Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities Timothy Reuter Index More Information

Home , Agnes of Poitou, Capetian dynasty, Carolingian dynasty, Duke of Swabia, Hermann Billung, Jacquerie

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82074-5 - Medieval Polities and Modern Mentalities Timothy Reuter Index More information

Index

Aachen: 96, 128, 137, 145, 343, 425 Airlie, Stuart: 224 and the Carolingian political tradition: 274, Aistulf, Lombard king: 232, 242 275, 278, 279 Alan of Tewkesbury: 171, 172, 176 Carolingian royal chapel at: 141, 142 Albert, bishop of Liege:` 66 Charlemagne receives tribute at: 234 Alemannia: see Swabia fiscal complex: 337 Alexander II, pope: 150, 151, 162 see also Charlemagne; Lotharingia Alexander III, pope: 204 Abodrites: 232 and the Becket dispute: 174, 176, 177, 180, 186 campaign against (892): 221 Alfonso II, king of Asturias: sends Charlemagne Adalbero, bishop of Augsburg: 225 trophies after the capture of Lisbon: 240 Adalbero, duke of Carinthia: 202, 363, 372, 379 Alfred, king of Wessex: 5, 15, 140, 280 Adalbero, bishop of Laon: 228 ‘Alfredian’ charters: 297 Adalbero, bishop of Wurtzburg:¨ 371 and the dating of the Life of Alfred: 10–11 Adalbero II, count of Ebersberg: 375 and taxation: 445 Adalbert Babenberger: 114 translation programme: 298 Adalbert, count of Ballenstedt: 364 and the unification of England: 287 Adalbert, archbishop of Bremen: 385 Alfred ‘the Ætheling’: 290 Adalbert of St Maximin, archbishop of Algazi, Gadi: 115 Magdeburg: 340 Allstedt, Ottonian royal palace: 141, 142 continues Regino of Prum’s¨ Chronicon: 290 Alpert of Metz: 146, 366, 367, 398 mission to the Russians: 276 Alsace: 286 Adalbert, archbishop of Mainz: 380 Althoff, Gerd: 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 130, 144, Adalbert, duke of Upper Lotharingia: 364 178, 184, 203, 361 Adalbert, enemy of Thietmar of Merseburg: 323 Alton: 48 Adalbold, bishop of Utrecht: 366 Americas, discovery of: 22 Adam of Bremen: 118, 140, 340, 451 Andernach, battle of (876): 234 Adela, wife of count Balderich: 142, 143, 355, 356 Anderson, Benedict: 299 Adela, wife of Dedi of Lower Lusitania: 356 Anderson, Perry: 35, 389 Adelaide, margravine of Turin: 384 Angevin empire: and capitals: 440 Adhemar of Chabannes: 75, 227 composite: 427, 457 adventus regis: 190, 201 exceptionally rich accounts of assemblies: 200 Æthelred II ‘the Unready’, English king: 75, 290 and France: 450 Æthelstan, English king: victory at Brunanburh: geographically mobile elite: 450 288 reactions against papal jurisdiction: 430 Agapetus II, pope: 349 size of kingdom: 402 Agilolfing family: dukes of Bavaria: 285 style of kingship: idea of ‘advanced strained relations with Carolingians: 259 government’: 455, 457 Agnes of Poitou, empress, wife of Henry III: 144, and the absence of the king: 457 299, 369, 385 and administrative practice: 186, 395 Aibling: 227 comparison with Germany: 390 Aimo, leader of a gang of robbers: 57 itinerant representatives: 425

459

460 Index

Angevin empire: and capitals (cont.) Mainz continuator: 224, 231 judicial practice: 392, 394, 397, 423, 424, Regensburg continuator: 217, 219, 227 426, 429, 430, 441, 442, 444 Anno, archbishop of Cologne: 162, 331, 333, privileges and mandates: 415, 418, 421, 422 369 and succession: 290, 447 Anouilh, Jean: 167 and taxation: 445, 446 Ansegis: 292 use of ritual: 131 Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury: 66, 99, 181, see also Anglo-Norman dynasty; England 202 Anglo-Norman dynasty: and assemblies: 196, Anselm II, bishop of Lucca: 156, 385 200, 209 Aosta, bishopric: 340 and capitals: 440 apanages (of Capetian kings’ sons): 285, 448 conquest: 15, 83, 85 Appelt, Heinrich: 415, 421, 431 found new form of state: 435, 436, 439 Aquitaine: 207, 227, 230, 249, 270, 299, 307, 427 regional diversity: 427 see also Angevin empire and royal justice: 441, 442 Ariano: 205 and shires: 437 Aribo, archbishop of Mainz: 372 succession crises: 290 aristocracy: see elite and taxation: 445, 446 Arles: 450 writs: 422 army: fighting-men without land benefices: 237, see also England; Normans 239, 266 Anglo-Saxon England vassals with land benefices: 238 and assemblies: 196, 209 warbands led by ecclesiastics: 238–9, 343, 344, attitude to foreign customs: 144, 298–9 348 and charter witness-lists: 196 warbands led by lay elite: 239 and the church: 346, 347, 348 geographical or ethnic names: 258 and crime: 443 under the Merovingians: 257 and economic growth: 304 recruitment of the Carolingian army: 243 and feudalism: 303, 308 and the general summons of free men: 245, influence of Carolingian state tradition: 280, 256, 257, 260, 262, in the capitularies: 304 256 coinage: 280, 290 and ‘Freienpolitik’: 262 law-codes: 280, 292, 293 small freeman unlikely to have been weights and measures: 280 backbone of Carolingian army: 244–6 and itinerant kingship: 295 mobilisation of slaves and unfree: 246 ‘maximalist’ view of Old English state: 186–7, for offensive or defensive warfare: 259 286, 290, 292 expense of military service: 244 monasteries: 346, 347 rewards: 239 and regional power-bases: 288 and the circulation of goods: 240, 266 regnal ethnicity and terminology: 297 ‘profit-and-loss’ assessment of warfare: 243, and royal titulature: 297 266 smooth transitions through breaks in the difficulty of raising armies from the end of political succession: 290 Charlemagne’s reign: 251 and sources: 294 see also assemblies; bishops; Carolingian state formation: and shires: 437 empire; elite; gift; liberi homines; comparison with Ottonian Germany: plunder; tribute 284–99 Arnold, bishop of Cologne: 422 and unification: 296, 304 Arnold, archbishop of Trier: 430 taxation: 444 Arnold, bishop of Worms: 332 unlikely target for the Franks: 265 Arnulf of Carinthia, East Frankish king and see also bishops; charters; England; emperor: 218, 219 historiography; shires; Wessex his election as king: 297 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: 12, 38, 42, 50, 287, 289, hegemonial position: 248 290, 295 concubines: 218 Anjou: 457 family relationship with the elder Conrad: 220 Annals of Fulda: 217, 223, 225, 248, 401 gifts of land to his wife Uota: 220, 221, 222

