, 325 Czech people, 366, 651–52 Diefenbaker, John, 899 Economic imperialism, 753 Czech Republic, 940, 948 Diet/food: Columbian Exchange, 436; in nineteenth Economic liberalism, 517 century Britain, 621; of peasants, 562 Economics: founding of, 516–17; Keynesian, 809; Dada Dance (Höch), 832 Diet of Augsburg, 384 liberalism, 642; mercantilism, 439–40; supply- Dadaism, 832 Diet of Worms, 379 side, 920 Daily Mail, 721 Dietrich, Marlene, 828 Economy: of France, 454–55, 919, 947; global, 703–4, Daimler, Gottlieb, 700 Digital Age, 958–60 961–62; of Great Britain, 896–97, 918; industrial, Dalí, Salvador, 832, 834 Diplomacy. See Foreign policy 702; of Italy, 897, 919; in nineteenth century, 702; Dalmatia, 813 “Diplomatic revolution” (Nazi Germany), 840–42 of Russia (1990s), 939; in seventeenth century, Dance halls, 721, 828 Directory (France), 592–93 444; in sixteenth century, 438; of Soviet Union, Dancing, 828 Discourse on Method (Descartes), 500, 501–2 914–15; of U.S., 920; of West Germany, 896 Danish War, 675 Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind Ecstasy of Saint Theresa (Bernini), 476 Dante Alighieri, 326, 327 (Rousseau), 518 Edict of Fontainebleau, 453–54 Danton, Georges, 584, 585 Diseases/illnesses: cholera, 622; in eighteenth century, Edict of Nantes, 401, 453 Danzig, 844 555; of native population, 418, 421; in nineteenth Edict of Restitution, 448 Darwin, Charles, 689, 690, 735, 736 century, 622; plague, 303–8, 328–29, 331–33; Edict of Worms, 379 Das Kapital (Marx and Engels), 687 prevention of, 708–9; smallpox, 418, 419, 420, Edison, Thomas, 699 Dati, Gregorio, 343 421, 555, 618, 708. See also Medicine Education: in eighteenth century, 528, 531; in England, Datini, Francesco, 342 Disraeli, Benjamin, 683 630, 683; in Middle Ages, 330–31; in nineteenth David (Donatello), 357 Divine Comedy (Dante), 326, 327 century, 717, 719–21; and Protestant David (Michelangelo), 360 Divine-right monarchy, 451, 473 Reformation, 394–95; in Renaissance Italy, David, Jacques-Louis, 522, 525 Divinity, of humans, 352 352–53; Rousseau on, 519; in Soviet Union, 826; Davison, Emily, 743 Divorce: increase in (1960s), 910; legalization of, 743; of women, 353, 394, 396, 720. See also Schools Dawes Plan, 805–6 Napoleonic Code, 595; in Soviet Union, 826 Education Act (1870) (Britain), 683 A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (Solzhenitsyn), 891 Dix, Otto, 832 The Education of a Christian Prince (Erasmus), 350 Dayton agreement, 943 A Doll’s House (Ibsen), 716–17 Edward, the Black Prince (England), 312–13 Death camps, 859–60 Domesticity, 715 Edward II (England), 311 The Death of Sardanapalus (Delacroix), 660, 661 Domestic servants, 714 Edward III (England), 311, 312, 318 Death penalty, 529, 546 Dominicans, 377, 421 Edward VI (England), 391 Death rates: eighteenth century, 566, 618; of infants, Domino theory, 922 EEC (European Economic Community), 897, 919 304, 343, 709, 719, 915; nineteenth century, 708; Donatello, Donato di, 356–57 Ego, 734 slaves, 424–25 Dondi, Giovanni di, 333 Egypt (modern): British in, 755, 885; decolonization, Debelleyme, Louis-Maurice, 655 Don Giovanni (Mozart), 525 885; under Nasser, 886–88; Six-Day War, 888; Debussy, Claude, 740–41 Dopolavoro, 829 Suez Canal, 686, 755 Decameron (Boccaccio), 306, 307, 327 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 737 Einsatzgruppen, 859 Decembrist Revolt, 641 Dowry, 342 Einstein, Albert, 732–33 De-Christianization, 590–91 Dr. Strangelove (film), 921–22 Einstein on the Beach (Glass), 930 Declaration of Independence, 539, 574 Draft (military), 553, 770, 783 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 854, 882, 887, 898 Declaration of Indulgence (England), 472, 473 Drake, Francis, 404 Ekaterinburg, Russia, 794 Declaration of Pillnitz, 584 Drama: French, 480; Shakespeare, 479; Spanish, 479; El Alamein, Battle of, 852 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen “Theater of the Absurd,”903 Elba, 600 (France), 580, 581 Dresden, WWII bombing, 866, 867 Elections. See Voting and voting rights Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Dreyfus affair, 748 Elector Frederick III (Brandenburg-Prussia), 465 Citizen (France), 580, 581–82 Drugs, illegal, 910 Electricity, 699 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (Gibbon), 526, 527 The Drunken Boat (Rimbaud), 738 The Elegances of the Latin Language (Valla), 352 Decolonization, 883–90 Dual Monarch. See Austria-Hungary Elementary education, 719–20 Deconstruction, 927 Dubcek, Alexander , 916 El Greco, 475 Defense of the Realm Act (Great Britain), 785 Dubois, François, 400 Elizabeth (film), 406 Deffand, marquise du, 521 Du Bois, W. E. B., 797–97, 812 Elizabeth (Russia), 551 Defoe, Daniel, 606–7 Dubuffet, Jean, 902, 903 Elizabeth I (England), 389, 402, 403–6 Deism, 515 Dufay, Guillaume, 362 e-mail, 958 Delacroix, Eugène, 660, 661 Duma (Russia), 750 Emancipation Proclamation, 681, 684 Demian (Hesse), 835 Dunkirk, miracle of, 848 The Emigrants (Staniland), 711 Democracy: Chartism, 628; in nineteenth century (late), Duomo, 357 Emigration: from Ireland, 619; in nineteenth century, 722–25, 742; retreat from after WWI, 812–13; Dürer, Albrecht, 362, 363 709–10 Rousseau’s influence, 519; in U.S., 573–74 Dutch East India Company, 422, 426, 438 Émile (Rousseau), 519, 523

Licensed to:

Empiricism, 502 Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Locke), 512 Female Association for the Care of the Poor and Sick, 743 Employment. See Labor/labor force Essay on the Principles of Population (Malthus), 642 The Feminine Mystique (Friedan), 913 Enabling Act (Germany), 820 Estates, 341 Feminism, 520, 743, 913, 953 Encomienda, 421 Estates-General (Austria), 461 Ferdinand I (Austria), 651, 652 Encyclopedia (Diderot), 515–16 Estates-General (Brandenburg-Prussia), 459 Ferdinand I (Italy), 636 Engels, Friedrich, 686–87, 688 Estates-General (France), 319, 363, 577, 578 Ferdinand II (Holy Roman Empire), 446–47, 448 Engines: internal combustion, 699; steam, 607–8, 615 Estonia, 463, 464 (map), 948 Ferdinand II (Spain), 347, 365, 385 (map), 416 England (Great Britain): abolition of slavery, 425; Act Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Mannor Ferdinand VII (Spain), 636, 639 of Supremacy, 390, 403; Act of Uniformity, 404; (Spinoza), 504 Ferrara, 345 after WWI, 807–9; after WWII, 896–97; Ethiopia, 755, 756, 761, 842 Fertilizer, 702, 926 agriculture, 557–58, 620; and American Ethnic cleansing, 943 Festivals, 530, 590 Revolutionary War, 572–73; appeasement policy, Eucharist, 325, 382–83, 387, 388, 392 Feudalism, 576, 580 842, 843; Australia, 756; Bill of Rights, 473, 474; EURATOM (European Atomic Energy Community), 897 Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 599 Black Death, 306; Blair era, 947; Canada, 684–85; Euripides, 480 Ficino, Marsilio, 352 Catholic Church in, 390, 391, 472–73; China, Eurocommunism, 919 Fielden, Joshua, 622 430, 757; cities, 619–20; Civil War, 470–72, 503; Europa, Europa (film), 858 Fielding, Henry, 525–26 commonwealth, 471; Concert of Europe, 636; Europe: after WWII, 871 (map); in eighteenth century, Fifth Republic (France), 894 Congress of Vienna, 633–35; conservatism, 544 (map); emigration, 709 (table); in fifteenth Filipovic, Zlata, 943 638–39; Corn Law (1815), 639, 648; Crimean century, 364 (map); in nineteenth century, 634 Films, 828–29, 905–6, 959. See also specific films War, 668–69; Declaration of Indulgence (map), 679 (map); in 1914, 770 (map); in 1919, Final Solution, 859–60 (England), 472, 473; decolonization, 884, 885; 800 (map); in 1936–1939, 844 (map); in 1980s, Finland, 793 depressions, 702; education, 719; Education Act 937 (map); population, 709 (table), 710 (map); The Firebird (Stravinsky), 741 (1870), 683; in eighteenth century, 540–41; in 2007, 948 (map). See also specific countries Fireworks Music (Handel), 524 emigration, 709 (table); Falklands War, 918–19; European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM), 897 First Balkan War, 763 Gladstone’s second ministry, 723; Glorious European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 897 First Estate, 341, 575, 578 Revolution, 473–75; Great Depression, 809; European Community (EC), 919, 947 First Vietnam War, 882 Great Exhibition (1851), 611–13; housing, 712; European Economic Community (EEC), 897, 919 Fischer, Joschka, 926 Hundred Years’ War, 311–16; immigrants, 954; European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan), 877–78, Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis (Freud), 735 imperialism, 752, 753, 755, 756, 757; India, 894, 897 Flagellants, 307–8 427–29, 553, 554, 618, 757, 760–61, 811, 888; European Union (EU), 941, 947–48 Flanders, 361–62 Industrial Revolution, 605–12; in Iraq, 799; and European Union, Treaty on, 947 Flappers, 828 Ireland, 723, 748, 785; Labour Party, 747–48, Evangelical Christians, 737 Flaubert, Gustave, 693 808, 809; League of Augsburg, 457; Liberal Party, Evening News, 721 Fleury, Cardinal, 540 683, 747–48; literature, 327–28, 479, 525–26, Evolution, 689, 690, 736, 737 Florence: art, 355–57; banking, 340; Black Death in, 657, 693; Lollards, 368; magazines, 527–28; Evolutionary socialism, 706 306; humanism in, 349, 350; Machiavelli’s medicine, 692; in Middle Ages, 318; military, Evolutionary Socialism (Bernstein), 706, 707 service, 348; in Middle Ages, 304, 311; during 312; monarchy, 318, 364, 390, 468–69, 471–72, 540; Execrabilis, 368 Renaissance, 345; republic of, 321; sexual norms, and Napoleon, 598; newspapers, 528; New Zealand, Existentialism, 902, 903–4, 927 343–44; woolen industry, 311 756; North American colonies, 432; Northern Experiments, 497 Flying shuttle, 559, 607 Ireland, 917; in Palestine, 799; Paris Peace Exploration/expansion: Columbus, 412, 415–16, 417, Foch, Ferdinand, 795 Conference, 798; Parliament, 309, 318, 469–71, 418; impact of, 433–38; Magellan, 410–11; maps, Fontenelle, Bernard de, 510 472, 473, 540, 648; peasant revolt, 310–11; 412; motives for, 411–12; navigation, 412; of Food. See Diet/food Peterloo Massacre, 639; police force, 655, 656; Portuguese, 413–15; principal voyages, 415 Football (soccer), 721, 722, 723, 829, 931 Poor Law Act (1834), 625, 648; population, (map); ships, 412; Spanish, 417–21. See also Football Association, 721 709 (table); prostitution, 705; Protestant Colonies and colonization Forced labor camps, 891 Reformation in, 389–91; public health, 711; Expressionism, 832 Ford, Gerald, 920 Puritan Revolution, 503; reforms, 647–48, Extermination camps, 859–60 Ford, Henry, 700 682–83, 723, 747–48; restoration of monarchy, Eyeglasses, 333 Foreign policy: appeasement, 842; balance of power, 472–73; Scientific Revolution, 493–95, 497, 502; Eylau, Battle of, 597 550, 634–35; birth of diplomacy, 347–48; Seven Years’ War, 429, 433, 551–52; social Brezhnev Doctrine, 914, 915; brinkmanship, structure, 622–23; South Africa, 753, 755; Fabian Socialists (Great Britain), 747 769; containment policy, 878; détente, 914, 923, Spanish armada, 405–6; sports, 721–22; Statute Facing Mount Kenya (Kenyatta), 812 924–25; in eighteenth century, 550; France, 668; of Laborers, 309; steel production, 699; Suez Factories: electrification of, 699; during Industrial massive retaliation, 882; Monroe Doctrine, 637; Canal, 755, 886–87; Test Act of 1673, 472; Revolution, 609–11; during nineteenth century, mutual deterrence, 880; rapprochement, 882; Thatcher era, 917–19, 945–46; trade, 440, 560; 701–2; during WWI, 787 Truman Doctrine, 876, 878 trade unions, 627–28, 707–8, 747; Triple Entente, Factory Act (1833) (Britain), 625, 629–30 Fort Duquesne, capture of, 552 762; Victorian Age, 682–83; War of Austrian “Factory Rules” (Foundry and Engineering Works of the Fort Louisbourg, capture of, 552 Succession, 551; War of Spanish Succession, 457; Royal Overseas Trading Company, Berlin), 611 Foucault, Michel, 928 War of the Roses, 363–64; welfare state, 896, 901; Fairy tales, 657 The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century West Indian colonies, 431–32; women’s rights, Falklands War, 918–19 (Chamberlain), 736 743, 744, 745; WWI, 773, 781–82, 783, 784, 785, “The Fall of the House of Usher” (Poe), 658 Foundling homes, 556–57 786; WWII, 845, 848–49, 852, 862–63, 865–66, Family allowances, 901 Fourier, Charles, 644 869–70. See also specific rulers Family Herald, 721 “Fourteen Points” (Wilson), 796 English Channel, 565 Family structure: in eighteenth century, 555–57; Fourth Republic (France), 894–95 English language, 328 in Middle Ages, 330; in nineteenth century, 715, France: abolition of slavery, 425; absolutism in, Enlightened absolutism, 539, 550 717–19; and Protestant Reformation, 393–94; 451–58; African colonies, 755, 756; after WWI, Enlightenment: architecture, 522; art, 521, 522; in Renaissance Italy, 342–44. See also Children; 804–5, 806, 809–10; after WWII, 894–95; and definition of, 510; education, 528, 531; high vs. Marriage American Revolutionary War, 572–73, 575; popular culture, 526; historians, 526; literature, Famine: in Germany during WWI, 784; in Ireland, 619; anticlericalism, 736; art, 477; banking, 615; Black 525–26; map, 513; music, 522–25; paths to, in Middle Ages, 304; in Russia, 750, 823, 825; in Death, 306; Cartel of the Left, 809–10; and 510–12; philosophes of, 512–21; publishing, Sudan, 964 Catholic Church, 383, 399–401, 453–54, 532, 526–27; in Russia, 538–39; salons, 520–21; Fanon, Frantz, 887 595, 639; Chirac era, 947; civil war, 313; Concert women in, 519–20, 523 Faraday, Michael, 688 of Europe, 636; Congress of Vienna, 634–35; Entertainment and leisure: amusement parks, 608, Farming. See Agriculture Constitution of 1795, 592; Crimean War, 698–99, 721; interwar period, 829; in Middle Farouk (Egypt), 885 668–69; decolonization, 885; depressions, 702; Ages, 332; of nineteenth century, 721–22; travel, Fascio di Combattimento, 813–14 Directory, 592–93; Dreyfus affair, 748; Dutch 511–12, 565, 721, 829, 900 Fascism, 807, 813–16, 827. See also Nazi Germany War, 456; education, 719, 720; in eighteenth Entrepreneurs, 340, 605, 606, 622–23 Fawcett, Millicent, 743 century, 540, 567, 587 (map); emigration, 709 Environmentalism, 926–27, 953–54 Fedele, Cassandra, 353 (table); Enlightenment, 512; Estates-General, Environmental issues, 962, 963–64 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), 810 319, 363, 577, 578; in fifteenth century, 314 Epidemics, Black Death, 303–8, 328–29, 331–32. See Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 810 (map); Fifth Republic, 894; in fourteenth also Diseases/illnesses Federalists, 653 century, 314 (map); Fourth Republic, 894–95; Equality: in France, 580, 591; Locke on, 474; Rousseau Federal Republic of Germany, 880, 895–96, 900, 901, Great Depression, 807, 810; housing, 712; on, 518–19; of women, 471, 520, 913, 953 912, 917 Huguenots, 399–401, 451, 453–54; Hundred Erasmus, Desiderius, 350, 374–75, 376, 381 Federal Reserve System, 751 Years’ War, 311–16, 363; immigrants, 964; India, Erhard, Ludwig, 896 Federigo da Montefeltro, 346 427–29; Indochina, 759, 882; and Eroica (Beethoven), 661 Fellini, Federico, 906 industrialization, 613–14, 615, 647, 748; in

