The Artios Home Companion Series Unit 18: in the Late

Teacher Overview

THE HUNDRED Years’ War developed from a question: who should rule the kingdom of ? After the Norman Conquest of England, the kings of England were all of the King of France for the lands they owned in France. The French tried over many years to expel the English and regain control of these lands. So, when one of the English kings, Edward III, made a claim that he should be King of France, rivals in France vehemently disputed his claim. Meanwhile, the individual countries within the were realizing they were capable of governing themselves apart from the Church. Conflicts between the Emperor and the Pope divided the people into factions, some of which supported the Pope and others which supported the Emperor. Nations on either side of this conflict allied themselves either for or against France in her conflict with England, and the first international war erupted, which devastated Europe for more than a hundred years.

Battle of Bouvines, by Horace Vernet

Reading and Assignments In this unit, students will:  Complete two lessons in which they will learn about the Holy Roman Empire, strife with the popes, commercial progress, the captivity of the popes, and the start of the Hundred Years’ War, journaling and answering discussion questions as they read.  Define vocabulary words.

Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 228  Explore the following websites: ▪ Map of the Holy Roman Empire and modern-day countries it included: http://www.roman-empire.net/maps/empire/extent/rome-modern-day- nations.html ▪ Frederic I, Barbarossa – Begin at “A Union of Germanic States”: www.-association.com/theholyromanempire.htm  Be sure to visit www.ArtiosHCS.com for additional resources.

Leading Ideas Godly rulers are a blessing to the Seek godly leaders to represent you. people. Look for able men from all the When one rules justly over men, people, men who fear God, who are ruling in the fear of God, he dawns trustworthy and hate a bribe, and on them like the morning light, like place such men over the people as the sun shining forth on a cloudless chiefs of thousands, of hundreds, of morning, like rain that makes grass fifties, and of tens. And let them to sprout from the earth. judge the people at all times — 2 Samuel 23:3-4 — Exodus 18:21-22

Vocabulary Key People, Places, and Events Lesson 1: Lesson 2: Frederick I, Barbarossa Alexander III pestilence nominal Otto IV Hanseatic League suzerainty Boniface VIII Clement V insolent Phillip IV Edward III depredation

The Papal Palace in , France (By Jean-Marc Rosier from http://www.rosier.pro, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4837750)

Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 229 L e s s o n O n e

History Overview and Assignments Strife With the Popes

“If the emperors had been content to forget their wild dream of world dominion, and advance their country in the ways of peace, the fate of the Empire might have been very different. As it was, because of this dream and the wars with the Popes which were one of its consequences, both the House of and the Empire were brought to ruin.” – Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall

Statue of Frederick I Barbarossa, in front of the Imperial Palace in . Sculptor: Robert Toberentz

Reading and Assignments

 Review the discussion questions and vocabulary, then read the article: The Holy Roman Empire — Strife With the Popes — Commercial Progress.  Narrate about today’s reading using the appropriate notebook page. Be sure to answer the discussion questions and include key people, events, and dates within the narration.  Define each vocabulary word in the context of the reading and put the word and its definition in the vocabulary section of your history notebook.

Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 230  Explore the following websites: ▪ Map of the Holy Roman Empire and modern-day countries it included: http://www.roman-empire.net/maps/empire/extent/rome-modern-day- nations.html ▪ Frederic I, Barbarossa – Begin at “A Union of Germanic States”: www.nobility-association.com/theholyromanempire.htm  Be sure to visit www.ArtiosHCS.com for additional resources.

Vocabulary Discussion Questions pestilence 1. What modern day countries made up the Holy Roman suzerainty Empire? (see website listed above) insolent depredation 2. Describe Frederick Barbarossa as a ruler. 3. Describe and explain Frederick Barbarossa’s conflict Key People, with the papacy. Places, and 4. What was the result of that conflict? Events 5. How did Sicily become a fief of the Holy Roman Empire? 6. How did Frederick die? Frederick I, Barbarossa Alexander III 7. What legend lives on about Frederick? Otto IV 8. How did the Hanseatic League develop during the reign Hanseatic League of Frederick II? 9. What role did the Hanseatic League play?

Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 231 Adapted for Middle School from the book: The Story of Europe by Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall The Holy Roman Empire — Strife With the Popes — Commercial Progress

The Saxon line of emperors came to an pope and emperor, had wrung themselves end with Emperor Henry V, and under the free and formed republics. The emperors’ next , the , the bitter quarrels with the Pope were bitter and struggle between popes and emperors frequent, and in these struggles the popes continued. Emperors, too, still strove after sometimes sought help from the Normans, world dominion, while their power over sometimes from the Lombard cities. They Germany was yet unstable. used their spiritual powers against the At length both Germany and Italy Emperor also, and like some of his became divided into two great parties. One predecessors, Barbarossa was supported the Pope, and the other excommunicated. supported the Emperor. But the thunders of the Church did not affect him as they had affected Henry IV. Frederick I, Barbarossa For Barbarossa ruled Germany with a In the tremendous struggle between strong hand, and the German bishops were pope and emperor, the empire would emperor’s men rather than pope’s men. eventually succumb, but for a time the They did to the Emperor for their inevitable end was staved off by the genius fiefs, and rode with his army. Had the of a great man. This was Frederick I, German church always been thus true to the “Barbarossa” (“Red Beard”). Strong and Emperor, the fate of the just, a great statesman and a great soldier, might have been other than it was. he was, perhaps, the best emperor who has ever ruled over Germany. Italy and the Empire Under him once again the warring states Soon after his , Frederick were united. Even he could not entirely put entered Italy and in several campaigns down private warfare, but he greatly reduced the Lombard cities to submission. reduced it; in the comparative peace the It was done with not a little cruelty, Milan country became more prosperous and being razed to the ground. Frederick placed united than ever before. It would have been German rulers over the cities and provinces well for Germany had Barbarossa been and laid upon the people such a burden of content with his work there. But once again taxes that the record of them was called The the desire for world dominion and the fatal Book of Pain and Mourning. connection with Italy brought ruin. Frederick’s first papal quarrel was with The Normans were by this time firmly Adrien IV, the only Englishman who ever established in Italy, and the South was thus sat upon the papal throne. It began over a practically lost to the empire. In the North very small matter. Adrien wrote a letter to the great cities had grown powerful, and Frederick in which he seemed to claim that taking advantage of the quarrels between the empire was his (the Pope’s) gift and the

Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 232 Emperor merely his . At this This battle was a turning point in assumption, the imperial wrath blazed Frederick’s reign. After it, he saw that it was furiously. The Pope was roused to equal useless to struggle against the growing spirit fury, and only his death saved the Emperor of freedom which had grown up among the from excommunication. cities of Italy. So he made peace with the But his death, far from ending the Lombards, keeping only a vague suzerainty quarrel, only added more fury to it. For two over them. He also gave up the cause of the popes were now elected, the Emperor’s rival pope and made peace with Alexander, party choosing Victor IV, the Pope’s party, who removed the ban of excommunication Alexander III. Each pope, as soon as he was from him. Even after this, however, his enthroned, excommunicated his rival, and dealings with the popes were never Alexander III also excommunicated the altogether smooth. Emperor. A few years later Frederick made peace Barbarossa cared little for the thunders with Sicily also, and arranged a marriage of the Church. But Alexander was a between his son Henry and Constance, the formidable foe. Against such a pope the heiress of Sicily. Thus, at length Sicily Emperor needed all his strength, and soon became a fief of the empire. The Pope, his cause was endangered by the death of however, was ill-pleased with this last his own pope. But nothing daunted, he stroke of policy on Frederick’s part. For with elected another, Paschal III, and marching Sicily a fief of the empire, he lost an ally in on Rome, he took the city and triumphantly his struggles with the Emperor. Yet, angry enthroned his pope there, while Alexander although he was, he did not renew the ban fled in dismay. of the Church. The Emperor had conquered; but in the very moment of his triumph, disaster overtook him. Pestilence wasted his army, and the Lombard cities, joining hands with Pope Alexander, rose in revolt. Frederick sent to Germany for reinforcements; but they were refused, and in the Battle of Legnano he was defeated by the Lombards.