Index 461

attacked indirectly by the accusation of Attigny: 159 adultery against his wife Uota: 225 Attila: 121 illness: 225, 226–7 Auden, W. H.: 3 Italian campaign (896): 225, 226 Auer, L.: 344 requires swearing of an oath of loyalty: 225 Augsburg: 155, 164 insecure position: 225 bishopric: 331 given a dodgy drink at his imperial Augustine of Hippo, Saint: 71, 168 coronation: 228 Austrasia, Austrasians see also Carolingian dynasty aristocracy: revolt against tax-inspector Arnulf, duke of Bavaria: 288 Parthenius: 399 Arnulf, bishop of Halberstadt: 313, 363, 368 complain about the peace between Sigebert Arthur of Brittany: 448 and Guntramn: 235 Asselt, Vikings’ camp: 231 magnate families divide the gains of assemblies: 142, 143–4, 184, 185, 193–209, 381, Frankish conquest: 244 392 Austria: 289, 393, 405 across Europe: 209–10, 454 Avars: 102 and armies: 198 and the Franks breaking up for consultations: 204 attack by the Franks: 251, 252, 253, 263, 265, and capitularies: 196, 200 266 and charters: 195 Frankish missionary activity: 264 and church councils: 201–2 ruler’s hoard plundered by Frankish kings: and colloquium familiare: 185, 204 233, 236, 265 and constitutional history: 195 sacral nature of kingship: 233 and crown-wearing: 196–7, 206 Avranches, ‘concordat’ of: 187, 189 and the ‘Marchﬁeld’: 197, 258 Azelin, son of Baldwin of Flanders: 333 frequency: 195 Azelin, bishop of Hildesheim: 341 general assemblies vs assemblies ‘by invitation’: 198 Baaken, G.: 322, 323 and the ‘feudal revolution’: 301 Babenberger family: 452 held by people other than kings: 198, 207, Bachrach, Bernard: 258 402 Bagehot, Walter: 127 and honour and status: 393 baillages: 437, 438 issues treated: 204 Balderich, frontier commander, fails against diplomacy: 205–6 Bulgar army (827): 253 legislation: 205 Balderich, count: 142, 143, 355, 366, 367, 398 military campaigns: 204, 206 Baldwin of Flanders: 333, 386 privileges for individual beneﬁciaries: 205 Bali, kingdom of, and use of ritual: 131, 145, 294 settlement of disputes: 206 Baluze, Etienne: 260 and law-codes: 196 Bamberg: 384 and narrative sources: 196, 200 bishopric: 331, 335, 336, 337 participation: 198 Bamberg Apocalypse: 93 period in which the concept applies: 194–5, Bamburgh: 287 208–9 Barcelona: 207 and the ‘public’ or political community: sacked by the Franks (801): 234 207–8, 453 Bardo, bishop of Metz: 331 and regional ‘catchment areas’: 199, 207, 400 Barlow, Frank: 187, 189 and ‘secret’ meetings: 184, 204 Barraclough, Geoffrey: 6, 27, 29, 104, 389, 433, style of interaction: 199 435 as staged occasions: 201 Bartlett, Robert: 6, 29, 30, 36 terminology: 195 Basel: 404 see also charters; church councils; Basil II, Byzantine emperor: 136 historiography; privileges; ritual Basques: pay tribute to Franks: 231 Asser: 11, 140 unreliable allies to the Franks: 265 and the dating of the Life of Alfred: 11 at war with the Franks: 251 Astronomer, biographer of Louis the Pious: 247 Battle, royal abbey of: 181