Licensed to:

Italian War of Independence, 670–71; Jews in, Fronde, 452 Ghettos, 745 745; literacy rates, 531; literature, 328; in Fugger, Jacob, 439 Giangaleazzo Visconti, 320–21 Mexico, 668; in Middle Ages, 318–19; in Middle Führerprinzip, 819 Gibbon, Edward, 526, 527 East, 799; military, 312, 552, 586, 770; military Functionalism, 833 Gibraltar, 457 alliance with Russia, 762; Mitterand era, 919, Fundamentalism, 955 Giolitti, Giovanni, 748, 814 947; monarchy, 318–19, 363, 399, 443–44, 540, Giotto, 328–29, 355 541, 542, 577, 583, 646–47; under Napoleon Gagern, Heinrich von, 641 Girondins, 584–85 Bonaparte, 594–600; under Napoleon III, 649, Galen, 495, 496 Gladstone, William, 683, 723, 724 666–69, 670, 675, 676, 677; National Bloc, 809; Galicia, 460 (map), 548, 775 Glasgow, 867 National Front, 955; North American colonies, Galileo Galilei, 484, 489–93, 503–4 Glasnost, 936, 937 432–33; papacy at Avignon, 323; Paris Peace Gallipoli, Battle of, 781 Glass, Philip, 930 Conference, 798; parlements (France), 452, 453, Gama, Vasco da, 413–14 The Gleaners (Millet), 694, 695 577; peasant revolt, 309–10; police force, 655; Games: children’s, 715, 718. See also Sports Gleichschaltung, 820 Popular Front, 810; population, 554, 709 (table); Gamond, Zoé Gatti de, 645 Global economy, 961–62 poverty in, 567, 577; prisons, 657; publishing, Gandhi, Mohandas (Mahatma), 811, 812, 888 Globalization, 932, 960–65 527; Restoration, 639; revolution of 1830 (July García Márquez, Gabriel, 929 Global warming, 962, 963–64 revolution), 646, 647; revolution of 1848, Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 672, 673, 674 Glorious Revolution (England), 473–75 648–49; Royal Academy of Sciences, 502; Second Garvey, Marcus, 812 Goa, 414 Republic, 649; Seven Years’ War, 429, 433, Gascony, duchy of, 311, 312, 313 Goebbels, Joseph, 829 551–52; slavery, 591; socialism, 706; student Gasperi, Alcide de, 897 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 657 revolt, 909–10, 912; Suez Canal crisis, 886–87; Gates, Bill, 958 Gold, 413, 436, 439 theater, 480; Third Estate, 319; Third Republic, GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade), 962 Gold Coast, 885 723–24, 748–49; Thirty Years’ War, 448; trade, Gaulle, Charles de, 857, 885, 894–95, 922 Golden, Arthur, 960 440; trade unions, 708; Triple Entente, 762; Gays and lesbians, 910, 928 Golden Bull, 319 university attendance, 910; War of Austrian Geiler, Johannes, 377 Gömbös, Julius, 827 Succession, 551; War of Spanish Succession, 457; Gender roles: during Great Depression, 807; in Italy Gomulka, Wladyslaw, 893 War of the League of Augsburg, 457; Wars of under fascism, 815; in nineteenth century, 704, Goodbye to All That (Graves), 774 Religion, 399–401; war with Austria (1792), 584; 715–19; and welfare programs, 901; and WWI, Good works, 325, 378, 382 war with Prussia (1870), 672, 676–78; welfare 785–86, 812–13 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 915, 935, 936–38, 949–50 state, 901; West Indian colonies, 431–32; General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 962 Gore, Al, 949 witchcraft trial, 445; women’s movement, 902, General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money Göring, Hermann, 819–20 953; before WWI, 769; WWI, 772, 775, 782, 784, (Keynes), 809 Gothic architecture, 361, 657, 659 785, 786, 804; WWII, 845, 848, 857. See also Geneva, 392 (map) Gothic literature, 658 French Revolution; specific rulers Geneva Conference (1954), 882 Gottwald, Klement, 892 France-Comté, 456 Genevan Academy, 395 Government: France, 452–53, 583, 592, 596, 649; and Francis I (Austria), 632 Genghis Khan, 426 industrialization, 606, 614–15; Russia, 462; U.S., Francis I (France), 347, 383 Genius of Christianity (Chateaubriand), 662 573–74. See also Bureaucracy Franciscans, 377, 396, 436 Genoa, 549 Goya, Francisco, 599 Francis Ferdinand (Austria), 769, 771 Genocide, 795 Granada, 365 Francis Joseph I (Austria), 652, 678, 726, 749 Gentile, Giovanni, 816 Grand Alliance, 851–52 Francis Xavier, 397–98 Gentileschi, Artemisia, 477 Grand Empire (France), 597, 598 (map) Franco, Francisco, 827 Gentry, 470 Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, 931 Franco-Prussian War, 672, 676–78 Geocentric view of universe, 485 Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, 627 Frankenstein (Shelley), 658 Geoffrin, Marie-Thérèse de, 509, 521 Grant, Ulysses S., 684 Frankfurt Assembly, 651, 673 Geography (Ptolemy), 412, 413 Grass, Günter, 903 Frederick I (Brandenburg-Prussia), 460 George, David Lloyd, 748, 784, 787, 796, 798, 807 Graves, Robert, 774 Frederick I (Denmark), 386 George I (England), 540 Gravity, 494–95 Frederick II (the Great) (Prussia), 539, 544–45, 546, George II (England), 540 Gray, Thomas, 565 550, 551 George III (England), 540, 541 Great Britain, definition of, 540. See also England Frederick III (Brandenburg-Prussia), 460 Germaine de Staël, 597 (Great Britain) Frederick III (Holy Roman Empire), 366 German Democratic Republic, 880, 916, 917, Great Council of Venice, 321 Frederick IV, Elector Palatine, 446 941–42, 945 Great Depression, 803–4, 806–7, 809, 810 Frederick V, Elector Palatine, 446 Germanic Confederation, 640, 673, 675 Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 850, 861 Frederick the Wise, 376 Germany: African colonies, 756, 811; after WWI, Great Exhibition (1851), 611–13 Frederick William (the Great Elector) (Brandenburg- 795–96, 798–99, 800, 805, 806; astronomy, 497, Great Fear, 580 Prussia), 459–60 498; banking, 615; Black Death, 306; The Great Instauration (Bacon), 501 Frederick William I (Prussia), 543, 546 Burschenschaften, 640, 641; chemical industry, Great Leap Forward, 890 Frederick William II (Prussia), 583–84 699; Dawes Plan, 805–6; depressions, 702; Great Northern War, 463 Frederick William III (Prussia), 640 education, 528, 719, 720; emigration, 709 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 923 Frederick William IV (Prussia), 649, 651, 673 (table); factories, 701; Great Depression, 806–7, Great Schism, 323–24 Free Democrats (FDP) (Germany), 895, 917, 945 808; Green Party, 926, 954; immigrants, 954–55; Great Society, 898 Freedom of press, 597 and industrialization, 613–14, 615, 702, 749; Great War. See World War I Freemasons, 521 Lutheranism, 381, 384–85; military, 770; Great War for Empire, 551 Free trade, 615, 700, 962 nationalism in, 599, 644, 736, 749; neo-Nazi Greco-Roman culture, 338 French and Indian War, 551–52 groups, 956; in nineteenth century, 725–26, Greece (modern): Balkan League, 763; civil war, 876; French Revolution: abolishment of feudalism, 580; 748–49; November Revolution, 795–96; independence of, 638, 668; under Metaxas, 827; background to, 575–77; and Catholic Church, occupation zones, 870, 878; peasants, 562; population, 709 (table); revolt against Ottoman 583; Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 583; Peasant’s War, 381–82; pietism, 534; police force, Empire, 638; WWII, 849, 857 Committee of Public Safety, 585–88, 591–92; de- 655; population, 709 (table); Reinsurance Treaty Greek Orthodox Church. See Eastern Orthodox Christianization, 590–91; Declaration of Pillnitz, with Russia, 762; reunification of, 941–42, 945; Christianity 584; Declaration of the Rights of Man and the revolution of 1848, 649, 650–51; scientific Greenhouse effect, 962 Citizen, 580, 581; events of, 577–93; execution of societies, 502; social class, 714; Social Green movements, 926–27, 953–54 Louis XVI, 584–85; expansion during, 587; fall Democratic Party, 705–6, 726, 749, 795–96, 895, Gregory IX (Pope), 323–24 of Bastille, 571, 579–80; Great Fear, 580; impact 917, 945; steel production, 699; Thirty Years’ Grieg, Edvard, 740 of, 571–72; Legislative Assembly, 583, 584; War, 447–49; Three Emperors’ League, 761–62; Grimm brothers, 657 National Assembly, 578–79, 580, 583; National trade unions, 708; Treaty of Versailles, 798–99, Grimmelshausen, Jakob von, 449 Convention, 584–85, 590, 591, 592; peasant 805, 840–41, 842; Triple Alliance, 762; Groote, Gerard, 325 rebellions, 580; Reign of Terror, 586–88, 591; unification of, 673–78; Weimar Republic, Gropius, Walter, 833, 834 Thermidorean Reaction, 592; women’s role, 580, 816–17; women’s right to vote, 786; before The Gross Clinic (Eakins), 692 582, 588–90 WWI, 749, 769; WWI, 771–73, 775, 782, 783–84, Grossdeutsch, 651 Frequens, 368 795; WWII reparations, 870, 878. See also Holy Gross national product (GNP) Freud, Sigmund, 734–35, 835 Roman Empire; Nazi Germany France, 895; U.S., 864 Friedan, Betty, 913 Germs, 690 Grosz, George, 832 Friedland, Battle of, 597 Gesamtkunstwerk, 695 Groza, Petra, 870 Friedrich, Caspar David, 659, 660 Gestapo, 857 Grunge music, 957–58 Frith, William P., 718 Ghana, 885 Guadeloupe, 431 Froissart, Jean, 310, 312, 313 Ghent, 311 Guam, 759

Licensed to:

