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Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages The Artios Home Companion Series Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Teacher Overview THE HUNDRED Years’ War developed from a question: who should rule the kingdom of France? After the Norman Conquest of England, the kings of England were all vassals of the King of France for the lands they owned in France. The French tried over many years to expel the English and regain control of these lands. So, when one of the English kings, Edward III, made a claim that he should be King of France, rivals in France vehemently disputed his claim. Meanwhile, the individual countries within the Holy Roman Empire were realizing they were capable of governing themselves apart from the Church. Conflicts between the Emperor and the Pope divided the people into factions, some of which supported the Pope and others which supported the Emperor. Nations on either side of this conflict allied themselves either for or against France in her conflict with England, and the first international war erupted, which devastated Europe for more than a hundred years. Battle of Bouvines, by Horace Vernet Reading and Assignments In this unit, students will: Complete two lessons in which they will learn about the Holy Roman Empire, strife with the popes, commercial progress, the captivity of the popes, and the start of the Hundred Years’ War, journaling and answering discussion questions as they read. Define vocabulary words. Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 228 Explore the following websites: ▪ Map of the Holy Roman Empire and modern-day countries it included: http://www.roman-empire.net/maps/empire/extent/rome-modern-day- nations.html ▪ Frederic I, Barbarossa – Begin at “A Union of Germanic States”: www.nobility-association.com/theholyromanempire.htm Be sure to visit www.ArtiosHCS.com for additional resources. Leading Ideas Godly rulers are a blessing to the Seek godly leaders to represent you. people. Look for able men from all the When one rules justly over men, people, men who fear God, who are ruling in the fear of God, he dawns trustworthy and hate a bribe, and on them like the morning light, like place such men over the people as the sun shining forth on a cloudless chiefs of thousands, of hundreds, of morning, like rain that makes grass fifties, and of tens. And let them to sprout from the earth. judge the people at all times — 2 Samuel 23:3-4 — Exodus 18:21-22 Vocabulary Key People, Places, and Events Lesson 1: Lesson 2: Frederick I, Barbarossa Alexander III pestilence nominal Otto IV Hanseatic League suzerainty Boniface VIII Clement V insolent Phillip IV Edward III depredation The Papal Palace in Avignon, France (By Jean-Marc Rosier from http://www.rosier.pro, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4837750) Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 229 L e s s o n O n e History Overview and Assignments Strife With the Popes “If the emperors had been content to forget their wild dream of world dominion, and advance their country in the ways of peace, the fate of the Empire might have been very different. As it was, because of this dream and the wars with the Popes which were one of its consequences, both the House of Hohenstaufen and the Empire were brought to ruin.” – Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall Statue of Frederick I Barbarossa, in front of the Imperial Palace in Goslar. Sculptor: Robert Toberentz Reading and Assignments Review the discussion questions and vocabulary, then read the article: The Holy Roman Empire — Strife With the Popes — Commercial Progress. Narrate about today’s reading using the appropriate notebook page. Be sure to answer the discussion questions and include key people, events, and dates within the narration. Define each vocabulary word in the context of the reading and put the word and its definition in the vocabulary section of your history notebook. Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 230 Explore the following websites: ▪ Map of the Holy Roman Empire and modern-day countries it included: http://www.roman-empire.net/maps/empire/extent/rome-modern-day- nations.html ▪ Frederic I, Barbarossa – Begin at “A Union of Germanic States”: www.nobility-association.com/theholyromanempire.htm Be sure to visit www.ArtiosHCS.com for additional resources. Vocabulary Discussion Questions pestilence 1. What modern day countries made up the Holy Roman suzerainty Empire? (see website listed above) insolent depredation 2. Describe Frederick Barbarossa as a ruler. 3. Describe and explain Frederick Barbarossa’s conflict Key People, with the papacy. Places, and 4. What was the result of that conflict? Events 5. How did Sicily become a fief of the Holy Roman Empire? 6. How did Frederick die? Frederick I, Barbarossa Alexander III 7. What legend lives on about Frederick? Otto IV 8. How did the Hanseatic League develop during the reign Hanseatic League of Frederick II? 9. What role did the Hanseatic League play? Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 231 Adapted for Middle School from the book: The Story of Europe by Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall The Holy Roman Empire — Strife With the Popes — Commercial Progress The Saxon line of emperors came to an pope and emperor, had wrung themselves end with Emperor Henry V, and under the free and formed republics. The emperors’ next dynasty, the Hohenstaufens, the bitter quarrels with the Pope were bitter and struggle between popes and emperors frequent, and in these struggles the popes continued. Emperors, too, still strove after sometimes sought help from the Normans, world dominion, while their power over sometimes from the Lombard cities. They Germany was yet unstable. used their spiritual powers against the At length both Germany and Italy Emperor also, and like some of his became divided into two great parties. One predecessors, Barbarossa was supported the Pope, and the other excommunicated. supported the Emperor. But the thunders of the Church did not affect him as they had affected Henry IV. Frederick I, Barbarossa For Barbarossa ruled Germany with a In the tremendous struggle between strong hand, and the German bishops were pope and emperor, the empire would emperor’s men rather than pope’s men. eventually succumb, but for a time the They did homage to the Emperor for their inevitable end was staved off by the genius fiefs, and rode with his army. Had the of a great man. This was Frederick I, German church always been thus true to the “Barbarossa” (“Red Beard”). Strong and Emperor, the fate of the German Empire just, a great statesman and a great soldier, might have been other than it was. he was, perhaps, the best emperor who has ever ruled over Germany. Italy and the Empire Under him once again the warring states Soon after his coronation, Frederick were united. Even he could not entirely put entered Italy and in several campaigns down private warfare, but he greatly reduced the Lombard cities to submission. reduced it; in the comparative peace the It was done with not a little cruelty, Milan country became more prosperous and being razed to the ground. Frederick placed united than ever before. It would have been German rulers over the cities and provinces well for Germany had Barbarossa been and laid upon the people such a burden of content with his work there. But once again taxes that the record of them was called The the desire for world dominion and the fatal Book of Pain and Mourning. connection with Italy brought ruin. Frederick’s first papal quarrel was with The Normans were by this time firmly Adrien IV, the only Englishman who ever established in Italy, and the South was thus sat upon the papal throne. It began over a practically lost to the empire. In the North very small matter. Adrien wrote a letter to the great cities had grown powerful, and Frederick in which he seemed to claim that taking advantage of the quarrels between the empire was his (the Pope’s) gift and the Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 232 Emperor merely his vassal. At this This battle was a turning point in assumption, the imperial wrath blazed Frederick’s reign. After it, he saw that it was furiously. The Pope was roused to equal useless to struggle against the growing spirit fury, and only his death saved the Emperor of freedom which had grown up among the from excommunication. cities of Italy. So he made peace with the But his death, far from ending the Lombards, keeping only a vague suzerainty quarrel, only added more fury to it. For two over them. He also gave up the cause of the popes were now elected, the Emperor’s rival pope and made peace with Alexander, party choosing Victor IV, the Pope’s party, who removed the ban of excommunication Alexander III. Each pope, as soon as he was from him. Even after this, however, his enthroned, excommunicated his rival, and dealings with the popes were never Alexander III also excommunicated the altogether smooth. Emperor. A few years later Frederick made peace Barbarossa cared little for the thunders with Sicily also, and arranged a marriage of the Church. But Alexander was a between his son Henry and Constance, the formidable foe. Against such a pope the heiress of Sicily. Thus, at length Sicily Emperor needed all his strength, and soon became a fief of the empire. The Pope, his cause was endangered by the death of however, was ill-pleased with this last his own pope.
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