462 Index

Bavaria, Bavarians: 103, 104, 207, 222, 274, 285, deposition: 335, 347 289, 364, 365, 400, 403 ‘desacralisation’ of the bishop: 369 and Arnulf: 226, 297 as instruments of royal government: 325, 337 attending Frankish assemblies: 199 and servitia (large renders of food and bishops: 330, 341, 345 drink): 338, 344, 345, 348 gains of Frankish conquest distributed among and duties of hospitality (gistum): 344, 345, Austrasian magnate families: 244 348 participation in Frankish army: 259 and the supply of troops: 343, 344, 348 revolt of 1055: 363 as intellectuals: 345–6 Bayley, C. C.: 410 relatives of the royal house: 332 Beatrix of Tuscany: 383, 385 rights of mint and market: 346 Beaupre,´ abbey: 426 role as intermediaries in cases of deditio: 382, Becket, Thomas: 121, 168, 202 384 the Becket dispute: 167–90, 203, 204, 441 situation not dissimilar to that of lay nobility: and problems of source criticism: 171 334, 339 early career: 173 see also England, Anglo-Saxon; Italy; Ottonian resigns the chancellorship: 173 dynasty; Salian dynasty; violence; West at the Council of Northampton (1164): 199, Francia 202, 206 Bismarck, Otto von: 147 his exile: 175 Bisson, Thomas N.: 63, 72–3, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, returns to England: 177 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 114, 198, 201 refuses to accept counsel: 185 Bloch, Marc: 20, 92, 114 see also Henry II of England; Louis VII; Bloch, Maurice: 139 Northampton, Council of Bohemia, Bohemians: 232, 252, 260, 405 Bede: 87, 287, 298 kings dominated by Ottonians: 289 Benedict V, pope: 164 Bois, Guy: 27, 82 Benedict VIII, pope: 340 Boleslaw I Chrobry, king of Poland: 400 Benedict IX, pope: 164 boni homines: 301 Benevento: Frankish expedition against (866): Boniface, margrave of Tuscany: 60 245, 246 Bonnassie, Pierre: 87 pays tribute to Franks: 232 Boretius, Alfred: 260, 261 at war with Franks: 251 Bornscheuer, Lothar: 98 Berengar I, king of Italy: 226 Boserup, Ester: 403 Berengar II, king of Italy: 286, 408 Boshof, Egon: 373 Bern: 51, 53 Bosl, Karl: 435 Bernard, king of Italy, rebellion of 817: 255 Bourdieu, Pierre: 119 Bernardus ﬁlius Bernardi: 239 Bournazel, Eric: 27 Bernard Billung: 162 Brabant: 48 Bernard of Clairvaux: 99 Brackmann, Albert: 434 Bernard, count: 364 Bracton, Henry de: 428 Bernard, margrave of the Nordmark: 369 Brecht, Berthold: 71 Bernard, margrave of the Ostmark: 363 Bremen, archbishopric: 334, 345, 393 Bernard of Septimania: 224, 225, 239 Bretons: see Brittany Bertha of Turin, empress, wife of Henry IV: 385 Brioude: 241 Berthold of Reichenau: 156 Brittany, Bretons: 249 Berthold, archbishop of Salzburg: 370 common political culture with the Franks: 247 Berthold, Swabian magnate: 382, 383 Frankish campaigns against: 251, 252 Berthold of Zahringen:¨ 46, 393 leaders’ arms sent to Charlemagne: 234 Besanc¸on: 156 rulers maintain clientele among immediate assembly at (1157): 202, 408, 409, 430 Frankish neighbours: 247 Beumann, H.: 130 taken as slaves: 233 Billung family: 316, 322, 323, 332, 343 tribute to Frankish kings: 200, 231, 232, 242, bishoprics, as administrative units: 438 263 bishops, and aristocratic kin-groups: 331 Brixen: 221, 223, 341 comparison across Europe: 346 bishopric: 340

Index 463

Brooke, Christopher: 90 Christ Church: 190, 418 Broszat, Martin: 35 Henry II’s penance at: 177, 189, 190 Brown, E. A. R.: 19, 20 capellani, royal: under the Ottonians and Bruhl,¨ Carlrichard: 11, 97, 196 Salians: 330, 344, 346 Brunanburh, battle of (937): 288, 296 Capetian dynasty: 84, 208, 291 Brunner, Otto: 27, 29, 115, 258, 358, 398 baillages: 437, 438 Bruno, bishop of Augsburg: 369 and the church: 345 Bruno, archbishop of Cologne: 333, 345 and the end of Carolingian rule in West Bruno, leader of Ekbert of Meissen’s supporters: Francia (987): 270, 279 364 and the formation of the state: 436 Bruno, bishop of Merseburg: 401 power-zone: 453, 457 Bruno the Saxon: 385 royal domain: 414 Bruno, bishop of Wurzburg:¨ 328, 333 successions: 448 Brunonid family: 341 see also apanages Brunswick: 403 capitularies: 292, 293, 341 Buc, Philippe: 178, 229 Carinthia: 289 Buchan, John: 16 Carolingian dynasty: 102, 270, 271 Buganda, kingdom of, and use of ritual: 135 political memorialisation: 272 Buhrer-Thierry,¨ Genevieve:` 224 political tradition: 271 Bulgars, at war with Franks: 251, 253 and public penance: 384 Burchard, bishop of Halberstadt: 336, 370 seen as more advanced and civilised than the Burchard, bishop of Lausanne: 370 Merovingians: 245, 246 Burchard, duke of Swabia: 288 state tradition: 279, 292, 341, 421 Burchard, Swabian count: 364 ‘maximalist’ view on the basis of Burchard I, bishop of Worms: 340, 359 capitularies: 293 Burchard, relative of Uota?: 222 and public order: 301, 310 Burgundy, Burgundians: 7, 149, 305, 340, 414, strained relations with Agilolfings: 259 415, 418, 427 style of kingship: 405 and the church: 346, 348 see also Carolingian empire; East Francia; rulers dominated by Saxon kings: 274, 275 hunting; kingship; lordship; Ottonian butter, as characteristic of northern Europe: 209 dynasty; queens; West Francia see also olive oil Carolingian empire: 11, 65, 94 Byrhtferth of Ramsey: 11 before 800, army takes the field virtually every Byzantine empire: 82, 300 year: 252 embassies to: 275 fighting usually carried out in enemy imperialism and foreign policy: 247, 264 territory: 252 military clashes with the Franks: 251, 252 from 800, shift to defensive posture: 252, 254, and ritual: 203 261, 262 see also Italy and the threat of invasion: 251 end of expansion: 251 Cadalus, schism of: 364 as a conscious decision: 263 Cambrai: 138, 390 difficulties in raising armies: 255 bishopric: 417 distinction between ‘legitimate’ and Campbell, James: 85, 132, 284, 291, 292, 294 ‘illegitimate’ expansion?: 263 Canossa: 147, 148, 156–7, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, difficulties of having a Christian empire?: 165, 166, 384 264 layout of the fortress: 156 due to Byzantine-style foreign policy?: 264 modern perception of Henry IV’s actions at: fatal structural consequences: 266 147 fewer military opportunities entail fiercer as turning-point for medieval kingship: 148–9, internal competition: 266 165 and the protection of the papacy: 350 see also excommunication; Gregory VII; wealth obtained in Avar war: 265 Henry IV; penance see also army; assemblies; Carolingian dynasty; Canterbury, archbishopric, rights of: 176, 188, Francia; Franks; Italy; plunder; Saxons; 418 tribute