Guest workers, 954–55 History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (Fielding), 525–26 Imperialism: motives for, 752–53; “new” (late nineteenth Guicciardini, Francesco, 354–55 Hitler, Adolf: anti-Semitism, 817, 857; assassination century), 752–61. See also Colonies and Guilds, 321, 341, 360, 399, 477, 558, 566 attempt, 857; background of, 817; as chancellor, colonization Guise family, 399, 400 819; Mein Kampf, 817–18, 840; New Order, 855, Impression, Sunrise (Monet), 739 Guizot, François, 647 856; speech at the Nuremberg party rally, 821; Impressionism, 737–39, 740–41 Gulf War (1991), 950, 953 suicide of, 855; WWII influence, 840; WWI Inca, 419–21 Gunpowder, 333 service, 817. See also Nazi Germany Income, national, 700 Gustavus III (Sweden), 550 Hitler Youth, 822, 858 Independent Group, 903 Gustavus Adolphus (Sweden), 448, 450, 464 Hobbes, Thomas, 473–74 Independent Social Democratic Party (Germany), 796 Gutenberg, Johannes, 355 Höch, Hannah, 832, 833 Index of Forbidden Books, 398 Guzman, Gaspar de, 458 Ho Chi Minh, 882, 888, 890, 920 India: British colony, 427–29, 553, 554, 757, 760–61; Gymnasium, 395 Hoe, 557 Cold War neutrality, 890; Gandhi, 811; Great Gypsies, 861 Hohenstaufen dynasty, 319, 676–77 War for Empire, 551; independence of, 888; Hohenzollern dynasty, 459 Indian National Congress, 761; and Habsburg dynasty, 365–66, 383, 439, 446, 447 (map), Holbach, Paul d’,517, 528 industrialization, 618; Mughal Empire, 426; 448, 545–46 Holbein, Ambrosius, 395 Portuguese in, 413–14, 427 Habsburg-Valois Wars, 383, 384 Holbein, Hans, the Younger, 375 Indian National Congress, 761, 888 Haider, Jorg, 955 Holidays, 530, 590, 715 Indians (American), 421, 433 Haiti, 416, 418, 431, 491 Hollywood, 905–6 Individualism, 338, 349, 657 Hamburg, 566, 866 Holocaust, 857–61, 862, 896 Indochina, 759, 847, 882, 888–89, 895 Hamilton, Alexander, 653 Holy Office, 398 Indonesia, 888, 890 The Handbook of the Christian Knight (Erasmus), 374 Holy Roman Empire: decline of, 319; electoral nature Indulgences, 376–77, 378 Handel, George Frederick, 524 of, 319–20; Habsburg dynasty, 365–66; Industrial economy, 702 Hanover, 675 Hohenstaufen dynasty, 319; League of Augsburg, Industrialization: in France, 613–14, 615, 647, 748; in Hanoverian dynasty, 540 456–57; Thirty Years’ War, 446–49, 459 Germany, 613–14, 615, 702, 749; in India, 618; in Hanseatic League, 339–40 Homeland Security Department (U.S.), 949 Japan, 702–3; in Russia/Soviet Union, 618, 749, Hardenberg, Karl von, 599, 640 Homes of the London Poor (Hill), 713 824–25; and social structure, 622–23; spread of, Hargreaves, James, 607 Homosexuality, 910, 928 613–18, 614 (map), 702–3; in U.S., 615–18; and Harkort, Fritz, 613 Honecker, Erich, 916 women, 616–17, 625. See also Manufacturing Harper, Stephen, 949 Hong Kong, 757 Industrial Revolution: in Britain, 605–12; in Harpers Ferry arsenal, 616 Hooch, Pieter de, 469 continental Europe, 613–18; impact of, 605; Harris, Arthur, 866 Hopkins, Harry, 869 Marxist response, 685–87; Second, 699–705; Harry Potter, 959 Hopper, Grace, 925 social impact, 618–30; spread of, 613–18, 614 Harvey, William, 496 Horses, 433 (map); in U.S., 615–18; working conditions, Hasák, Gustav, 916 Horthy, Miklós, 827 604–5 Hauser, Heinrich, 808 Hospitals, 331, 434, 530, 690–91 Industry. See Manufacturing Haushofer, Karl, 840 Höss, Rudolf, 862 Inertia, 491 Haussmann, Baron, 667 House of Commons (England), 318, 540, Infanticide, 556 Havel, Vaclav, 916, 940, 941 542, 639, 648, 723 Infant mortality, 304, 343, 709, 719, 915 Hawaiian Islands, 759 House of Lords (England), 318, 471, 472, 540, 748 Infection, 690–91 Hay, John, 757–58 Housing: aristocratic country homes, 563–64; in Inflation: in Germany after WWI, 805, 817; during Haydn, Franz Joseph, 524–25, 661 nineteenth century, 620, 711–12 Industrial Revolution, 626; in sixteenth- Haywood, Eliza, 528 Howard, Catherine, 391 seventeenth centuries, 438; in U.S., 920; during Health care. See Medicine Howard, Ebenezer, 712 WWI, 787–88 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 686 Huber, V.A., 711 INF (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces) Treaty, 950 Heisenberg, Werner, 836 Hubertusburg, Peace of, 551 Institutes of the Christian Religion (Calvin), 391 Helena (Saint ), 600 Hudson, Henry, 432 Intendants, 452 Heliocentric view of universe, 486, 488 Huguenots, 399–401, 451, 453–54 Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), 882 Helsinki Agreements, 924 Human dignity, 338 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Henry II (France), 384, 399 Humanism, 349, 351–55, 374–76, 381 963–64 Henry III (England), 311 Human nature, 349, 504 Intermarriage, 433 Henry III (France), 401 Human rights, 474–75, 925 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, 950 Henry IV (England), 318 Hume, David, 516 Internal combustion engine, 699 Henry V (England), 313–14 Hundred Years’ War, 311–16, 363 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 961 Henry VI (England), 316 Hungary: after WWI, 796; under Austrian rule, 460 International Working Men’s Association, 687 Henry VII (England), 364, 416 (map); authoritarian state under Horthy, 827; Internet, 958 Henry VIII (England), 375, 389–91 Catholic Church in, 366; collapse of The Interpretation of Dreams (Freud), 734 Henry of Guise (France), 401 communism, 940; communist under Kádár, 893, Interpreter of Maladies (Lahiri), 960 Henry of Navarre, 400, 401 916; emigration, 709 (table); EU membership, Intervention, principle of, 636, 638 Henry the Navigator, 412 948; Magyars in, 727, 749; mining, 340; minority iPod, 958–59 Henry Tudor (England), 364 groups in, 653; monarchy, 366; nationalism, 644, Iran: revolution (1979), 952–53; U.S. hostage crisis, Heresy, 368, 378 749; Ottoman occupation, 384; population, 709 920 Hermeticism, 352, 485, 487 (table); revolt (1956), 893, 894; revolution of Iraq: British control, 799; Gulf War (1991), 950; Herzegovina, under Austrian control, 762. 1848, 651, 652; Turks’ in, 465. See also Austria- independence of, 811 See also Bosnia-Herzegovina Hungary Iraq War, 947, 949, 952, 953 Herzen, Alexander, 682 Hunt, Harriet, 692 Ireland: Easter Rebellion, 785; emigration, 709 (table); Herzl, Theodor, 746, 747 Hus, John, 368 famine, 619; home rule, 723, 748; population, Hesse, Hermann, 835 Husák, Gustav, 940 619, 709 (table) Hesse-Cassel, 675 Hussite wars, 366, 368 Irish Republican Army (IRA), 917, 951 Heydrich, Reinhard, 859 Hygiene, 620, 691, 709 Iron, 699 High culture, 526 Iron Guard, 827 High Renaissance art, 358–61 Iberian Peninsula, 365 (map) Iron industry, 608, 615, 685 Hill, Octavia, 711, 713 Ibsen, Henrik, 716–17, 740 Irrationality, 733–34 Himmler, Heinrich, 822, 856, 858, 859 Id, ego, superego, 734 Isabella (France, wife of Edward II), 311 Hindenburg, Paul von, 775, 784, 817, 819, 820 Ideal Marriage (van de Velde), 831 Isabella I of Castile (Spain), 365, 385 (map), 416, 421 Hindus, 888 Ideology, 635 Isabella II (Spain), 676 Hip-hop, 930, 931, 958 Ignatius of Loyola, 396–97 Isabella d’Este, 346, 347 Hippies, 911 The Ignorant Philosopher (Voltaire), 516 Islam: growth of, 955; Shi’ite-Sunni division, 952. See Hiroshima, 855, 866, 867, 868 Illegal drugs, 910 also Muslims Hispaniola, 416 Illegitimate births, 557 Israel (modern): formation of, 886; Munich Olympics, Historical and Critical Dictionary (Bayle), 511 Illiteracy, 721 931, 951; Six-Day War, 888 History and historians: of Enlightenment, 526; and Illness. See Diseases/illnesses Istanbul. See Constantinople humanism, 354–55 IMF (International Monetary Fund), 961 Italian Wars, 347 History of Sexuality (Foucault), 928 The Imitation of Christ (Kempis), 377 Italy/Italians: African colonies, 755; after WWII, 897; History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain Immigrants and immigration: in Europe, 954–55; Albanian refugees, 954; art, 328–29, 475, 476–77; (Baines), 606 in France, 947; social challenges, 962, 964; in under Austrian rule, 461; Black Death, 305–6; History of the Florentine People (Bruni), 354 U.S., 617 city-states, 320–21, 345–46; corruption in

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(1980s-1990s), 947; Dopolavoro, 829; economy, Kamikaze, 865 The Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci), 358, 359 338–40; in eighteenth century, 549; emigration, Kandinsky, Wassily, 740, 742 Late Middle Ages, 303–33 709 (table); family structure, 342–44; fascism, Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) (U.S.), 683 Lateran Accords, 816 813–16; French in, 347, 593–94; Giolitti’s Kant, Immanuel, 510 Latin America, 433, 636–38, 637 (map). ministries, 748; and Holy Roman Empire, 383; Kaprow, Allen, 928 See also specific countries literature, 326–27; in Middle Ages, 320–21; Karelia, 463, 464 (map) Latin language, 352 nationalism, 736; in nineteenth century, 639, Karlowitz, Treaty of, 460 Latvia, 799, 845, 937, 941, 948 725, 748; population, 709 (table); during Karlsbad Decrees, 640 Laud, William, 470 Renaissance, 344–46, 345 (map); revolts, 636, Kaunitz, Wenzel von, 551 Laurier, Wilfred, 752 647; revolutions of 1848, 652; Rome-Berlin Axis, Kay-Shuttleworth, James, 621 Lavasseur, E., 701 842; social structure, 340–42; under Spanish Kellogg-Briand pact, 806 Lavender Mist (Pollock), 902–3 rule, 347, 461; Triple Alliance, 762; unification, Kelly, Petra, 954 Lavoisier, Antoine, 497 652, 670–72; voting rights, 748; war with Austria Kemal, Mustafa, 811 Law: Napoleonic Code, 595, 639; women’s rights, 331. (1859), 673; women in, 353, 354; WWI, 775, Kempis, Thomas á, 377 See also specific laws 781, 782, 813; WWII, 849, 852, 854. See also Kennan, George, 877, 878 Law enforcement, 654–56 Renaissance; specific city-states Kennedy, John F., 883, 898, 920 Lawrence of Arabia, 781 Ivan III (Russia), 366 Kent State University, 914 Lay Down Your Arms (von Suttner), 743 Ivan IV the Terrible (Russia), 461 Kenya, 885 Lazar (Serbia), 367 Ivanhoe (Scott), 657 Kenya African National Union, 885 League of Augsburg, 456–57 Kenyatta, Jomo, 812, 885 League of Communists, 942 Jackson, Andrew, 654 Kepler, Johannes, 487–88, 489, 490 League of Nations, 798, 799, 804, 806, 841, 846 Jackson, Michael, 930 Keynes, John Maynard, 809 Learning. See Education Jacob, Aletta, 715 KGB, 915 Leary, Timothy, 910 Jacobins, 583 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 920, 953 Lebanon, 799 Jacquerie, 309–10 Khrushchev, Nikita, 882–83, 884, 891–92, 893 Lebensraum, 817, 840, 841 Jagiello dynasty, 467 Khubilai Khan, 411 Lee, Robert E., 684 Jakarta (Batavia), 426, 427 Kiefer, Anselm, 957 Leeds Woolen Workers’ Petition, 561 Jamaica, 431 King, Martin Luther, 898, 899 Legislation. See Law James I (England), 469–70 Kingdom of Two Sicilies, 639, 672 Legislative Assembly (France), 583, 584 James II (England), 472–73 Kings. See Monarchs and monarchies; specific rulers Legislative Corps (France), 666–67, 668 James II (Scotland), 333 Kipling, Rudyard, 754 Legitimacy, principle of, 633–34 Jamestown, 432 Kleindeutsch, 651 Leibniz, Gottfried, 498 Jane Seymour, 390 Knighton, Henry, 309 Leipzig Debate, 378 Janissaries, 466 Knights, 341 Leisure. See Entertainment and leisure Japan: annexation of Korea, 758; Catholic Knowledge, Locke’s theory of, 512 Lend-Lease aid, 870 missionaries, 397–98, 431, 436; Dutch traders, Knox, John, 392 Lenin, V. I., 753, 790–93, 823 431; industrialization, 702–3; invasion of China Kohl, Helmut, 917, 945 Leningrad, seize of, 855, 863 (1937), 846; Manchuria, 846; Meiji Restoration, Kolchak, Alexander, 793 Lent, 530 760; and Nazi Germany, 846; overthrow of Kollontai, Alexandra, 793 Leo X (Pope), 369, 378 shogun, 760; Portuguese traders, 430–31; textile Königgrätz, Battle of, 675 Leo XIII (Pope), 737 factory, 704; unification of, 430; war with China Korea: division after WWII, 881; Japanese in, 757, 758, Leonardo da Vinci, 355, 358–59, 361, 485 (1894–1895), 758, 760; war with Russia 760, 861–62; WWII, 861–62 Leopold (Belgium), 647 (1904–1905), 750; WWI, 782; before WWII, Korean War, 880–82, 895 Leopold I (Austria), 460 845–47; WWII, 849–51, 853–54, 855, 861–62, Kosciuszko, Thaddeus, 549 Leopold II (Austria), 583–84 865, 868 Kosovo, Battle of, 367 Leopold II (Belgium), 756 Japanese Americans, internment during WWII, 864–65 Kosovo, war in, 943–44 Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 676–77 Jaurès, Jean, 706 Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), 945 Lepanto, Battle of, 402, 465 Java, 426 Kossuth, Louis, 651, 652, 678 Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 955 Jazz, 828 Kostunica, Vojislav, 945 Lesbians and gays, 910, 928 Jefferson, Thomas, 574, 653 Koyaanisqatsi (Glass), 930 Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 686 Jena, Battle of, 597 Kraft durch Freude, 829, 831 Letchward Garden City, 712 Jesuits, 396–98, 434–36, 532 Kristallnacht, 822–23 Levellers, 471 Jesus of Nazareth, 736 Krupp, Bertha, 714 Lévesque, René, 949 The Jewish State (Herzl), 746, 747 Kubrick, Stanley, 779, 921 Leviathan (Hobbes), 473–74 Jews and Judaism: and Black Death, 308; in eighteenth Kuchuck-Kainarji, Treaty of, 548 Ley, Robert, 821–22 century, 533–34; emigration to U.S., 709–10; Kulturkampf, 726 Leyster, Judith, 477, 478 Holocaust, 857–61, 862, 896; in nineteenth Kun, Béla, 796 Liberal arts, 349, 352–53, 395 century, 744–46; in Spain, 365; Zionism, 746, Kundera, Milan, 929 Liberalism, 642–44 886. See also Anti-Semitism; Israel (modern) Kurile Islands, 870 Liberal Party (Britain), 683, 747–48 Joan of Arc, 314–16, 317–18 Kursk, Battle of, 854–55 Liberal Party (Canada), 899 Joan of Arc (film), 317 Kuwait, 950, 953 Liberia, 756 John II (France), 313, 319 Kwasniewski, Aleksander, 940 Liberty, 518–19 John XXIII (Pope), 905 Libya, 748, 755 John of Leiden, 389 Labor Front (Nazi Germany), 821–22, 831 Liebknecht, Karl, 796 John Paul II (Pope), 955, 957 Labor/labor force: in Great Britain, 747–48; guest Liebknecht, Wilhelm, 705 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 692 workers, 954–55; and industrialization, 609–11, Life of Jesus (Renan), 736 Johnson, Lyndon, 898, 914, 922 616–18, 623, 627–28; laissez-faire approach, 517; Life on the Mississippi (Twain), 617 Johnson, Samuel, 530, 565 and socialism, 705–6; working conditions, Lightbulb, 699 Joint-stock companies, 438 623–25; work week, 900; and WWI, 785. See also Limmer, Walter, 774 Joint-stock investment banks, 615, 685 Trade unions Lincoln, Abraham, 681, 683, 684 Jordan, 811, 888 Labour Party (Great Britain), 747–48, 808, 809, 896, Lisbon, Port of, 414 Joseph II (Austria), 532, 533, 545–46 945–47 List, Friedrich, 615 Josephine de Beauharnais, 593, 596 Lafayette, marquis de, 575 Lister, Joseph, 690–91 Journal des Savants, 503 Lahiri, Jhumpa, 960 Liszt, Franz, 694–95 Journals, scientific, 503 Laibach, Congress of, 636 Literacy, 531, 720–21 Joyce, James, 834–35 Laissez-faire, 517, 550, 642, 807 Literature: after WWII, 903; English, 327–28, 479; Judaism. See Jews and Judaism Lamentation (Giotto), 329 during Enlightenment, 511–12, 531; fantasy, Judith Beheading Holofernes (Gentileschi), 477 Land, 517. See also Agriculture 411; Gothic, 658; “magic realism,”929; Julius II (Pope), 359, 368 Land art, 928–29 Middle Ages, 326–28, 411; Modernism, 737; July Revolution, 646, 647 The Landing of Marie de’ Medici at Marseilles multiculturalism, 960; Naturalism, 737; novels, Jung, Carl, 835 (Rubens), 476 525–26; Postmodernism, 929; Realism, 693; Justice, 529 Languages: English, 328; Latin, 352; nineteenth century realism, 693; Romanticism, 657; Russian, 737, 891; Justification by faith, 378, 382, 392 distribution, 645 (map); Postmodern thought, 927 stream-of-consciousness, 834–35; Symbolism, Jutland, Battle of, 782 Laocoön (El Greco), 475 737. See also specific writers and works Laos, 759, 888 Lithuania, 799, 845, 937, 941, 948 Kaczynski, Lech , 940 Las Casas, Barolomé de, 422 Lithuania-Poland, 467 Kádár, János, 893, 916 The Last Conquest of Ireland (Mitchel), 619 Little Entente, 804, 805