Frederick Barbarossa as a crusader, miniature from a copy of the Historia Hierosolymitana

Three years later Barbarossa set out with Battle of Legnano, by Massimo d’Azeglio the Third and died somewhere in

Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 233 Asia Minor. But he had impressed himself his rival. In this quarrel foreign nations also so thoroughly on the German people that became involved, King John of England they did not believe in his death! So a legend allying himself with Otto, and Philip of arose that he was only resting after his great France allying himself with Frederick. This labors and that he would come again. He was the first international war in the history sits, it is said, within a cave in the heart of of Europe. It ended in the triumph of France the Kyffhausen Mountains, waiting till his at the Battle of Bouvines. country has need of him. Frederick II Otto rode from the field a fallen emperor, and Frederick II took his place. He, at first sustained by the Pope, was soon involved in quarrels with him. During his reign four popes ruled in Rome, but his bitterest quarrels were with the last two, Gregory IX and Innocent IV. He was excommunicated more than once, but he was unbending in his defiance, and, to prove his contempt for the Pope’s authority, while still under the ban of the Church, he insolently undertook the Fifth Crusade. Yet this was the only one of the later which produced the result for which it was initiated. Frederick II was brilliant and learned, a

lover of science and art, and his ideas of The death of the Emperor during the 3rd Crusade, painting by Gustave Doré statesmanship were far before his times.

But he was far more a Sicilian than a

The emperors who succeeded German, and during his long reign of thirty- Barbarossa were all involved in the same old five years, although he ruled Sicily well, he round of struggle — with angry popes, with neglected Germany and spent little of his rebellious German states, with revolting time there. Indeed, during the last thirteen cities in northern Italy — and to all was years of his reign, he never crossed its added the struggle to conquer Sicily borders. The German nobles, taking securely for the empire. At length, under the advantage of this neglect once more, did as weight of all these evils, the empire was they would, and the land was filled with crushed to the dust. private wars and bloodshed. Yet, out of this In the days of Otto IV, the land was filled time of confusion a great trade organization with strife. First Otto disputed the crown arose, called the Hanseatic League. with Philip of Swabia, and after he was accepted as emperor, Frederick II of The Hanseatic League Hohenstaufen, King of Sicily, appeared as During his reign, Barbarossa had greatly

Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 234 encouraged the towns with their trade and allowed the privilege of coining English commerce, and had made many of them money. From this we have our word free cities who gave allegiance to none but sterling, used still in connection with the Emperor. These towns had no mind to British coinage to express its genuineness now lose their freedom and trade through and good quality. Thus, early the German the depredations of robber knights. So, for people, as distinct from the German nobles, protection they banded themselves into showed their aptitude for peaceful leagues, of which the Hanseatic League commerce. And once again history seems to soon became the chief. It grew to such show that if the emperors had been content importance that all the trade of the Baltic, to forget their wild dream of world and most of the trade of the North Sea, was dominion and advance their country in the soon in its hands. It owned armies and ways of peace, the fate of the empire might fleets, and even kings were forced to bow to have been very different. As it was, because its power. of this dream and the wars with the popes Much of the trade of England was which were one of its consequences, both carried on by the Hanseatic merchants. The the House of Hohenstaufen and the empire English called them Easterlings, or men were brought to ruin. from the East. They were probably even

Georg Giese from Danzig, 34-year-old German Hanseatic merchant at the Steelyard, painted in London by Hans Holbein

Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 235 L e s s o n T w o

History Overview and Assignments The Beginning of the Hundred Years’ War

“Under Philip Augustus, France began to take a great place among the nations of Europe . . . But it was another Philip — Philip IV — who broke the power of the pope. The Hohenstaufen dynasty had been brought to utter ruin through its constant and fierce struggles with the popes. The popes had triumphed. But they had not come forth from the battle altogether unwounded, and in time the papacy declined even as its great rival the Empire declined.” – Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall

Philip IV of France

Reading and Assignments

 Review the discussion questions and vocabulary, then read the article: France: The Captivity of the Popes — The Beginning of the Hundred Years’ War.  Narrate about today’s reading using the appropriate notebook page. Be sure to answer the discussion questions and include key people, events, and dates within the narration.  Define each vocabulary word in the context of the reading and put the word and its definition in the vocabulary section of your history notebook.  Be sure to visit www.ArtiosHCS.com for additional resources.

Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 236 Vocabulary Discussion Questions nominal 1. What role did the papacy play during the first half of the ? Key 2. What did Philip of France do when he was in need of money? People, 3. What was the response of the Pope to Philip’s reaction? Places, and 4. What was Philip’s reaction to the Pope’s response? Events 5. What was the name for the time the popes spent in “captivity” in Boniface VIII France? Clement V 6. What did this “captivity” show to other nations? Phillip IV 7. Who succeeded Philip IV? Edward III 8. Who succeeded Louis X? 9. What claim by Edward III sparked the Hundred Years’ War? 10. Describe the conflict between the Flemish and the English during the Hundred Years’ War.

Adapted for Middle School from the book: The Story of Europe by Henrietta Elizabeth Marshall France: The Captivity of the Popes - The Beginning of the Hundred Years’ War

Around the turn of the thirteenth not rooted in nationality. But when the century, under Philip II (called “Augustus”), papacy came in contact with the strong and France began to take a great place among growing nationality of France, it fell beneath the nations of Europe, and Philip is the yoke. sometimes called the “Founder of France.” During the first half of the thirteenth But it was another Philip — Philip IV — who century under Innocent III and his broke the power of the Pope. immediate successors, the papal power was The Hohenstaufen dynasty had been at its highest. Then the Pope acted not brought to utter ruin through its constant merely as the spiritual head of all and fierce struggles with the popes. The Christendom but as the overlord of every popes had triumphed. But they had not temporal ruler and as the supreme come forth from the battle altogether potentate in Italy. Innocent interfered with unwounded, and in time the papacy the temporal affairs of Europe from Norway declined even as its great rival the empire to , from England to Hungary. Weak declined. King John of England cowered beneath his The power of the Hohenstaufens had wrath, and even Philip Augustus of France, fallen before the power of the papacy the strongest ruler in Europe at the time, because it had no solid foundation. It was had to bow to his will.

Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 237 Merely by the force of his tremendous means of ruling a people, and binding it claims, aided by the visionary authority together in common interests, had still to be which still surrounded the name of Rome, learned. There was no regular system of the Pope compelled the submission of taxation, and when a king wanted money he mighty kings and princes, without drawing raised it however he could, often enough a sword, with indeed no army to back him. using vile and despotic means. Now Philip IV, in want of money, laid a tax upon the clergy. This seemed to the Pope a usurpation of his rights, and he issued a bull forbidding the clergy to pay any tax to a temporal ruler without his consent. But Philip was not to be thus browbeaten, and he replied by forbidding the export of gold from France, thereby cutting off the Pope’s revenues from French clergy. At this, the Pope, proud though he was, gave way, and for a time peace between the two arrogant rulers was patched up. But the quarrel soon broke out again, this time the Pope threatening Philip with excommunication. Philip, however, was no . He publicly burned the Pope’s bull, sent him an insulting reply, and Monument of Boniface VIII, by Arnolfo di Cambio called together representatives from the Boniface VIII and Philip IV clergy, the nobility, and the common But among the growing nationalities of people. These gatherings became known as Europe a desire for political independence the . of the papacy began gradually to make itself This was a great step toward freedom for felt. When, however, Boniface VIII came to the people of France. Ever since the advent the papal throne, he was blind to this fact. of the Capetians, parliaments had been He was by nature more like an emperor than held. But they were little more than courts a priest. No pope ever made greater claims of justice, and to them only the nobles and to power, and with all the arrogance of his clergy had been called. Now Philip called to predecessors he plunged into strife with his parliament not only nobles and clergy Philip IV, “the Fair” of France. It began but the Third Estate also, that is, burghers nominally over a question of money. and deputies from the large towns and As the King’s power increased, as his cities. activities multiplied, he became always Philip was the most absolute monarch more and more in need of money. But the who had ruled over France up to this time, science of economics was slow in and it is possible that in calling the Third developing. Indeed, the whole business of Estate to his parliament he had no thought government, the best and most equitable but of showing his own power. He would

Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 238 show the Pope that he could do as he liked Avignon was a possession of the Pope. It within his own kingdom, and that his people was, however, surrounded by French were with him. territory, and during the seventy years that So he called representatives from the Avignon remained the abode of the popes towns to “hear, receive, approve, and do the policy of the was directed by what should be commanded them by the Frenchmen. This time came to be known as King.” He felt that for the moment the the Babylonish Captivity of the popes, and support of the people was needed to save the fact that such a captivity was possible him from the fate which had overtaken the decreased to an enormous extent the power German emperors who, without their of the papacy over the nations of Europe. people’s support, had been crushed under From this time the glory of the papacy the power of the Pope. He did not foresee was at an end. It was a shock to the world to that beneath the power of the people, whose find that the great pontiff, who claimed help he now invoked, the French jurisdiction over all princes, could be made would one day go down in the dust. the servant of one. A pope living almost in France lost the prestige and the glamor Babylonish Captivity borrowed from the name of Rome. Nation The support which Philip expected from after nation began to realize its capability the people, he received. Strong in their for independence, and became disinclined strength, his defiance of the Pope to recognize any power beyond the limits of continued, and Philip even went so far as to its nationality. The chief European powers, capture him, making him a prisoner for after long struggles, had at last won some three days. And when overcome with wrath unity. Factions were disappearing, kings and shame the aged Boniface VIII died, were becoming more powerful, and all Philip found means to have a Frenchman classes were growing more obedient to set upon the papal throne. This pope of them. Philip’s choosing was Clement V. He was Being able to command obedience from entirely under Philip’s influence, and that their own subjects, kings and princes cared he should remain so Philip made him take less about the mandates of the Pope. They up his residence at Avignon instead of at obeyed him just as far as they wanted and Rome. no farther. Thus, with the birth of nationality, the power of the Pope in political matters was bound to decrease. In spiritual matters, however, the whole world still acknowledged the Pope as supreme. Throughout his reign Philip not only combated the power of the Pope, but also the power of the feudal nobles, and with terrible cruelty he broke up the order of the . But he supported the burgher classes. He was a hard, unlovable

Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 239 man, but his reign was a great one for Out of a mass of warring feudal states France. the Capets had built a compact kingdom. All the great fiefs except , Brittany, The Later Capetians Burgundy, and Guienne had been absorbed Philip was succeeded by his son Louis X, by the crown, and with this absorption the who after a short reign of eighteen months power of the feudal nobility was practically died, leaving only a daughter to succeed put to an end. him. Many of the French thought that if this The capital, after being moved from daughter were allowed to reign she would place to place, was finally fixed at , and inevitably be sought in marriage by a king of a real, if elementary, system of government some neighboring state, and by such a was established. marriage a foreigner would become King of Upon the death of Charles IV, in France. The were already too accordance with the newly revived Salic wary to suffer this. Law, the crown went to Philip of Valois, So the Estates General was called nephew of Philip IV, and cousin of the last together, and an old law of the Salian three kings. But these three kings, Louis, , which decreed that no woman Philip, and Charles, had a sister Isabella, might inherit land, was brought to light. who had married Edward II, King of This old law had really nothing to do with England. the succession to the crown, but it served Her son, Edward III, now claimed the their purpose. It was decided that because throne of France, on the ground that even if of this law no woman might sit upon the his mother Isabella could not herself be throne of France, and because it was Queen of France, she could transmit the supposed to date from the days of the Salian title to a male heir. Edward, therefore, as Franks, it was called the Salic Law. grandson of Philip IV, claimed to have a By right of this law then, Philip V better right to the throne than Philip of succeeded his brother Louis X, and as both Valois, who was merely a nephew. he and a third brother, Charles IV, died without male heirs the in The Hundred Years’ War direct succession died out. Out of this claim there arose what is During the three hundred and fifty years known as the Hundred Years’ War. As a that the Capets had ruled, they had done matter of fact, although not altogether much for France. continuous, the Hundred Years’ War Philip Augustus’s grandson, Louis IX, covered a period of a hundred and called “St. Louis,” deserves note here. Louis, seventeen years. Its effect, both on England known to be a genuinely sincere Christian and on France, was so great and enduring king, sought to uphold justice for all within that it ranks as one of the great events in the his realm and appointed officers to uncover history of the end of the Middle Ages. It governmental abuses. Eager to protect the continued throughout the reigns of five Christian faith and establish France as a French and five English kings. holy nation, he led two crusades in North Edward III’s claim to the French throne Africa. was, however, not the sole cause of the war.

Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 240 It served only as an excuse. So far as the The French king’s victory over the English were concerned, the war was not Flemish merchants would constitute a simply a barons’ war waged in the interests menace to English trade. For the English, of regal power. It was for them linked with therefore, this war appeared not merely a commerce and the business life of the struggle for kingly power but one with people. which the interests of the people were

bound up. And the memorable victories gained by the English were victories of the people and not of the nobles. Edward’s army was, it may also be noticed, mainly composed not of feudal vassals but of paid soldiers drawn from the lower classes. This was, no doubt, partly from necessity. For a vassal was only bound to serve his lord during a stated number of days. He was often not bound to serve him at all beyond the seas. And as, wearied by his long wars, Edward saw more and more of his nobles turn homeward, he was

obliged to fill their places by paid foot King Edward III soldiers, either volunteers or forced levies. Flanders was one of the French fiefs Added to this, English leaders had which was still outside the French king’s already, through their frequent wars with influence. Indeed, the Flemish, grown rich Scotland, begun to learn the value of archers by their own industry, had bought large and foot soldiers, and they became actually liberties, and many of the towns of Flanders desirous of having them in their army. But were practically republics. And in trying to these English-Scottish wars, which had integrate Flanders with the rest of his taught the English so much, were of a local kingdom, the King of France was forced into character. Little was known of them on the war with the haughty and freedom-loving Continent. The French knights knew weavers and wool merchants of these nothing of the value of archers, and to them communes. Edward’s force, deficient as it was in The Flemish resisted the French king’s knightly splendor, must have seemed a efforts to incorporate them with France contemptible little army. because they had no common interests. The Flemish trade was as much in the interests and fortunes of Flanders and of balance as English trade. But at first the England were, on the other hand, closely Flemish communes declared themselves bound together. For it was English wool neutral. When, however, the position of which kept the Flemish looms busy, and armed neutrality became impossible to English wool growers depended for their maintain, they flung the last vestige of livelihood almost entirely on the Flemish loyalty to the French king to the winds and markets. openly declared their alliance with Edward.

Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 241 This alliance was of great advantage to the much easier than it would otherwise have English, as it threw the Flemish ports open been. to them and made the landing of an army

E d w a r d I I I ’ s Claim to the French Throne

Philip III King of

France r. 1270–1285

Philip IV King of Charles of France Valois King of d. 1325 r. 1285–1314

Louis X Philip V Charles IV King of King of King of Edward II Philip VI France France France King King of King of King of King of Navarre Navarre Navarre England r. 1328–50 r. 1314–16 r. 1316–22 r. 1322–28

Joan II Edward III Queen of Joan III of King of Burgundy Navarre b. 1308 England b. 1312 b. 1312

Philip of Charles of Évreux Burgundy b. 1332 b. 1323

Medieval to Renaissance: Middle School Unit 18: Europe in the Late Middle Ages Page 242