464 Index

Catalonia: 8, 80, 81, 82, 87, 120, 305, 446, 452 receives trophies taken from the Vikings: 234 Cellarius, Christopher: see Keller, Christopher see also Carolingian dynasty Celts: 82 Charles III the Fat, Frankish king: 74, 225 Cerdician family: 296, 444 Carolingian kingdoms reunited under him: Charlemagne, Frankish king and emperor: 48, 248 53, 63, 78, 86, 137, 226, 243, 245, 246, dies of a stroke?: 227 265, 270, 289 succession: 405 and Aachen: 274 and the Vikings: 231, 242 and the Avar expeditions: 234 see also Carolingian dynasty collects antiquissima et barbarissima carmina: Charles the Straightforward (or ‘the Simple’), 247 West Frankish king (898–923): 226, 233 his diet: 117 see also Carolingian dynasty distribution of treasure: 236 Charles VI, king of France: 447 and the divisio regni of 806: 254 Charles the Good of Flanders: 227 and government: 280 Charles of Lorraine: 47, 138 imperial coronation: 262, 263, 265 charters, at church councils: 195 legislating at assemblies: 205 of donation: 315 mobilisation of armies: 251, 252, 255 and formulae: 321, 322 and his ‘Freienpolitik’: 262 as a source for early medieval kingship: 275, as model for later kings: 272–3, 279 294, 295, 297, 321, 322 canonisation as saint: 272, 279 survival in different regions: 305, 306 linked with the crusades: 272, 451 and witness-lists: 195 and Ottonian histories: 277 Chateletˆ prison: 51 Slavic word for ‘king’ (kral) based on his Chaudhuri, K. N.: 21, 25, 34 name: 273 Chiavenna, countship: 416 his tomb opened by Otto III in 1000: 279 Chiemsee: 422 and twelfth-century French kings: 272, 279 Childebert, Frankish king: 257 under the French revolution: 280 Chilperic, Frankish king (561–84): 52, 53 political crisis after the death of leading China: T’ang: 135 members of the Frankish aristocracy: 266 and use of ritual: 203 and Pippin the Hunchback’s rebellion: 240 Chur, bishopric: 340, 341 receiving and giving war trophies: 234, 240, church, councils: 195, 201 241 putting in place wider norms of acceptable and the securing of borders: 254 conduct in the absence of kings: 79–81 and Spain: 249, 259, 260 see also bishoprics; bishops; Ottonian dynasty; his will: 236 papacy; parish; Salian dynasty see also Aachen; Carolingian dynasty; Cicero: 410 Carolingian empire Cistercians, General Chapter: 69 Charles, king of Neustria, son of Charlemagne: Clarendon, council at palace of: 174, 181, 185, campaigns against the Slavs: 252 186, 187, 188, 208, 392 Charles Martel, Frankish ruler: 252 clothing: 65–6, 144 see also Carolingian dynasty crusaders’: 65 Charles the Bald, Frankish king and emperor: elite: 118 80, 82, 249 pilgrims’: 65 annual gifts to vassals?: 237 penitents’, sackcloth/hairshirt, with bare feet: and the assembly at Pˆıtres (864): 200 160, 170, 180, 381 and bishops: 346, 349 worn by bishops: 160 collects thesauri on his Italian expedition worn by monks: 160 (875): 234 demanded by bishops of their enemies: 162 criticised for setting himself apart from his Clovis, Frankish king, and the vase of Soissons: followers: 401 235 and legislating at assemblies: 205 Cnut, English king: 140, 287, 290, 304, 400, measures against the Vikings: 261 418 motives for trying to obtain the imperial title style of rule in England and Scandinavia: 427 in 875: 249 Cobb, Richard: 13

Index 465

Cologne: 93, 278, 371, 425, 450 crown, symbolic role in the transfer of power archbishopric: 331, 333, 334, 341, 390 under the Ottonians: 290 Como, bishopric: 417, 423 see also assemblies; kingship Conrad I, East Frankish king (d. 918): 219, 274, crusaders, oath: 69 297, 349, 382 see also Charlemagne; clothing Conrad II, king of Germany: 149, 202, 291, crusades: 272 319 Cumberland: 290 and bishops: 331, 332, 369 Cunigunde, empress, wife of Henry II of and conﬂicts with / between aristocrats: 359, Germany: 291, 385 363, 366, 369, 372, 379, 382 Conrad III: 392, 396, 409, 416, 417, 430 Dagobert I, Frankish king: 236 in conﬂict with Lothar III: 384 Danegeld: 249 Conrad, duke of Bavaria: 369, 373, 376, 379 Danes, and the Franks, share common political Conrad of Beichlingen: 60 culture with the Franks: 247 Conrad, duke of Lotharingia, son-in-law of Otto Frankish failure on border: 245, 265 I: 128 and Frankish missionary activity: 264 Conrad, duke of Luxemburg: 162 at war with Franks: 251 Conrad, archbishop of Mainz: 204 succession politics: 289 Conrad, bishop of Utrecht: 370 see also Vikings Conrad the Younger: 364, 381 Daniel, prophecy of: 20 Conradine family: 313 Dannenbauer, H.: 256, 322 see also Uota Darwinism: 37 Constance: 160 Davis, Natalie Zemon: 13 Constantine I, Roman emperor: 21, 157 De Gaulle, Charles: 104 Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos, Byzantine Dedi of Lower Lusitania, rebel against Henry emperor: 135 IV: 160, 356, 364, 365, 383 Constantinople, fall of: 22 deditio: 160, 165, 175, 190, 381 consuetudo: 77 see also bishops; kingship; peace-making; coronation: see ordines women, royal Corsica, Frankish expedition against (825): 245, defensio patriae: 245, 260, 261 246 Deotrich, priest: 220 Corvey, abbey: 93, 315, 319, 337, 340, 398 Dhondt, J.: 76 chronographer: 56 Dhuoda: 314 Cosmas of Prague: 209 Dien, A. E.: 32 Coterel gang: 55 Diepold, count: 369 court jesters: 133 Dietrich, margrave: 140 Crescentius, Roman rebel against Otto III: Dietrich of Katlenburg: 364 161 Dietrich I, bishop of Metz: 349, 351 crime, highway robbery: 38–71, 357 Dietrich of Munster:¨ 369 and the circulation of stolen goods: 62 Dietrich, bishop of Naumburg-Zeitz: 370 and the feeling of insecurity: 69–71 Dietrich, count of Osterland: 363 high-status robbers: 52, 55–60, 357; and Dijon: 456 toll-taking: 46, 49, 58, 59, 65, 71, 75; and Diocletian, Roman emperor: 21 feud: 58, 75–6; and simony: 46 diplomas: see privileges measures against: 60–7 Dirlmeier, Ulf: 446 in the medieval vocabulary: 46–7 Dodico, lordship: 316 modern understanding of: 49–50 dog-carrying, as a punishment: 134, 135, 392, 426 professional robbers: 52 Domesday Book: 7, 293 robbers and hermits: 54 Dopsch, Alfons: 26 and ‘private’ justice: 301 Dornberg, Ottonian royal palace: 141, 142 and ‘public order’: 76, 310, 362, 365, 443 Dortmund: 128 see also clothing; feud; feudalism; forest; Douzy, Council of: 238 kingship; latro; latrocinium; pilgrims; Dover: 122 punishment; travel; violence; weapons dress: see clothing Cromwell, Thomas: 189 Droysen, Gustav: 10