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“Little ice age,”304 Manhattan Project, 864, 868 Melchiorites, 389 Little Pretty Pocket-Book, 556 Mannerism, 475 Memoirs (Catherine the Great), 547 The Lives of Others (film), 946 Mantua, 460 Memoirs (Metternich), 635 Living conditions, 620–22, 710–11 Manufacturing: cottage industry, 558–59, 560; decline Memoirs (Michel), 725 Livingstone, David, 756 after WWII, 900; in eighteenth century, 558–59; Memoirs for the Dauphin (Louis XIV), 453 Livonia, 463, 464 (map) in France, 454–55; in Renaissance Italy, 340. See Memoirs of a Geisha (Golden), 960 Li Zicheng, 429 also Industrialization Mendeleyev, Dmitri, 688 Loans, 558 Many Happy Returns of the Day (Frith), 718 Mennonites, 389 Locarno, Treaty of, 806 Mao Zedong, 882, 889–90, 923–24 Mensheviks, 790, 793 Locke, John, 474–75, 512 Mapplethorpe, Robert, 957 Mercantilism, 439–40, 517, 559–60 Locomotives, 608 Maps, 412, 436, 437 Mercator, Gerardus, 436 Lodi, Peace of, 346 Marburg Colloquy, 387, 388 Mercenary soldiers, 320, 553 Lollards, 368 Marcel, Étienne, 319 Merchants: Dutch, 468. See also Trade Lombardy, 321, 634, 639, 652, 671 March Revolution, 789–91 Merian, Maria Sibylla, 498 London: in eighteenth century, 565; housing, 712; Marconi, Guglielmo, 699 Merkel, Angela, 945 music halls, 721; newspapers, 721; in nineteenth Marcuse, Herbert, 912 Mesoamerica, 417–18 century, 619–20, 710, 711; police, 655; Maria Theresa (Austria), 545, 551 The Messenger (film), 317–18 population, 565, 710; sewers, 711; Vietnam war Marie Antoinette, 540 Messiaen, Olivier, 930 protests in, 914; WWII bombing, 865–66 Marie Antoinette (film), 541 Messiah (Handel), 524 London Conference, 763–64 Markets, 606–7, 700 Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam (Merian), 498 London Times, 674 Marne, First Battle of, 775 Metaxas, John, 827 The Long Telegram (Kennan), 877 Marne, Second Battle of, 795 Methodism, 534–35, 610–11, 662 Looms, 607 Márquez, Gabriel García, 929 Metternich, Prince Klemens von, 633–34, 635, 636, Lope de Vega, 479 Marriage: in eighteenth century, 557; intermarriage, 640, 651 The Lord of the Rings (film), 960 433; in Middle Ages, 330; in New World, 433, Metz, 448 Lordship, 316. See also Nobility 436; in nineteenth century, 715; and Protestant Mexico: Aztecs, 417–19; French troops in, 668; Lorenzo the Magnificent, 345 Reformation, 393–94; in Prussia, 561; in independence, 636; Mayans, 417; Spanish Lorraine, 456–57, 677, 761, 769 Renaissance Italy, 342, 344 conquest of, 412, 418–19 Loughnan, Naomi, 787 The Marriage of Figaro (Mozart), 525 Michael Romanov, 461 Louis XI (France), 363 Married Love (Stopes), 831 Michel, Louise, 724, 725 Louis XIII (France), 451, 452 Marseilles, 585, 586 Michelangelo, 337–38, 359–62 Louis XIV (France), 428, 443–44, 451, 452–58, 502, 540 Marshall, John, 605, 653–54 Microsoft, 958 Louis XV, 540 Marshall Plan, 877–78, 894, 897 Middle Ages: Late, 303–33 Louis XVI (France), 540, 542, 579, 580, 583, 584–85 Marsiglio of Padua, 324 Middle class: in France, 576; and industrialization, Louis XVIII (France), 600, 639 Martín, José de San, 636, 638 622–23; in nineteenth century, 714, 715, 717–19; Louis Napoleon (France), 649, 666–69 Martin V (Pope), 325, 368 in Prussia, 673 Louis-Philippe (France), 646–47, 648 Martinique, 431 Middle East: after WWI, 811; decolonization of, Low countries, 366. See also Belgium; Netherlands The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian (Pollaiuolo), 355 885–89; in 1919, 799 (map). See also Arabs; Loyalists, 572 Marx, Karl, 686–87, 688, 753 specific countries Luddites, 628 Marxism, 686–87, 688, 706, 790, 807 Middle Passage, 424 Ludendorff, Erich, 775, 784, 795 Mary, queen of Scots, 404 Midway, Battle of, 853–54 Lueger, Karl, 746 Mary I (England), 391, 403 Midwives, 499 Luftwaffe, 842, 848, 865–66 Mary II (England), 473 Milan: under Austrian rule, 460; duchy of, 320–21; first Lusitania, 782 Mary of Burgundy, 385 (map) clock in, 333; under Spanish rule, 461 Luther (film), 380 Masaccio, 355, 356 Militarism, 770 Luther, Martin, 373, 377–83, 387, 388, 393–94 Masaryk, Thomas, 827 Military: Brandenburg-Prussia, 459; conscription, 553, Lutheranism, 379–86, 395, 446, 447, 448 Massachusetts, mill towns, 617 770, 783; in eighteenth century, 552–53; English, Lützen, Battle of, 448 Massachusetts Bay Company, 432 312; French, 312; mercenary soldiers, 320, 553; Luxembourg, 366, 403, 848 Mass culture, 828–29 Nazi Germany, 841; Prussian, 673, 674; Red Luxemburg, Rosa, 796 Mass education, 719–21 Army, 794; revolution (1560–1660), 449–50; Lyons, and Reign of Terror, 586 Massive retaliation, 882 Russian, 462, 463. See also Weapons and warfare; Lyric poetry, 326 Mass leisure, 720–21, 900 specific branches; specific wars and battles Mass politics, 722–27 Mill, John Stuart, 643–44 Maastricht Treaty, 947 Mass society, emergence of, 708–22 Millenarianism, 389 MacArthur, Douglas, 854, 881 Masurian Lakes, Battle of, 775 Millet, Jean-François, 694, 695 Macartney, Lord, 430 Materialism, 689 Milligen, J. G., 588 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 650 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Milosevic, Slobodan , 942, 943, 945 MacDonald, Ramay, 808 (Newton), 494 Ming dynasty, 429 Macedonia/Macedonians: and Balkan wars, 763 Mathematics, 484–85 Minimalism, in music, 930 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 348–49, 350 Matthias Corvinus, 366 Minimum wage, 786 Machine guns, 776, 777 Maurice (Saint), 342 Mining, 340, 438–39 Madame Bovary (Flaubert), 693 Maximilian (Archduke of Austria), 668 Ministerial responsibility, 639, 643 Madison, James, 653 Maximilian I (Holy Roman Empire), 366, 383, Minority groups: after WWI, 799; in Austria-Hungary, Madras, British trading post at, 427 385 (map) 680 (map), 726, 749; in Hungary, 653; toleration Madrigals, 362 Maya, 417 of, 532–33; before WWI, 769–70. See also specific Mafia, 919 May Day, 706 groups Magazines, 527–28, 721 Mazarin, Cardinal, 452 Mir, 680 Magellan, Ferdinand, 410–11, 416, 426 Mazzini, Giuseppe, 652, 653 The Mission (film), 435 Magenta, Battle of, 670 McCarthy, Joseph R., 898 Missionaries: Catholic, 397–98, 431, 434–36; Magic, 352, 485, 487 McKinley, William, 759 evangelicals, 737 “Magic realism,”929 McLuhan, Marshall, 932 Mitchel, John, 619 Maginot Line, 848 Meat Inspection Act (U.S.), 751 Mitterand, François, 919, 947 Magyars, 678, 727, 749 Mechanics, 491, 494–95 Mobilization, 771–73, 783–84 Mainz, 566 Medical schools, 691–92 Moctezuma (Montezuma), 418 Maistre, Joseph de, 635 Medici family: banking, 340; Catherine de’,399; Modena, 672 Major, John, 946 Cosimo de’,345, 352, 358; Leo X (Pope), 369; Modern Devotion, 325, 376–77 Malacca, 414, 426 Lorenzo the Magnificent, 345 Modernism, 736–41 Malaya, 846, 850 Medicine: affordable health care, 901; anesthesia, 691; Mohács, Battle of, 384 Malay States, 426, 759 in eighteenth century, 529–30; in Middle Ages, Moldavia, 638, 668, 669 Malcolm X, 899 331–33; in nineteenth century, 689–92; Scientific Molière, Jean-Baptiste, 480 Malta, 948 Revolution, 495–96; socialized program in Great Molotov, Vyacheslav, 871 Malthus, Thomas, 642, 689 Britain, 896 Monarchs and monarchies: absolutism, 451, 461, Man and Woman Gazing at the Moon (Friedrich), 660 Medieval Period. See Middle Ages 466–67, 539, 543–49, 550; Austria under Manchuria, 757, 846 Mehmet II, 367 Habsburgs, 460–61, 545–46; Denmark, 463; Manchus, 429 Meiji Restoration, 760 England, 318, 364, 390, 468–69, 471–72, 540; Mandates, 799 Mein Kampf (Hitler), 817–18, 840 France, 318–19, 363, 399, 443–44, 540, 541, 542, Mandela, Nelson, 885 Melanchthon, Philip, 381, 394–95, 486 577, 583, 646–47; Holy Roman Empire, 318–19;

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Hungary, 366; in Middle Ages, 318; and papal National Assembly (France), 578–79, 580, 583, 724 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 733 supremacy, 322; Poland, 366, 467, 548; Prussia, National Bloc (France), 809 Nigeria, 811–12, 885 543–45; Russia, 727; Scandinavia, 386; Spain, National cemeteries, 804 Nightingale, Florence, 669, 670, 743 458; Sweden, 464 National Convention (France), 584–85, 590, 591, 592 Nimwegen, Peace of, 456 Monet, Claude, 738, 739 National Front (France), 955 9/11/01, 951, 952 Mongols, 366 National income, 700 Ninety-Five Theses (Luther), 379 Monroe Doctrine, 637 National Insurance Act (Great Britain), 748 Ninth Symphony (Beethoven), 661 Montcalm, Louis-Joseph, 552 Nationalism: in Austria-Hungary, 749; of Belgians, Nixon, Richard, 914, 919–20, 922–23, 924 Montecino, Antón, 421 647; in Germany, 599, 644, 736, 749; in India, Nkrumah, Kwame, 885 Montefeltro family, 346 761; in Italy, 647; and Napoleon, 598–99; in Nobility: in Bradenburg-Prussia, 459–60; country Montenegro, 762, 763, 945 nineteenth century, 644; in Poland, 647; and homes of, 563–64; in Denmark, 463; in eighteenth Montesquieu, 513–14 social Darwinism, 736; and socialism, 706–7; century, 562–63, 563–65; in England, 540, 562–65, Montessori, Maria, 743–44 and WWI, 769, 773, 774 623, 713; in France, 363, 399, 451, 452–53, 455, Moon landing, 926 Nationalization, 783, 793, 821, 895 563, 575, 576–77, 596, 639; in Italy, 320–21, 341, Moore, Charles, 929 National Liberation Front (FLN), 885 563; in Middle Ages, 308–9; in nineteenth century, Morality: Christian, 714, 733; Confucian, 435, 512; National Organization of Women (NOW), 913 713–14; in Prussia, 543, 563; in Renaissance Machiavelli, 349 National Salvation Front (Romania), 940 Italy, 341; in Russia, 461, 547, 563; in Spain, 563; Moravia, 843 National Socialist German Workers’ Party, 817. See also in Sweden, 464, 550; travel of, 565 More, Hannah, 531 Nazi Germany Nogarola, Isotta, 353 More, Thomas, 375, 390 National System of Political Economy (List), 615 Nokia Corporation, 958 Morel, Edward, 754–55 Native Americans, 421, 433 Nominalists, 326 Morisot, Berthe, 738–39, 740 Native peoples, 418, 421, 433, 434, 438, 511–12 Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 964 Moro, Aldo, 919 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty NORAD (North American Air Defense Command), 899 Morocco, 755, 885 Organization (NATO) Nördlingen, Battle of, 448 Mortality rates. See Death rates Naturalism, 737 Normandy, 312, 313, 316 Moscow, 461 Natural law, 516, 539 Normandy, invasion of, 854 Motion, 491, 493, 494–95 Natural rights, 539 North Africa: Ottoman Empire, 384; WWII, 850 Mott, John, 788 Natural selection, 689 (map), 852. See also specific countries Mountain, 584–85 Navarre, 365 North America: British colonies, 432; eighteenth Movies, 828–29, 905–6, 959. See also specific movies Navigation, 412 century, 573 (map); French colonies, 432–33. See Mozambique, 755, 885 Navy: British, 553, 598, 782; in eighteenth century, also specific countries Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 525, 526, 661 553; military revolution (1560–1660), 450; North American Air Defense Command MTV, 930 Russian, 462 (NORAD), 899 Mughal Empire, 426, 427, 429 Nazi Germany: administration of empire, 855–57; North Atlantic, Battle of, 852 Mühlberg, Battle of, 384 Allied bombing of, 866–68; art, 833–34; Austria North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Mule, 607 annexation, 842–43; Beer Hall Putsch, 817; Afghanistan, 951; Bosnian War, 943; Canadian Mullattoes, 433 blood flag ritual, 818; in Czechoslovakia, membership, 899; formation of, 880; Kosovo Mulroney, Brian, 920, 949 843–44; “diplomatic revolution,”840–42; peacekeeping troops, 945; in 1950s-1960s, 881 Multiculturalism, 960 economic exploitation, 856; emergence of, 813; (map); West German membership, 895 Multinational corporations, 961–62 Enabling Act, 820; foreign workers, 857; and Northern Ireland, 917, 951 Munich Conference, 843, 845 Germany, 846; home front, 865; Kristallnacht, Northern Renaissance humanism, 374–76, 381 Munich Olympics, 931, 951 822–23; Luftwaffe, 842, 848, 865–66; mass leisure, Northern Union, 640–41 “Munition Work” (Loughnan), 787 829, 831; New Order, 855–56; nonaggression Northern War, 463 Münster, 389 pact with Soviets, 845; Nuremberg laws, 822; North German Confederation, 675, 676, 677 Müntzer, Thomas, 382 Poland invasion, 844–45, 847–48; propaganda North Korea, 882. See also Korea Murad (Ottoman Empire), 367 of, 821, 828–29, 830, 855; racism, 855–56; Norway: emigration, 709 (table); Hanseatic League in, Music: atonal style, 834; Baroque, 522–24; classical era, rearmament, 841–42; Reichstag fire, 820; 339; immigrants, 964; Lutheranism, 386; music, 524–25; in Digital Age, 959; grunge, 957–58; resistance movements, 857; Rhineland 740; population, 709 (table); WWII, 848, 857 Impressionism, 740–41; and iPod, 958–59; jazz, occupation, 842; rise of, 817–19; SA purge, 820; Notre-Dame Cathedral, 590 828; minimalism, 930; modern, 930; seizure of power, 819–20; SS (Schutzstaffeln), Novalis, Friedrich, 659 Modernism, 740–43; primitivism, 741; punk 822, 856, 858–59; in Sudetenland, 843; “total Nova Scotia, 457 movement, 930; rap/hip-hop, 930, 931, 958; state” development, 820–23; women in, 822. See Novels, 525–26 Renaissance, 362; rock-and-roll, 906, 930; also World War II November Revolution, 795–96 Romanticism, 660–61, 694–96; serialism, 930; Nehru, Jawaharlal, 812, 890 Novikov, Nikolai, 877 songs of WWI, 781; Threepenny Opera, 833. See Neoclassicism, 522 Novotny, Antonin, 916 also specific composers Neo-Expressionism, 957 Nuclear arms: Antiballistic Missile Treaty, 924; Cuban Music halls, 721 Neoplatonism, 352, 359 Missile Crisis, 883, 884; France, 895; Music videos, 930 Nepotism, 369 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, Muslims: in eighteenth century, 533; in European Netherlands: under Austrian rule, 460; Congress of 950; massive retaliation, 882; Strategic Defense Union, 955; in France, 947; in India, 888; in Vienna, 634; emigration, 709 (table); Initiative (SDI), 925 Palestine, 886; in Spain, 365; and U.S., 952–53. immigration laws, 955; Mennonites, 389; Nuclear family, 557 See also Islam population, 709 (table); under Spanish rule, 403; Nuclear power, Chernobyl disaster, 926 Mussolini, Benito, 813–16, 829, 842, 848, 849, 854, 855 Union of Utrecht, 403; WWII, 848. See also Nuns, 434 Mutsuhito, 760 Dutch Republic Nuremberg, 319, 381 Mutual deterrence, 880 Neumann, Balthasar, 522, 524 Nuremberg laws, 822 Myanmar, 759, 888 New Deal, 810, 898 Nuremberg trials, 896 My Own Story (Pankhurst), 745 New Economic Policy (NEP) (Soviet Union), 823, 824 Nursing, 669, 670, 743 Mysticism, 325, 396 Newfoundland, 457 Nystadt, Peace of, 463 New German School, 694–95 Nagasaki, 431, 855, 868 New Guinea, 782 Oath of the Horatii (David), 522, 525 Nagy, Imry, 893, 894 New Harmony, Indiana, 644 Observatories, 502 The Namesake (Lahiri), 960 New imperialism, 752–61 Occult, 494 Nanjing, Japanese conquest of, 846, 861 New Lanark, Scotland, 644 Occupation zones, in Germany, 870, 878 Naples: under Austrian rule, 460; in eighteenth “New monarchies,”363–68 October Manifesto, 750 century, 566; French control, 347; kingdom New Netherlands, 432 Office of Price Administration (U.S.), 864 of, 345; rebellion of 1640, 450; under unified New Order (Italy), 951 Oil crisis, 920 Italy, 672 New Order (Nazi Germany), 855–56 The Old Curiosity Shop (Dickens), 694 Napoleon Bonaparte: bureaucracy, 596; and Catholic Newspapers, 528, 721 Old order, 577 Church, 595; Civil Code, 595, 639; coup of 1799, Newton, Isaac, 493–95, 502, 510, 512, 516 Olson, Culbert, 864 594; domestic policies, 594–95; European New World, exploration of, 411–12, 415–21 Olympic Games, 829, 925, 931 response to, 597–99; fall of, 599–600; Grand New York, 432 Omdurman, Battle of, 756 Empire, 597–98; military career, 592, 593–94; New Zealand, 511, 756, 782 On Crimes and Punishments (Beccaria), 529 portraits of, 595, 596; rise of, 593–94 Ngo Dinh Diem, 920 One-Dimensional Man (Marcuse), 912 Napoleonic Wars, 597 NGOs (non-governmental organizations), 964 One Hundred Years of Solitude (Márquez), 929 Napoleon III (France), 649, 666–69, 670, 675, 676, 677 Nice, 670 On Liberty (Mill), 643 Narva, Battle of, 463 Nicholas I (Russia), 641, 642, 652, 669 On Parisian Department Stores (Lavasseur), 701 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 886–88 Nicholas II (Russia), 727, 749, 750, 771, 772, 789, 794 On the Fabric of the Human Body (Vesalius), 496

Licensed to:

On the Family (Alberti), 343 Parliament (England), 309, 318, 469–71, 472, 473, Pisa, Council of, 324 On the Motion of Heart and Blood (Harvey), 496 540, 648 Piscator, Erwin, 833 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Parma, 672 Pissarro, Camille, 737–38 (Darwin), 689, 737 Parnell, Charles, 723 Pitt, William the Elder, 540, 541, 552 On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres Parr, Catherine, 391 Pitt, William the Younger, 541, 542 (Copernicus), 486, 488 Pascal, Blaise, 505–6 Pius II (Pope), 368 On the Subjection of Women (Mill), 644 Pasteur, Louis, 688, 690 Pius VII (Pope), 595 OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Pasteurization, 690 Pius IX (Pope), 652, 736 Countries), 920 Paths of Glory (film), 779 Pizarro, Francisco, 420–21 Open door policy, 757–58 The Path to Power (Thatcher), 918 Plague, 303–8, 328–29, 331–33 Opera, 695–96 Patricians, 565–66 Planck, Max, 732 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 868, 925 Patriots, 572 Planetary movement, 485, 486 Orange, House of, 468, 543 Patronage, 540 Plassey, Battle of, 429, 553, 554 Orange Free State, 755 Paul III (Pope), 398 Plato, 352 Oration on the Dignity of Man (Pico), 352, 353 Paul IV (Pope), 398 Playboy magazine, 910 Oratory of Divine Love, 377 Peace settlements and treaties. See specific names PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization), 888 Organic evolution, 689, 690 Peace societies, 743 Pluralism, 376 Organization of Petroleum Exporting Pearl Harbor, 849–50 Plurality of Worlds (Fontenelle), 510 Countries (OPEC), 920 Pearson, Karl, 752 Plutocrats, 713–14 The Organization of Work (Blanc), 644 Pearson, Lester, 899 Poe, Edgar Allan, 658 Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Peasants: in eighteenth century, 562; in France, 576; Poetry: in Middle Ages, 326–27; Romanticism, 658–59; (Darwin), 689, 737 during Middle Ages, 304, 308–9; in nineteenth Symbolism, 737, 738 Orlando, Vittorio, 798 century, 714; in Prussia, 543; during Renaissance, Pogroms, 308, 533, 746 Orléans, 316, 319 341; revolts and rebellions, 309–11, 450; in Poincaré, Raymond, 809, 810 Orphanages, 556–57 Russia, 562, 679–80, 682, 825, 864; in sixteenth Poitiers: Battle of (Hundred Years’ War), 313 Orthodox Church. See Eastern Orthodox Christianity century, 439. See also Serfs and serfdom Poland: after WWII, 870; authoritarian state after Orwell, George, 809 Peasants’ revolt (England), 310–11 WWI, 826; collapse of communism, 939–40; Ostpolitik, 917 Peasant’s War, 381–82 communist reforms (1956), 893; Congress of Ottoman Empire: Armenian genocide, 795; in Austria, Peel, Robert, 648, 655 Vienna, 633–34; EU membership, 948; German 460; and the Balkans, 762; Balkan Wars, 763; Peer Gynt Suite (Grieg), 740 invasion of, 844–45; Jews in, 308; monarchy, Battle of Lepanto, 402; during Charles V (Holy Pen, Jean-Marie Le, 955 366, 467, 548; nationalism, 647; partitions of, Roman Empire), 385 (map); Crimean War, Pensées (Pascal), 505, 506 548–49; Solidarity movement, 916; Treaty of 668–69; decline of, 668, 669 (map); end of, 799; People’s Charter, 628 Brest-Litovsk, 793; union with Lithuania, 467; fifteenth century, 367 (map); Greek revolt People’s Liberation Army (China), 889 uprising (1830), 647; WWII, 847–48, 856, 861 against, 638; in Hungary, 384; Janissaries, 466; in People’s Will (Russia), 682 Poland-Lithuania, 467 sixteenth-seventeenth centuries, 466 (map); Perestroika, 936, 938 Police forces, 654–55, 656 under Suleiman the Magnificent, 384, 465; war Perfection, human, 517–18 Politburo, 823–24 with Russia, 638; WWI, 779, 781–82 Permissive society, 910 Political democracy. See Democracy Ottoman Turks: Byzantine Empire conquered by, 367; Perry, Matthew, 758 Political liberalism, 642–44 Russia’s defeat of, 548; trade with, 340. See also Persia, 757 Political rights: of African Americans, 898–99; of Ottoman Empire Persian Gulf War, 950, 953 women, 331, 520, 644, 731, 743–44 Ouverture, Toussaint L’,591 Persian Letters (Montesquieu), 513 Political structure. See Government Overpopulation, 962 The Persistence of Memory (Dalí), 832, 834 A Political Treatise (Spinoza), 499 “Over There” (Cohan), 781 Personal hygiene, 330 Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture Owen, Robert, 627, 644 Peru: Inca, 419–21; mines at Potosí, 436; revolt against (Bossuet), 451 Oxenstierna, Axel, 464 Spain, 636; Spanish conquest of, 419–21 Politques, 400 Oxford University, 714 Pétain, Henri, 848 Pollaiuolo, Antonio, 355 Peter III (Russia), 546, 551 Pollock, Jackson, 902–3, 905 Pachakuti, 420 Peter the Great (Russia), 461–63 Polo family (Niccolò, Maffeo, and Marco), 411 Pacification of Ghent, 403 Peterloo Massacre, 639 Poltava, Battle of, 463, 550 Painting. See Art Petition of Right (England), 470 Pombal, marquis of, 549 Painting with White Border (Kadinsky), 740 Petrarch, 326–27, 349, 351 Pompadour, Madame de, 540 Pakistan, 888 Petrograd, 789, 790 Pontiffs. See Papacy Palaeologus dynasty, 367 Petrushka (Stravinsky), 741 Poor Law Act (1834) (Britain), 625, 648 Palestine: British control, 799; and Crimean War, 668; Phalansteries, 644 Pop Art, 903 Jewish state in, 886; and Zionist movement, 746 Phèdre (Racine), 480 Popes. See Papacy Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 888 Philip II (England), 391 Popular culture, 526, 530–31, 905–6, 930–32 Palestinians, 951 Philip II (Spain), 401–2, 405, 458, 461 Popular Front (France), 810 Palmerston, Lord, 682 Philip III (Spain), 458 Popular Front (Spain), 827 Pamela: or, Virtue Rewarded (Richardson), 525 Philip IV (France), 311, 312, 322 Population: Amsterdam (1660), 468; in eighteenth Pan-African Congress, 797–98, 812 Philip IV (Spain), 458–59 century, 554–55; and industrialization, 618; Pan American flight, 951 Philip V (Spain), 457, 549 Ireland (1781–1845), 619; Malthus on, 642; in Pan-Arabism, 887–88 Philip VI (France), 311, 319 nineteenth century, 618, 708–9; in seventeenth Pankhurst, Emmeline, 731, 743, 745 Philip of Burgundy, 366 century, 444 Pantheism, 352, 659 Philip of Orléans, 455–56 Population growth, 962 Panzer divisions, 847, 849 Philippines, 416, 426, 724, 759, 868 Populism, 682 Paolini, Pier Paola, 914 Philosophes, 512–21, 577 Portolani, 412 Papacy: authority, 368; at Avignon, 323; in eighteenth Philosophical Transactions, 503 Portrait of Jean Paulhan (Dubuffet), 903 century, 532; reform of, 398; during Philosophic Letters on the English (Voltaire), 514–15 Portraiture, 357 Renaissance, 368–69; supremacy, 322. See also Philosophy: Enlightenment, 512–20; existentialism, Port Sunlight, 711 Names of specific Popes 902, 903–4, 927; Hermeticism, 352; humanism, Portugal: African colonies, 755, 885; in eighteenth Papal bulls, 397 349, 351–55, 374–76, 381. See also specific century, 549; emigration, 709 (table); empire in Papal encyclicals, 736, 737 philosophers New World, 413–17; exploration, 410–11, Papal Schism, 323–24 Photography, 739, 929, 957 415–17; in India, 413–14, 427; in Middle Ages, Papal States, 345, 368, 639, 672 Physicians, 529–30 365; population, 709 (table); rebellion of 1640, Paper, 333 Physics, 732–33, 835–36, 926 450; under Salazar, 827–28; slave trade, 342, 413, Paracelsus, 495–96 Physiocrats, 516–17 422–25; in Southeast Asia, 425–26; spice trade, Paris: in eighteenth century, 565; fall of (1871), 678; Piano, 524 414–15 liberation (WWII), 854; in nineteenth century, Piazza d’Italia (Moore), 929 Post-Impressionism, 739 620; population, 565; reconstruction under Picasso, Pablo, 739–40, 742 Postmodernism, 927–30 Napoleon III, 667, 712; student revolt (1968), Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, 352, 353 Poststructuralism, 927 909–10, 912 Piecework, 704 Potatoes, 436, 558 Paris, Treaty of: (1763), 552, 684; (1783), 573; Piedmont, 639, 652, 670–72 Potosí, mines at, 436 (1856), 669 Piero della Francesca, 357 Potsdam Conference, 870 Paris Commune, 584, 585, 723–24 Pietism, 534 Poussin, Nicholas, 477 Paris Peace Conference, 796–98 Pillnitz, Declaration of, 584 Po valley, 320 Parlements (France), 452, 453, 577 Pilsudski, Joseph, 826 Poverty, 566–67, 577, 625, 656