466 Index

Duby, Georges: 87, 115, 243, 245, 246 Ekkehard of Aura: 45 Dudo of St-Quentin: 44, 96 Ekkehard II, margrave of Meissen,: 363, 368 Dummler,¨ Ernst: 218, 224 Ekkehard of St Gall: 124 Dungal: 242 Eliot, Thomas Stearns: 167 Dungern, Otto von: 434 elite, lay: 96–9 Durand, bishop of Liege:` 331 changes in domination over time: 125–6 Durham: 290 diet: 117 Durliat, Jean: 26 dress: 118 dumping of old and disabled members in Eadhelm, abbot of Thetford: 16 monasteries: 116–17, 123 Ealdred, archbishop of York: 57 Frankish nobility main beneficiaries of Early Medieval Europe: 27 distribution of plunder: 236 East Anglia: 15, 288, 289 passing gifts on to their followings: 237–8 East Francia: 83, 105 impact on the organisation of space: 118–19 bishops: 349 internationality: 449 comparison with West Francia: 248 links of kinship across political frontiers: and claim to hegemony in Europe: 407 450 less interventionist rulership than in rest of origin myths: 120–1 Frankish kingdoms: 280, 311, 342, 399 physical markers: 116–17 multi-regnal: 400 place in the historiography: 94 no longer ruled by Carolingians after 911: 270 relationships between members of: 90–1, only Frankish kingdom after 843 with 111–12 opportunities for expansion: 248 speech as a social marker: 119–20 under the Ottonians: 280 unable to conceal or disguise high social and the papacy: 350, 407 status: 121–2 rulers’ financial resources: 399 see also army; Germany; kingship; kinship; see also Carolingian dynasty; Francia; lordship; peasants; violence Germany; Ottonian dynasty; Saxony; Ellinrat, Arnulf’s concubine: 219 West Francia Ellinrat, Arnulf’s daughter?: 219 Eberhard of Franconia: 134, 139, 141, 426 Emma, wife of West Frankish king Lothar: Eberhard, archbishop of Salzburg: 422 accused of adultery and poisoning: Eberhard, count of Spanheim: 370 227–8 Eberhard, archbishop of Trier: 162 Emma, wife of Louis the German: dies of a Eberhard, son of Ulrich of Ebersberg: 375 stroke: 226 Eddington, Paul: 4 link to the Welf family: 220 Edgar, king of Wessex: 45, 287, 289, 293, 304, 445 Emo of Bloemhof: 67 Edith, queen, wife of Otto I: 140 encellulement: 72, 303 Edmund, English king: 287, 290 Engelbert, archbishop of Cologne: 65 Edward the Elder, English king: 288 Engels, Friedrich: 35 Edward the Confessor, English king: 57, 290 Engels, Odilo: 371 Edward I, king of England, and royal justice: 50, Engelschalk, count, abducts Arnulf’s daughter: 68, 441 219 Edward III, king of England: 447 Engilmar, bishop of Passau: 220, 221 Edward, Anglo-Saxon accused of following England, and constitutional history: 194 Danish fashion: 144, 298 conversion of: 5 Edwin, English earl: 54 Elizabethan England: 134, 135 Egbert: 93 and the ‘feudal revolution’: 83, 85–6, 87 Egeno, latro?: 46 origins of the modern state: 5–6 Egeno II, count of Conradsburg: 364 shift from assemblies to proto-parliamentary Egfrid: 239 system: 194 Egilbert, bishop of Freising: 369 surviving court records: 40 Einhard: 117, 137, 247, 251, 265, 272, 273, 277 twelfth-century attitude to Celtic peoples: 12 Eirik Bloodaxe: 287 unified political culture: 452 Ekbert II, margrave of Meissen: 364, 365, 370, see also Angevin empire; Anglo-Norman 373, 380, 384 dynasty; Anglo-Saxon England