Licensed to:

Power (political), 928 Quesnay, François, 516–17 in Germany, 649, 650–51, 795–96; in Greece, Power loom, 607 Quianlong, 429, 430 638; in Hungary, 893, 894; in Italy, 636, 647; by Pragmatic Sanction, 551 Quo Vadis (film), 828 peasants, 309–11, 450; in Russia, 750, 789–93; in Prague Spring, 916 Saint Domingue, 591; sexual, 910; in Spain, 639; The Praise of Folly (Erasmus), 375, 376 Racine, Jean-Baptiste, 480 of students, 909–10, 912; by urban workers, 311. Predestination, 392 Racism: apartheid, 885; of Hitler and Nazi Germany, See also French Revolution; Industrial Prefects, 596 817, 855–56; and imperialism, 752; and social Revolution; Scientific Revolution Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun (Debussy), 741 Darwinism, 735–36 Revolutionary socialism, 734 Presley, Elvis, 906 Radcliffe, William, 622 The Revolutionary Tribunal (Milligen), 588 Preventive medicine, 691 Radio, 699, 828–29 Revolutionary War (U.S.), 572–73 Price revolution, 438 Radium, 732 Rhineland, 842 Pries, Knud, 956 Rahner, Karl, 905 Rhodes, Cecil, 755 Primavera (Botticelli), 356 Railroads, 608–9, 614, 685, 749 Ricardo, David, 642 Primitivism, in music, 741 Rain, Steam, and Speed- The Great Western Railway Ricci, Matteo, 398, 435 Primo de Rivera, Antonio, 827 (Turner), 660 Richard II (England), 310, 318 Primo de Rivera, Miguel, 827 Raphael, 359 Richard II (Shakespeare), 479 Primogeniture, 556 Rap music, 930, 931, 958 Richard III (England), 364 The Prince (Machiavelli), 348–49, 350 Rapprochement, 882 Richardson, Samuel, 525 The Princess (Tennyson), 715 Rasputin, 789 Richelieu, Cardinal, 451–52 Principia (Newton), 493, 494, 510 Rastatt, Peace of, 457 Right-wing groups, 955, 956 Principle of intervention, 636, 638 Rathenau, Walter, 783 Rimbaud, Arthur, 738 Principle of legitimacy, 633–34 Rationalism, 500 The Ring of the Nibelung (Wagner), 696 Principles of Political Economy (Ricardo), 642 Reagan, Ronald, 920, 925, 950 Risorgimento, 652 Printing, 355 Realism, 477, 693–96, 834, 929 The Rite of Spring (Stravinsky), 741 Prisoners of war, WWII, 857, 862 Realpolitik, 665, 674 The Rivals (Sheridan), 555 Prison reform, 656–57 Real wage growth Roads: in Britain, 605; of Inca, 420; in U.S., 616 Proclamation to the People (Louis Napoleon), 667 U.S., 898; West Germany, 896 Roaring Twenties, 828, 831 Procurator, 463 Reason, 733 Robespierre, Maximilien, 585, 589, 591, 592 Prodi, Romano, 947 Reason of state, 550 Robins, Thomas, 610 Progressive Era (U.S.), 751 Rebellions. See Revolts and revolutions Rock-and-roll, 906, 930 The Progress of the Human Mind (Condorcet), Recessions, 917, 919 Rocket, 608 517–18 Reconquista, 342 Rococo style, 521, 522 Proletariat, 687 Recreation. See Entertainment and leisure Rocroi, Battle of, 448, 458 Prometheus Unbound (Shelley), 658 Red Army, 794 Röhm, Ernst, 820 Propaganda, 813, 821, 828–29 Red Army Faction, 951 Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church Property rights, 574, 595 Red Brigades, 919, 951 Romania: after WWI, 799; collapse of communism, Prostitution, 330, 344, 705 Red Guards, 923, 924 940; communist, 917; EU membership, 948; Protestant Reformation: background, 374–77; events Redistribution Act (Great Britain), 723 fascism, 827; illiteracy rates, 721; independence of, 377–79; Lutheranism, rise of, 379–85; social Red Scare, 898 of, 762; Little Entente, 805; population, 709 (table) impact, 392–95; spread of, 380–81, 386–92 Red Shirts, 672, 674 Roman Inquisition, 398 Protestants and Protestantism: education, 394–95, 531; Red Terror, 794 Romanov dynasty, 461, 634 in eighteenth century, 532, 533; in 1560, 396 Reflections on the Revolution in France (Burke), 635 Romanticism, 519, 657–62, 694–96 (map); marriage, 393–94; pietism, 534; religious Reform Acts (Britain): (1832), 648, 682; (1867), Rome: Italy’s annexation of, 672; sacks of, 347 practices, 395; Romantic Era revival, 662; 683, 723 Rome-Berlin Axis, 842 women, 393–94 Reform and reformers: of Catholic Church, 368, Rommel,Erwin,852 Protestant Union, 446 374–76, 377; in England (Great Britain), 647–48, Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 810, 850, 855, 869, 870 Protest movements, 910–14, 953, 954 682–83, 723, 747–48; and industrialization, Rossbach, Battle of, 551 Prussia: bureaucracy, 543; Concert of Europe, 636; and 628–29; of prisons, 656–57; in Prussia, 599, 640; Rotterdam, 848 Congress of Vienna, 633–35, 634 (map); Danish in Russia, 678–82; urban, 621–22 Rouen, 311 War, 675; in Dutch Republic, 543; in eighteenth Reformation: Catholic, 395–99. See also Protestant Rougon-Macquart (Zola), 737 century, 543–45; and German unification, 673–78; Reformation Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 518–19, 520, 523 marriage, 561; military, 552; Napoleonic Wars, Reichstag, 366, 820 Royal Academy of Sciences (France), 502 597; Polish territory, 545, 548, 549; population, Reign of Terror, 586–88, 591 Royal Albert Bridge, 610 554; reform in, 599, 640; revolution of 1848, 649, Reinsurance Treaty, 762 Royal Observatory (England), 502, 503 651; rise of, 459–60; Schleswig-Holstein, 675; Relativity theory, 732–33, 926 Royal Society (England), 502, 503 Seven Years’ War, 551–52; Silesia, 545, 551; War Religion: after WWII, 905; current trends, 955; in Rubens, Peter Paul, 476 of Austrian Succession, 545, 551; war with eighteenth century, 532–35; and Enlightenment, Rudolf II (Holy Roman Empire), 487 Austrian Empire (1866), 672; war with France 511, 515; fundamentalism, 955; and imperialism, Ruhr valley, 805 (1870), 672, 676–78 752–53; and Scientific Revolution, 503–5; Russia: under Alexander III, 682, 727; anarchism, 708; Psychoanalysis, 734–35 witchcraft, 444–46. See also specific religions art, 740; and the Balkans, 762, 763, 764, 771; Psychology, 734–35, 835 Religious orders. See specific orders Bloody Sunday, 750, 751; under Catherine the Ptolemy (astronomer), 412, 413, 485, 488 Religious tolerance, 511, 515, 516, 532–34, 544 Great, 538–39, 546–48; Charter of Nobility, 547; Public Health Act (Great Britain), 711 Remarque, Erich Maria, 778 Chechnya, 939; civil war, 793–95; Concert of Public health movement, 691, 710–11 Rembrandt van Rijn, 477, 478 Europe, 636; Congress of Vienna, 633–35; Public works, 810 Reminiscences (Schurz), 650–51 Crimean War, 668–69; Decembrist Revolt, 641; Publishing, 355, 526–27 Renaissance: art in, 355–62; banquet, 339; Catholic emigration, 709 (table); Enlightenment, 538–39; Puddling, 608 Church during, 368–69; characteristics of, 338; expansion (1584–1772), 464 (map); famines, Puerto Rico, 759 economy, 338–40; education, 352–53; family 750, 823; foundling homes in, 556–57; Great Pugachev’s rebellion, 547–48 structure, 342–44; humanism, 349, 351–55; Northern War, 463; illiteracy rates, 721; Punk movement, 930 impact on Scientific Revolution, 484–85; imperialism, 757; and industrialization, 618, Pure Food and Drug Act (U.S.), 751 meaning of, 338; philosophy, 349, 351–52; 749; under Ivan IV the Terrible (Russia), 461; Purgatory, 325, 376–77 printing, 355; slavery during, 342; social Jews in, 746; literature, 737; military, 462, 463, Puritan Revolution, 503 changes, 340–42; warfare during, 346–47; 552, 770; military alliance with France, 762; Puritans, 395, 404, 470, 472, 473, 503 women during, 346 Mongols in, 366; music, 741; Napoleonic Wars, Putin, Vladimir, 939 “Renaissance states,”362–68 597, 599–600; Northern Union, 640–41; October Pym, John, 470 Renan, Ernst, 736 Manifesto, 750; peasants, 562, 679–80, 682; Pyrenees, Peace of, 448, 459 Reparations, 799, 805, 870, 878 under Peter the Great, 461–63; Polish territory, Report on the Condition of the Labouring Population of 548–49, 634, 647; population, 554, 709 (table); Qing dynasty, 429 Great Britain (Chadwick), 621–22 Pugachev’s rebellion, 547–48; Putin era, 939; Quadruple Alliance, 633, 636 Repression, 734, 735 reform, 678–82; Reinsurance Treaty with Quakers, 425, 622 Republican Party (U.S.), 653, 683, 919 Germany, 762; Revolution (1905), 750; Quantum theory, 732, 926 Residenz, 522 Revolution (1917–1918), 789–93; serfdom, Quebec, 432, 751–52, 949 Resistance movements, against Nazis, 857 679–80; Seven Years’ War, 551; Social Democratic Quebec, Battle of, 552 Return from Cythera (Watteau), 522 Labor Party, 706; Three Emperors’ League, Queens. See Monarchs and monarchies; Revisionism, 706 761–62; Triple Entente, 762; Turkish war, 638; specific rulers Revolts and revolutions: American, 572–75; in Eastern war with Russia (1904–1905), 750; women’s Querelles des femmes, 498–99 Europe (1989), 939–40; of 1848, 648–53, 651–52; rights, 793; before WWI, 769; WWI, 771, 772,

Licensed to:

775, 782–83, 784, 789; Yeltsin era, 938–39. See The Seasons (Haydn), 525 Soccer, 721, 722, 723, 829, 931 also Soviet Union; specific rulers SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization), 882 Social class. See Social structure Russian Orthodox Church, 463 Second Balkan War, 763 Social contract, 574, 705–6 Russification, 727 Second Empire (France), 666–69 The Social Contract (Rousseau), 519, 520 Russo-Japanese War, 750 Second Estate, 341, 575, 578 Social Darwinism, 734–35, 752 Rutherford, Ernest, 836 Second German Empire, 677–78 Social Democratic Labor Party (Russia), 706 Ryswick, Treaty of, 457 Second Habsburg-Valois War, 384 Social Democratic Party (Russia), 749–50, 790 Second Industrial Revolution, 699–705 Social Democratic Party (SPD) (Germany), 705–6, SA (Sturmabteilung), 817, 820 Second International, 706, 707 726, 749, 795–96, 895, 917, 945 Sacraments: of Catholic Church, 377, 382–83; The Second Sex (de Beauvoir), 902, 904 Socialism: early, 644–46; evolutionary, 706; in France, Confession, 377; Council of Trent, 399; Second Vietnam War, 890, 912, 914, 920, 922–23 810, 919; Leo XIII on, 737; and nationalism, Eucharist, 325, 382–83, 387, 388, 392 Secret Book (Hitler), 841 706–7; political parties, 705–6; revolutionary, Sacrosancta, 368 Secret police, 794, 893, 915, 916, 917, 945 734; in Russia, 749–50; in Western Europe after Sadler’s Committee report, 626 Secret societies: during Enlightenment, 521; in WWII, 893; and WWI, 773, 785 Saigon, French occupation of, 759 Italy, 639 Socialized medicine, 896 Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre, 400 Secularism, 349 Social security: Germany, 726; Great Britain, 896; in Saint Domingue (Haiti), 431–32, 591 Sedan, Battle of, 677 U.S., 810 Saint Helena, 600 Ségur Law, 575 Social Security Act (U.S.), 810 Saint Lawrence River, 432 Self-determination, 796, 799, 884 Social Statics (Spencer), 735 Saint Matthew’s Passion (Bach), 522 Self-Portrait (Basquiat), 958 Social structure: class conflict, 786–87; in eighteenth Saint Maurice, 342 Self-Portrait (Leyster), 477, 478 century, 530–31, 561–67; in France, 575–77; and Saint Peter’s Basilica, 369, 378 Seljuk Turks, 367 industrialization, 622–23; in nineteenth century, Saint Petersburg, 463, 565, 789 Separation of church and state, 642 713–19; in Prussia, 543–44; in Renaissance Italy, Saints, 395 Separation of powers doctrine, 514 340–42; in Russia, 461; post-WWII, 900 Saint-Simon, comte de, 645 Sephardic Jews, 533 Social welfare programs. See Welfare state Saint Teresa of Avila, 396 Sepoys, revolt of, 757 Society, scientific approach to, 692–93 Sakhalin Islands, 870 September 11, 2001, 951, 952 Society of Jesus, 396–98 Sakharov, Andrei, 914 Serbia: and Bosnian Crisis, 763–65; illiteracy rates, 721; Society of Thirty, 578 Salazar, Antonio, 827–28 independence of, 668, 762; population, 709 Solferino, Battle of, 670 Salons, 520–21 (table); war with Ottoman Empire, 762; WWI, Solidarity movement, 916, 940 Saltaire, England, 620 769, 771, 775 Solomon Islands, 854 Salvation, 325, 376–77, 378, 382, 392 Serbs, 367, 771, 942, 943, 945 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 891 Salvation Army, 737 Serfs and serfdom: in Brandenburg-Prussia, 460; Some Reflections upon Marriage (Astell), 520 Sanford, Elizabeth Poole, 716 emancipation in Austrian Empire, 678; Somme offensive, 777 Sanger, Margaret, 831 emancipation in Russia, 679–80, 681; in Russia, Sorel, Georges, 733–34 Sanitary conditions, 620–22 679–80, 681. See also Peasants Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 434 San Lorenzo, Church of, 357, 358 Serialism, 930 The Sorrows of the Young Werther (Goethe), 657 Sans-culottes, 584 A Serious Proposal to the Ladies (Astell), 520 South Africa, 422, 753–54, 885 San Stefano, Treaty of, 762 Serrano, Andres, 957 South America, discovery and exploration of, 416. See Sardinia, 460, 634 (map), 670 Servants, 623 also specific countries Sarkozy, Nicolas, 947 The Seventh Seal (film), 906 Southeast Asia, 425–26. See also specific countries Sartre, Jean-Paul, 903–4 Seven Years’ War, 429, 433, 551–52 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 882 Saudi Arabia, 811 Sewers, 566, 620, 622, 711 Southern Christian Leadership Conference Saussure, Ferdinand de, 927 Sex and sexuality: Diderot on, 518; extramarital sex, (SCLC), 898 Savoy, 370 910; Renaissance Italy, 343–44; in Roaring South Korea, 882 Saxony, 319, 340, 379 (map), 634 Twenties, 831 South Tyrol, 813 Scandinavia: after WWI, 810; Lutheranism in, 386. See Sexual revolution, 910 Soviets, 790 also specific countries Seymour, Jane, 390 Soviet Union: Afghanistan invasion, 925; Allied war Schleswig-Holstein, 675 Sforza, Battista, 346 conferences, 869–70; art, 834; Brezhnev era, Schlieffen Plan, 771–73, 775 Sforza, Francesco, 344–45 914–15; coexistence with after WWI, 806; coup Schmalkaldic League, 384 Shakespeare, William, 479 attempt (1991), 938, 939; creation of, 823; Schmalkaldic Wars, 384 Shelley, Mary, 658, 659 economy, 823; end of, 935–36, 937–38; Schmidt, Helmut, 917 Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 658 Gorbachev era, 936–38, 949–50; Hitler’s view of, Scholasticism, 326 Sheridan, Richard, 555 840; industrialization, 824; Khrushchev era, Schönberg, Arnold, 834, 930 Shi’ite Muslims, 952 891–92; nonaggression pact with Nazi Germany, Schönhuber, Franz, 955 Ships, 412, 414, 436, 699 845; Poland, 845, 848, 870; under Stalin, 824–26, School of Athens (Raphael), 359 Shogun, overthrow of, 760 890–91; women in, 826, 902; WWII, 845, 849, Schools: Catholic, 397; in Middle Ages, 330–31; Shonibare, Yinka, 960 852–53, 854–55, 857, 863–64, 869–70. See also Montessori, 743–44; in nineteenth century, 719; Siam, 759 Cold War; Russia Protestant, 394–95; state-supported, 531; Siberia, 757 Space exploration, 890, 925, 926 universities, 528, 720, 901, 910–13. See also Sicily: rebellion of 1640, 450; revolution of 1848, 652; Spain: after WWI, 827; and Catholic Church, 401–3; Education WWII, 854 Civil War, 827; decline under Philip III/IV, Schroeder, Gerhard, 926, 945 Sieveking, Amalie, 743 458–59; in eighteenth century, 549; emigration, Schumacher, E. F., 926, 927 Sieyès, Abbè, 578 709 (table); empire in New World, 417–21; Schurz, Carl, 650–51 Sigismund (Holy Roman Empire), 324 exploration, 415 (map); under Franco, 827; Schuschnigg, Kurt von, 843 Sigismund III (Poland), 467 French and Indian War, 552; Jews in, 365; Schutzmannschaft, 655 Silesia, 460 (map), 545, 551 League of Augsburg, 456–57; Muslims in, 365; in Science: in nineteenth century, 687–93; popularization Silver, 436, 439 Netherlands, 403; in nineteenth century, 724–25; of during Enlightenment, 510–11; Romantic Simons, Menno, 389 under Philip II, 401–3, 402 (map), 405; Popular poet’s critique of, 659; before WWI, 732–33; Simplicius Simplicissmimu (Grimmelshausen), 449 Front, 827; population, 554, 709 (table); since WWII, 925–26 Sistine Chapel, 359 Reconquista, 342; revolt, 639; slavery, 342; in Science of man, 516–17 Six-Day War, 888 Southeast Asia, 426; theater, 479; Thirty Years’ Scientific method, 500–502, 689 Sixtus IV, 369 War, 447, 448, 458; unification of, 365; War of Scientific Revolution: astronomy, 485–95; background Skepticism, 510–11 Spanish Succession, 457; war with U.S., 724, 759 to, 484–85; impact of, 483–84; mechanics, 491, Slater, Samuel, 616 Spanish-American War, 724, 759 494–95; medicine, 495–96; rationalism, Slavery: abolition of, 425; in France, 591; during Spanish armada, 405–6 499–500; and religion, 503–5; scientific method, Renaissance, 342; in U.S., 683–84; in West Spectator, 527 500–502; social impact, 503; spread of scientific Indian colonies, 432–33 Speer, Albert, 865 knowledge, 502–3; and women, 497–99 Slave trade, 342, 413, 422–25 Spencer, Herbert, 735 Scotland: Calvinism, 392; New Lanark cooperative, Slavic peoples, 856, 861. See also specific groups Spengler, Lazarus, 381 644; population, 709 (table); rebellion, 470; Slovakia, 843–44, 940, 948 Speransky, Michael, 640 WWII, 867 Slovenia, 460, 942, 948 Spice Islands, 414 Scott, Walter, 657 Small is Beautiful (Schumacher), 926, 927 Spice trade, 414–15, 426 Scripture. See Bible Smallpox, 418, 419, 420, 421, 555, 618, 708 Spinning jenny, 607 Sculpture: Renaissance, 356–57, 360. See also specific Smith, Adam, 516–17 Spinoza, Benedict de, 499, 504–5 sculptors and works Smith, Kiki, 960 Spiral Jetty (Smithson), 928–29 Scutage, 316 Smithson, Robert, 928–29 The Spirit of the Laws (Montesquieu), 514

Licensed to:

The Spiritual Exercises (Ignatius of Loyola), 396–97 Symphonic poem, 695 Trafalgar, Battle of, 598 Spirituality. See Religion Symphonie Fantastique (Berlioz), 661 Traini, Francisco, 329 Sports: interwar period, 829; in nineteenth century, Syndics of the Cloth Guild (Rembrandt), 478 Transformism, 748 717, 721–22; Olympic Games, 829, 925, 931; Syria/Syrians: French control, 799; in United Arab Transnational corporations, 961–62 since WWII, 930–32 Republic, 887 Transportation: airplanes, 700, 783, 829; automobiles, Sputnik, 890, 925 System of Nature (d’Holbach), 517 700, 900; and industrialization, 608–9, 616; Squadristi violence, 814 System of Positive Philosophy (Comte), 692 internal combustion engine, 699; railroads, Square with White Border (Kandinsky), 742 608–9, 614, 685, 749; streetcars, 699; subways, Srebrenica, massacre at, 943 Taaffe, Edward von, 726 699; in U.S., 616. See also Roads Sri Lanka, 888 Tahiti, 511 Transubstantiation, 382–83 SS (Schutzstaffeln), 822, 856, 858–59 Taiwan, 889 Transvaal, British seizure of, 755 Stagflation, 920 Taliban, 951–52 Transylvania, 460 Stalin, Joseph, 824–26, 863, 864, 869, 870, 872, 881, 882 Tanks, 783, 863 Travel, 511–12, 565, 721, 829, 900 Stalingrad, Battle of, 852–53 Tannenberg, Battle of, 775 Travels (Cook), 511 Stalinization, 893 Tanzania, 885 Travels (Polo), 411 Standard of living, 625–27 Tariffs, 517, 614–15, 639, 700, 749 The Travels of John Mandeville, 411 Staniland, C. J., 711 Tartuffe (Molière), 480 Treaties. See specific treaty names Stanley, Henry M., 756 Taverns, 530 Treatise on Human Nature (Hume), 516 The Starry Messenger (Galileo), 489, 491 Taxation: in England/Great Britain, 470, 946; in Treatise on Toleration (Voltaire), 515 Starry Night (Van Gogh), 739, 741 France, 319, 363, 452, 596; in U.S., 573, 920 Trench warfare, 775, 777–78, 780 Stasi, 945 Taylor, Harriet, 644 Trent, Council of, 398–99 State(s): in eighteenth century, 539. See also specific states Tea, 436 Trevithick, Richard, 608 Statute of Laborers, 309 Teachers, 720 Triangular trade route, 423 Stauffenberg, Claus von, 857 The Tears of the Indians (Las Casas), 422 Tribute Money (Masaccio), 356 Steamboats, 616 Tehran Conference, 869 Trieste, 813 Steam engines, 607–8, 615 Telephones, 699, 705, 958 Triple Alliance, 456, 762, 770 (map) Steam-powered locomotives, 608 Telescopes, 489 Triple Entente, 762, 770 (map) Steel, 699, 749, 750 Television, 900, 906, 930–31 Tripoli, Italian seizure of, 755 Steele, Richard, 527 Tempietto, 360 Tristan, Flora, 645–46 Stein, Heinrich von, 599, 640 Ten Hours Act (1847) (Britain), 630 Triumph of Death (Traini), 329 Stephenson, George, 608, 685 Tennis Court Oath, 578–79 Triumph of the Will (film), 829, 830 Steppenwolf (Hesse), 835 Tennyson, Alfred Lord, 671, 715 Troppau, Congress of, 636 Stock, 558 Tenochtitlán, 417, 418, 419 Trotsky, Leon, 791, 794, 823, 824 Stocker, Adolf, 746 Teresa of Avila (Saint), 396 Troyes, Treaty of, 313 Stock market, 806 Terrorism, 885, 949, 951–52 Trudeau, Pierre, 920 Stolypin, Peter, 750 Test Act of 1673 (England), 472 Truffaut, François, 906 The Stonebreakers (Courbet), 693 Textiles: child labor, 624–25, 626; in eighteenth Truman, Harry, 855, 868, 870, 886, 898 Stopes, Marie, 831 century, 558–59, 560, 561; in Japan, 704;in Truman Doctrine, 876, 878 Strasbourg, 308, 395, 456 nineteenth century, 607, 610, 615, 685; in Tsars, 461. See also Names of specific tsars Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 925 U.S., 616 Tudor dynasty, 364, 469 Stravinsky, Igor, 741, 834 Thackeray, William, 693 Tull, Jethro, 557 Streetcars, 699 Thailand, 759, 761 Tunisia, 755, 885 Stresemann, Gustav, 805, 806 Thatcher, Margaret, 917–19 Turing, Alan, 925 Strikes, 627, 707, 734, 748, 750, 770, 784, 789, 809, 814 Theater. See Drama Turkestan, 757 Strozzi, Alessandra, 343, 344 “Theater of the Absurd,”903 Turkey, 811, 876, 878, 880, 883 Struensee, John Frederick, 550 Theatines, 396 Turks. See Ottoman Turks Strutt, Jedediah, 622 Thermidorean Reaction, 592 Turner, Joseph Malford William, 659–60 Stuart dynasty, 469 Thiers, Adolphe, 647, 648 Tuscany, 672 Student protests, 909–13 Third Coalition, 597 Twain, Mark, 617 Student societies, 640, 641 Third Estate, 319, 341, 575–77, 578–79 Two Treatises of Government (Locke), 474–75 Submarines, 782, 842 The Third Man (film), 879 Tyler, Wat, 310 Subways, 699 The Third of May (Goya), 599 Tyrol, 340 Sudan, 755, 756, 964 Third Reich. See Nazi Germany Tzara, Tristan, 832 Sudetenland, 843, 868 Third Republic (France), 723–24, 748 Suez Canal, 686, 755, 886–87 Third Symphony (Beethoven), 661 Uccello, Paolo, 355 Suffrage movements, 743, 744, 745, 786, 902 Thirty Years’ War, 446–49, 458 Ukraine: Chernobyl disaster, 926; independence, 938; Suffragists, 743 Three Emperors’ League, 761–62 under Soviet rule, 794; Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Sugar, 423, 431 Threepenny Opera, 833 793; WWII, 849, 855, 861 Suharto, 890 Throne of Saint Peter (Bernini), 476 Ulbricht, Walter, 878, 883, 916, 917 Sukarno, 890 The Tin Drum (Grass), 903 Ulm, Battle of, 597 Suleiman the Magnificent, 384, 465 Tisza, Istvàn, 749 Ultraroyalists, 639 Sullivan, Louis H., 833 Tithes, 562 Ultrecht, Treaty of, 433 Sumatra, 426 Tito, Josip Broz, 857, 892, 942 Ulysses (Joyce), 835 Sunday school, 656 Tojo, Hideki, 865 Unam Sanctam, 322 Sunni Muslims, 952 Tokugawa Ieyasu, 430 Unbearable Lightness of Being (Kundera), 929 Sun Yat-sen, 760 Toleration Act (1689) (England), 473 Uncertainty principle, 836 Superego, 734 Tolstoy, Leo, 737 Unconditional surrender, 852 Supplement to the Voyage of Bougainville (Diderot), 518 Tonkin, 759 Unconscious, 734, 834–35 Supply-side economics, 920 Tordesillas, Treaty of, 417 Unemployment: in France, 947; in Germany, 808, 817, Supreme Court (U.S.), 653–54 Tories (England), 638–39, 683 819, 821, 896; during Great Depression, 806–7, Surat, British trading post at, 427 Totalitarianism, 813 808; Keynes on, 809; in U.S., 810 Surgeons, 529–30, 690–91 Total war, 783 Union of Concerned Scientists, 963 Surrealism, 832, 834, 902 Toul, 448 Union of Kalmar, 386 Suttner, Bertha von, 743 Tourism, 511–12, 565, 721, 829, 900 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Swan, Joseph, 699 Towns. See Cities and towns See Soviet Union Sweatshops, 704 Toys, 556, 715 Union of Utrecht, 403 Sweden: in eighteenth century, 550; emigration, 709 Trade: Amsterdam, 468; Columbian Exchange, Unions. See Trade unions (table); Great Northern War, 463; Hanseatic 436, 437; in eighteenth century, 560; United Arab Republic (UAR), 887 League in, 339; League of Augsburg, 457; European Economic Community, 897; United Kingdom, 540. See also England Lutheranism, 386; military, 450; population, 709 French, 454–55; globalization, 440; with (Great Britain) (table); in seventeenth century, 464, 465 (map); Latin America, 637–38; mercantilism, 439–40; United Nations, 870, 881, 886, 954 sexual revolution, 910; Thirty Years’ War, 448 in nineteenth century, 700–701, 703–4; United Provinces, 403, 456, 467–68. See also Dutch Swiss Brethren, 389 Portuguese, 414–15; during Renaissance, Republic; Netherlands Swiss Confederation, 386–87 339–40; slaves, 342, 413, 422–25 United States of America: after WWII, 898–99; Switzerland, 709 (table) Trade routes: triangular, 423 Americanization, 905–6; art, 902–3; Articles Syllabus of Errors (Pius IX), 736 Trade unions: in Britain, 627–28; in nineteenth of Confederation, 573; birth of, 573–74; Symbolism, 737, 738 century, 685–86, 707–8; in U.S., 751 Bush (George W.) presidency, 949;