Index 467

Erchanger, Swabian magnate: 382, 383 and ‘private’ justice: 301, 303 Erdmann, C.: 346 and source-materials: 307 Erempert, Bavarian count: 225 use of the word: 20, 30, 32, 33, 37 Ergolding, royal estate: 225 see also fortifications; historiography; lordship; Eric of Friuli, margrave, dies: 266 Peace of God movement; seigneurie leads Avar expedition: 234 banale; serfs; violence Erluin, bishop of Cambrai: 333 Fichtenau, Heinrich: 56, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, Ermold the Black: 234, 242, 252 96, 97, 130, 141, 142, 245, 246, 297, 318, Ernst, count, stepson of Conrad II: 319, 373, 375, 399 381, 386 Flanders: 207, 230, 415, 446, 452 Esch, Arnold: 51 Fleckenstein, Josef: 330, 333 Escorial: 440 Flodoard: 58 Eskil, bishop of Lund: 59 Fluchtburg: 84, 141, 143 ethnicity: 100–6 Fohring,¨ Carolingian royal estate: 221, 223 in the early middle ages: 102–4 Folcuin of Schwalenburg: 398 in the high middle ages, relationship with Folmar of Trier: 66 modern states: 104 Folville gang: 55 and high social and political status: 103–4 Forchheim: 164 and historiography: forest: 53–4, 60–1 different European historiographical forgery: 25, 340, 418 traditions: 104–6 formularies: 257 growth of the subject: 100 fortifications, and feudalism: 303, 305, 308, 321, ideology: 106–7 322 ‘Vienna school’: 100, 103 Fossier, Robert: 27 methodological problems in the study of: France, and assemblies: 453 101–2 and ‘centralisation’: 457 names as ethnic markers: 103 contacts with England: 450 and nationality: 299 style of kingship:compared to Germany: 390 and race: 100, 101 and capitals: 440 state formation and the development of a and royal justice: 397, 413 regnal ethnicity: 296 and royal officials: 439 ethnogenesis, Ethnogenese: 100, 102, 103, 104, privilege to mandate ratio: 415 105, 106 succession: 447 Eucharist, at assemblies: 201 and taxation: 446 Eugenius III, pope: 424 see also Capetian dynasty; Francia; West ‘European history’, vagueness of the term: 28–30 Francia European Science Foundation: 5, 27, 436 Francia, Franks: 87, 140, 291 excommunication: 158 sharing a common political culture with their see also Gregory VII; Henry IV; penance; neighbours: 247 ritual Frankish imperialism: 247, 265 exile: 182, 366 and conquest: 252, 264 and tribute-taking: 264 Fecamp:´ 58 Franks as Vikings: 247 Fermo: 153 ‘war-weary’ in the ninth century?: 255, 263 feud: 207, 314, 322, 358, 362, 397, 426, 430 see also army; Carolingian dynasty; and royal authority: 398 Carolingian empire; East Francia; as rule-bound process: 359, 365, 398 plunder; tribute; West Francia under the Salians: 356, 357 Franco, bishop of Worms: 332 see peace-making; violence Franconia: 286, 289, 307, 314 feudalism, dominance of French model: 80, 81–3 bishops: 341, 344 ‘feudal anarchy’: 73, 77 Francus homo, Franci homines: see liberi homines ‘feudal revolution’, ‘mutation féodale’: 72, 80, Frankfurt, Carolingian royal chapel at: 141, 142 81, 83, 86, 303, 305 Franklin, O.: 396 feudal hierarchy: 394 Fredegar: 235, 246, 259 historiography: 8–9, 19–20, 35 continuator: 242

468 Index

Frederick I Barbarossa, king of Germany, Ganshof, François-Louis: 255 emperor: 60, 84, 173, 195, 202, 205, 208, Gascony: 452 387, 390–2, 400, 402, 430 and plundering for horses: 234 absences from Germany: 457 Gaul: see Francia and bishops: 353 Geary, Patrick: 91, 103, 120, 137 election: 393 Gebhard III, bishop of Regensburg: 332, 369, and Hadrian IV: 409, 430 381 income: 446 Gebhard IV, bishop of Regensburg: 370 and Italy: 407, 427 Geertz, Clifford: 131, 145, 294 and the modernisation paradigm: 413, 427, Gelasius: 408 435 Gelnhausen: 206 style of kingship: 390, 397, 401, 410, Genet, Jean-Philippe: 436 429 Geneva: 421 chancery: 439 Geoffrey, count of Anjou: 124, 427 charters: 414, 443 Georgi, W.: 285 mandates: 420, 422 Gerald, count: 239 privileges: 415, 416, 418 Gerald of Wales: 451 royal justice and the settlement of disputes: Gerard of Augsburg: 141, 143 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 404, Gerard of Aurillac: 314 409, 417, 422, 423, 424, 425, 427, 430, as pope Sylvester II: 349 434 Gerard, bishop of Cambrai: 78, 80, 81, 138, 333, see also Landpeace 351, 369 Frederick II, king of Germany, emperor: 148, Gerard II, bishop of Cambrai: 163 397, 435, 443 Gerard of Galera: 57 Frederick of Arnsberg: 370 Gerard La Pucelle: 450 Frederick, archbishop of Cologne: 370 Gerhard, Dietrich: 27, 29 Frederick of Goseck: 60 Germany Frederick, archbishop of Mainz: 128, 336 and church policy under Ottonians and Frederick of Putelendorf: 365 Salians: 325–54 Frederick, cardinal, brother of Godfrey the and abbots: 330, 332, 336–7 Bearded: 373 grants of immunity: 342, 353 Frederick II, duke of Swabia, in conflict with grants of land: 326, 337 Lothar III: 384 grants of rights: 337 Freising, bishopric: 221, 223, 341, 393 grants of whole counties: 339–42 Freteval:´ 186 Reichskirchensystem: 325, 348 Freteval,´ battle of (1194): 440 and royal approval of episcopal elections: Freytag, Hans-Joachim: 343 328 Fried, Johannes: 90, 112 and synods: 348 friendship, political: 274, 275, 288 and claim to hegemony and Europe: 407 see also Henry I of Germany; kingship geographically mobile elite: 450 Frisia, Frisians: 289 kingship and statehood: 411 benefices formerly held by Rorich tranferred and absence of the ruler: 457 to Gottfried: 231 administrative divisions, counties: 289, 438, hoards plundered by Frankish kings: 233 and countships: 438; and troop-raising: plunder taken from Vikings (885): 235 289, dukedoms: 438; margravates: 438 temple treasures plundered: 233 and capitals: 440 tribute to Franks: 231 comparison with Anglo-Saxon England: Fry, Christopher: 167 284–99 Fuhrmann, Horst: 116 divisions of kingdom between kings’ sons: Fulda, abbey: 93, 199, 315, 337 286 as place of assembly: 380, 384 and the elite, honour and status: 392, 426, 430, ‘kingly’ status of princes: 405–6;no Galbert of Bruges: 227 opposition between imperial and Gallus Anonymus: 209 regional aristocracies: 313; polyethnic Gandersheim: 221 imperial elite: 400