Licensed to:

Carter presidency, 920, 925; China, 757–58; civil Vietnam War, First, 882 Wilson, Woodrow, 751, 783, 796, 797, 798, rights movement, 898–99; Civil War, 683–84; Vietnam War, Second, 890, 912, 914, 920, 922–23 799, 804 Clinton presidency, 949; colonies, 427–29, Vindication of the Rights of Women (Wollstonecraft), Windischgrätz, Alfred, 651–52 431–32, 457; Constitution, 574, 653; Cuban 520, 523 Winkelmann, Maria, 498 Missile Crisis, 883; Declaration of Independence, Viola, Bill, 959 Witchcraft, 444–46 539, 574; depressions, 702, 803–4, 806–7, 810; Visconti family, 320–21, 344–45 Witte, Sergei, 749 in 1860, 684 (map); French and Indian War, Vittorino da Feltre, 352 Wolfe, James, 552 551–52; government, 573–74; Hawaiian Islands, Volkish thought, 736 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 520, 523 759; imperialism, 759; industrialization, 615–18; Voltaire, 452, 514–15, 519, 526 Wolsey, Cardinal, 389 Iraq War, 949, 952; jazz, 828; Korean War, Voting and voting rights: in Britain, 648, 723; in Woman in Her Social and Domestic Character 880–82; medicine, 692; and Muslim world, France, 649; in U.S., 654, 898; for women, 743, (Sanford), 716 952–53; New Deal, 810, 898; Nixon presidency, 744, 745, 786, 902 “A Woman in the Slums” (Orwell), 809 914, 919–20, 922–23, 924; Paris Peace Vulgate, 375 Woman with Coffee Pot (Cézanne), 739, 740 Conference, 797, 798; prisons, 657; Progressive Women: after WWII, 901–2; artists, 477, 738–39; Era, 751; Reagan presidency, 920, 925, 950; Red Wages: of peasants, 308–9; in U.S., 898; in West education of, 353, 394, 396, 720; in eighteenth Scare, 898; rise of, 750–51; rock-and-roll, 906; Germany, 896 century, 557; in Enlightenment, 519–20, 523; September 11, 2001, 951, 952; slavery, 683–84; Wagner, Richard, 695–96 of French Revolution, 580, 582, 588–89; and Spanish-American War, 724, 759; sports, 722; Waiting for Godot (Beckett), 903 industrialization, 616–17, 625; in Italy, 346, Supreme Court, 653–54; trade unions, 751; Walesa, Lech, 916, 940 353, 354; Joan of Arc, 314–16, 317–18; medical Vietnam War, 890, 912, 914, 920, 922–23; voting Wallachia, 464, 638, 668, 669 school admittance, 692; in Middle Ages, 328, rights, 654, 786; war for independence, 572–73; Wallenstein, Albrecht von, 447–48 330, 331; mystics, 325; in Napoleonic France, Watergate, 919–20; WWI, 782–83, 795; WWII, Walpole, Robert, 540 595; nature of, 498–99, 519–20; in Nazi Germany, 849–51, 854, 855, 864–65, 866, 868, 869–70; The War (Dix), 832 822; and Protestant Reformation, 393–94; in youth protests, 911. See also Cold War War and Peace (Tolstoy), 737 Renaissance Italy, 346; in Roaring Twenties, Universal elementary education, 719–20 War communism, 794 831; in Russia, 463; scientists, 497–98; socialists, Universal person, 338 War crimes, 896 644–46; in Soviet Union, 826; in trade unions, Universe, nature of, 485, 486, 926 Warfare. See Weapons and warfare 707–8; voting rights, 743, 744, 745, 786, 902; Universities, 528, 720, 901, 910–13 War Guilt Clause, 799 and witchcraft hysteria, 444–46; in workforce, University of Leiden, 529 Warhol, Andy, 903 704–5, 901–2, 953; during WWI, 785–86; Upper classes: in nineteenth century, 713–14. War Labor Board (U.S.), 864 during WWII, 857, 862, 864, 865. See also See also Nobility War memorials, 804 Gender roles Urban VI (Pope), 324 War of 1812, 653 Women’s liberation movement, 902, 904, Urbanization, 710–12, 750 War of Austrian Succession, 545, 551 953–54 Urban revolts, 311 War of Spanish Succession, 457, 460 Women’s rights, 331, 520, 644, 731, 743–44 Urbino, 345, 346 War of the League of Augsburg, 457 Women’s Social and Political Union, 743 Ursulines, 396 War of the Roses, 363–64 Women’s suffrage, 743, 744, 745, 786, 902 USSR. See Soviet Union “War on poverty,”898 Woolen industry, 311, 340 Utopia (More), 375 Wars. See speciﬁc wars Woolf, Virginia, 835 Utopian socialists, 644–46 Warsaw: Duchy of, 597; Soviet occupation, 855 Wordsworth, William, 628, 658–59 Utrecht, Peace of, 457 Warsaw Pact, 880, 881 (map) Workers. See Labor/labor force Utrecht, Treaty of, 549 Wars of Religion, 399–401 Worker’s Union (Tristan), 646 Washington, George, 572, 573 Work hours, 719 Vaccination, 690 Wastewater treatment, 711 Workhouses, 625 Valéry, Paul, 831 Water, 711 Working class: in nineteenth century, 714–15, Valla, Lorenzo, 352 Water frame, 559, 607 719; religious practice, 737. See also Labor/ Valois dynasty, 311, 347, 383, 399, 400 Watergate, 919–20 labor force Vanderbilt, Consuelo, 714 Waterloo, Battle of, 600 Working conditions, 623–25 Van de Velde, Theodore, 831 Waterways, 685 Works Progress Administration (WPA), 810 Van Eyck, Jan, 361, 362 Watt, James, 607 Work week, 900 Van Gogh, Vincent, 739, 741 Watteau, Antoine, 521, 522 World Bank, 961 Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a Hero Watts riots, 899 World Cup, 829 (Thackeray), 693 The Wealth of Nations (Smith), 517 World-machine, 495 Vasa, Gustavus, 386 Weapons and warfare: atomic bomb, 836, 855, 864, The World of Yesterday (Zweig), 774 Vasari, Giorgio, 361 868, 880, 925; Austro-Prussian War, 675; in World Trade Organization (WTO), 962 Vassalage, 311, 316 eighteenth century, 553–54; Hundred Years’ War, World War I: African campaigns, 781–82; casualties, Vatican City, 816 312, 313; machine guns, 776, 777; in Middle 795; declarations of war, 771–73; eastern front, Vatican II, 905 Ages, 333; Portuguese, 414–15; of Red Army, 775, 776 (map); end of, 795; Europe after, 800 Venetia, 639, 652, 671, 672 794; Renaissance Italy, 346–47; WWI, 775, 776, (map); events leading up to, 761–65, 769–70; Venezuela, 636 777–78, 780, 782, 783; WWII, 842, 855, 864, 868. home front, 783–88; impact of, 768–69, Venice: in eighteenth century, 549; poverty See also Nuclear arms 785–88, 795, 804; in 1914–1915, 773–75; in in, 566; during Renaissance, 344–45; Weather: “little ice age,”304 1916–1917, 777–79; in 1918, 795; Paris Peace republic of, 321 Weill, Kurt, 833 Conference, 796–98; peace treaties, 798–99, Venturi, Robert, 929 Weimar Republic, 816–17 804; people’s excitement over/opinion of, Verdun, 448 Welfare state: in Canada, 899; in Europe after 773–75, 784–85; soldiers’ experiences, 768, Verdun, Battle of, 777 WWII, 900–901; in France, 901; gender 777–79, 780, 788; U.S. entry, 782–83; western Vergerio, Pietro Paolo, 352–53 issues, 901; in Germany, 726; in Great Britain, front, 775, 775 (map) Vernacular literature, 326 748, 896–97, 901; in Scandinavia, 810; in World War II: aftermath, 868–71, 875–76; Asian- Verona, Congress of, 636 U.S., 898, 920 Pacific theatre, 849–51, 853–54, 855; atomic Versailles, Palace of, 454, 455–56, 521, 563, Wesley, John, 534–35 bomb, 855, 864, 868; Battle of Britain, 848; 580, 582 West Germany , 880, 895–96, 900, 901, 912, 917 casualties, 868; costs of, 868–69; declarations Versailles, Treaty of, 798–99, 805, 840–41, 842 West Indies, 431–32 of, 845; end of, 855; European theatre, 847–49, Vesalius, Andreas, 496, 498 Westphalia, 634 850 (map), 852–53, 854–55; events leading up Viceroys, 421 Westphalia, Peace of, 448, 459, 468 to, 840–47; Hitler’s role in, 839, 840; Holocaust, Vichy France, 848 Whig Party (U.S.), 683 857–61, 862; home front, 862–68; Nazi invasion Victor Emmanuel II (Italy), 670, 672 Whigs (Britain), 639, 647 of France, 848; Nazi invasion of Greece, 849; Victor Emmanuel III (Italy), 814 White Battle, Battle of, 447 Nazi invasion of Soviet Union, 849; Nazi Victoria (Great Britain), 682–83, 757 White-collar jobs, 704–5, 714 invasion of Yugoslavia, 849; Normandy Video games, 959 “The White Man’s Burden” (Kipling), 754 invasion, 854; in North Africa, 850 (map), Vienna: Jews in, 745, 746; in nineteenth century, 620; White Rose movement, 857 852; Pearl Harbor, 849–50; Soviet offensive revolution of 1848, 651; Ringstrasse, 712; White Russians, 793–94 (1943), 854–55; territorial changes after, 871 Turks’ defeat at, 384, 460 William I (Netherlands), 634 (map); turning point (1942–1943), 851–54; Vienna, Congress of, 632, 633–35 William I (Prussia), 673, 677 U.S. entry, 849–51 Vienna settlement, 640 William II (Germany), 726, 727, 748–49, 762, 763, 769, Worms, Diet and Edict of, 379 Vienna summit (1961), 883 772, 782, 795 The Wretched of the Earth (Fanon), 887 Vierzehnheiligen, 524 William III of Orange, 468, 473 Wright, Frances, 644 Vietcong, 920, 922 William of Occam, 326 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 833 Vietnam, 426, 428, 429, 882, 888–89 William of Orange, 403, 468 Wright, Wilbur and Orville, 700

WTO (World Trade Organization), 962 Youth protest movements, 910–13 Zeppelins, 783 Wyclif, John, 368 Yugoslavia: authoritarian state after WWI, 826; Zhenotdel, 793 break up of, 942–45; establishment of, 796; Zinzendorf, Nikolaus von, 534 Yalta Conference, 869–70 Little Entente, 805; under Tito, 892; Zionism, 746, 886 Yeltsin, Boris, 935–36, 938–39 WWII, 857 Zola, Émile, 737 Young, Arthur, 559 Zollverein, 673 Young Fascists, 815 Zaire, 885 Zürich, 386–87, 386 (map) Young Girl by the Window (Morisot), 739, 740 Zasulich, Vera, 682 Zweig, Stefan, 774 Young Italy, 652, 653 Zell, Katherine, 394 Zwingli, Ulrich, 386–87, 388 Youth organizations: Italy’s Young Fascists, 815; Nazi, 822 Zemstvos, 680, 727, 750