Index 469

royal justice and style of rulership: 413–31, gift, internal tribute exacted by Carolingian 443; privilege to mandate ratio: 415; kings referred to as dona: 242 collective element in political justice: see also army; plunder; tribute 394, 423; no systematic delegated Gilbert Foliot, bishop of Hereford, then of jurisdiction: 395–8; tolerance for rebels: London: 171, 173, 183, 185 401 Gilbert of Mons: 43 size of the kingdom: 402, 452, 457,of Gillingham, John: 12, 399, 456 princely territories: 452 Ginzberg, Carlo: 112 state formation beginning in the ninth Gisela, empress, wife of Conrad II: 375, 385 century: 285; no common language: 297; Giselbert of Lotharingia: 288 as conglomeration of ethnically deﬁned in rebellion against Otto I: 139 regions: 289; no development of a Glanvill, Ranulf de: 423 common identity: 296–7, 299 Glenville, Peter: 167 Sonderweg: 388, 429, 430, 432–58 Godafrid, Danish king: 252 sources of income: 446 Godebold, bishop of Utrecht: 371 and succession: 291, 447; excluding Godesberg, gift of land at: 221 ‘foreigners’: 291 Godfrey, archbishop of Milan: 151 and the territorialisation of lordship: 339 Godfrey (Gottfried) the Bearded, duke of ‘virtual statelessness’: 279, 280, 293, 310–13, Lotharingia, margrave of Tuscany: 152, 341; virtually no legislation north of the 162, 362, 364, 365, 373, 378, 379, 381, 383, Alps: 399; and the surviving sources: 385, 386 292 Godfrey (Gottfried) IV, duke of Lower see also Frederick I Barbarossa; mandates; Lotharingia: 364 privileges Gorich,¨ Knut: 279 and the papacy: 327, 349–50, 454 Goslar: 14, 147, 345, 370, 419 protection of the papacy: 407 ‘Gothic’: 21 and papal depositions: 349 Gottfried, Viking leader, marries Carolingian shift from assemblies to proto-parliamentary wife (Gisela): 231 system: 194 Gozwin, count: 371 social and economic life under the Ottonians: Gozwin, count of Heinsberg: 418 300 Graman, accused of poisoning Arnulf: 227 and the apparent lack of social conﬂict: ‘Gregorian’, art: 93 308, 323; gang warfare: 322 revolution: 83 a booming economy?: 320 Gregory I the Great, pope: 298 and the ‘feudal revolution’: 83–4, 87 Gregory V, pope: 349 relationships within the ‘political Gregory VI, pope: 164 community’: 310; between ‘elite’ and Gregory VII, pope: 46, 293, 328 ‘base’: 318; between different strata of the and Henry IV: 153, 154, 297 aristocracy: 313–15; between aristocracy no attempt to notify the imperial court of and rural population: 315 his election: 152 and social change: 309 at Canossa: 147, 156, 157 social differentiation among rural and the German princes: 156 population: 316, 317 little initial contact with Saxons in revolt and the sources: 294, 316 against Henry IV: 150 see also bishops; East Francia; Ottonian his need for a compromise: 163–4 dynasty; privileges; Salian dynasty; use of intermediaries: 204 Saxony and lay investiture: 165–6 Gero, archbishop of Cologne: 334 Gregory of Tours: 87, 235, 237, 239, 246, 399 Gero, archbishop of Magdeburg: 162, Grenoble, bishopric: 340 369 Grierson, Philip: 246 Gero, margrave: 162, 368 Grundherrschaft: 88, 306 Gerold of Bavaria: 266 see also historiography Gertrude, Saxon margravine: 356 Grundmann, Herbert: 56 Gervase of Tillbury: 450 Guibert of Nogent: 46 Giesebrecht, Wilhelm von: 147, 325, 433 guilds: 67

470 Index

Gundechar, bishop of Eichstatt:¨ 331, 335 Henry I ‘the Fowler’, king of Germany: 90, 96, Gunther, bishop of Bamberg: 369 129, 141, 143, 286 Guntramn, Frankish king: 235 attacks Slavs for tribute: 249 Gunzelin, margrave of Meissen: 319, 362, 379 and bishops: 326, 337 breaks with Carolingian tradition: 280 Habermas, Jurgen:¨ 133, 207 refuses to be anointed: 274 Hadrian IV, pope: 408 and political ‘friendships’ with magnates: Hadumar of Genoa, killed in 806: 266 274, 288 Haimerad, Saint: as ‘protest-saint’: 323 see also Ottonian dynasty Hakon,´ King of Norway: 14 Henry II, king of Germany, emperor: 74, 87, 98, Halberstadt, bishopric: 334, 336 138, 170, 286, 291, 319, 343, 345, 359 Haldor´ Laxness: 14 and abbots: 337 Hamburg, sacked by Horic: 235 and aristocratic conflicts: 357, 366, 367, 379, bishopric: 345 397, 398 Hamezo, ‘anti-bishop’ of Halberstadt: 370 and bishops: 327, 328, 331, 335, 336, 337, 339, Hampshire: 47 340, 341, 344, 349, 352, 368 Hanawalt, Barbara: 56 childless: 291 Hansen, V.: 32 and conflicts with lay aristocrats: 373, 382 Hardacnut, English king: 290 and penance: 159 Harold I, English king: 290 see also bishops; violence, political Hartkirchen: 220 Henry III, king of Germany, emperor: 144, 150, Hartwig, count of Friesach: 363 226, 299, 364, 407 Harzburg, castle-chapel destroyed by Saxons: and bishops: 328, 331, 345, 369 153, 355, 357 and conflicts between lay aristocrats: 357, 369, Hastings: 5 372 Hatto, archbishop of Mainz: 114, 221, 222, 225 and conflicts with lay aristocrats: 373, 382, 383, good relations with Uota: 222, 223 385 Hauck, A.: 335 as crown prince: 379 Helmbrecht: 62 establishes Henry IV as his successor: 376 Helmold of Bosau: 451 intervention in papal affairs: 151, 164, 349 Heloise: 99 and penance: 159, 384 Hemuza, vassal of Henry of Walbeck: 313 see also bishops; Salian dynasty; violence, Henry I, king of England: 10, 42, 70, 86, 148, political 173 Henry IV, king of Germany, emperor: 46, 54, 84, and royal justice: 441 199, 205, 364, 435 succession: 448 and bishops: 153, 349, 352, 369, 370 Henry II, king of England: 16, 52, 53, 62, 99, 145, and conflicts with lay aristocrats: 373, 374, 148, 390, 400, 402, 427, 446 378, 385, 386, 387 rule in Aquitaine: 407, 427 criticised for his treatment of magnates: 401 and assemblies: 195, 199, 205, 208 and deditio: 160, 383, 384 and Becket: 173–90, 441 and pope Gregory VII: 152, 155 at the Council of Northampton: 178, 202, excommunicated: 154, 374 206 tries to have Gregory excommunicated: 154, peace-agreements with pope Alexander III: 349 177 at Canossa: 147–56, 159–66 and penance: 177, 180, 189–90 made king: 376 chancery: 439 minority: 151–2, 364, 369, 385 charters: 414 and the murder of count Sigehard of and ‘common law’: 396, 428 Burghausen: 356 income: 446 regions under his control: 149 rebellion led by his wife and sons: 189 and the Saxons: 149–50, 152, 153, 154, 159, 188, and royal justice: 441 205, 355, 393 Henry III, king of England: 47, 447 titulature: 297 dispute over his coronation: 177, 189 use of intermediaries: 204 Henry VI, king of England: 447 see also bishops; Salian dynasty; violence, Henry VIII, king of England: 189 political

Index 471

Henry V, king of Germany, emperor: 45, 60, 74, Hilmerad, Saint: 146 365 Hilwartshausen: 421 ‘absolutist tendencies’: 394, 401 Hincmar, bishop of Laon: 238 and bishops: 352, 353, 370 Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims: 144, 197, 198, and conﬂicts with lay aristocrats: 373, 374, 200, 237, 238, 239, 242, 249, 273 380, 384, 387 Hirsch, H.: 434 and deditio: 384 historiography and taxation: 399 neglect of assemblies: 142, 143, 194 see also bishops; Salian dynasty; violence, and the attribution of policy to either a ruler political or his entourage: 269 Henry VI, king of Germany, emperor: 14, 423, and the central middle ages: 435–7 435, 440 and the comparative approach: 6, 33–7, 130, Henry (VII) of Germany: 435, 443 285, 300, 411, 436, 450 Henry, bishop of Augsburg: 369 and constitutional or institutional history: Henry Babenberger: 393 193, 438, 454 Henry I, duke of Bavaria, in rebellion against his and conventional political history: 193 older brother Otto I: 139, 312 English: 6–7, 8, 9, 15, 88, 294 Henry, cardinal and papal legate: 59 and editions of narrative texts: 12 Henry the Fat, count of Northeim and and the ‘Manchester school’: 14 Frisia: 371 ‘maximalist’ view of state power: 7, 16, 294 Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony and Bavaria: perspective on crime: 40 206, 393, 403, 405, 434, 446 preference for archival evidence: 9–10, 13, Henry I of Limburg: 384 47, 294 Henry, count palatine of Lotharingia: 369 privileging discovery of ‘facts’ over original Henry of Orta: 417 thinking: 13 Henry II the Quarrelsome, duke of Bavaria: 336 and regional history: 15–16 Henry Raspe II, count of Gudensberg and source criticism of narrative texts: 12 Henry of Schweinfurt, margrave: 373 and the teaching of history: 6–7, 10, 13, 17, Henry of Walbeck: 313 23 Henry, bishop of Winchester: 175 ‘tradition’ vs ‘survival’ of sources: 10 Henry, bishop of Wurzburg:¨ 336 see also England Herbert Losinga, bishop of Norwich: 163 French: 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 26–7 Heribert, archbishop of Cologne: 291 the Annales school: 87 Herimann, archbishop of Cologne: 328 extension of French model to European Hermann, bishop of Bamberg: 153 dimensions: 80, 81 Hermann Billung: 137, 140 the mutation of the year 1000: 79, 81, 301, Hermann, margrave of Meissen: 139, 362, 368, 305, 306 379, 397 and regional history: 87–8 Hermann of Reichenau: 217, 225, 230, 373, 376, geographical determinism: 287 382 German: 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14–15, 88, 294 Hermann of Salm: 365 and charters: 295 Hermann I, duke of Swabia: 288 on crime: 41 Hermann II, duke of Swabia: 286, 368 and the ‘feudal revolution’: 84; Hermann of Werl: 369 terminology: 307; Herrschaft: 306; Herold, archbishop of Salzburg: 335, 350 Villikation: 316 Hersfeld: 315 and the ‘Freiburg school’: 305 Hessen: 332 and libri memoriales: 91 Hezilo, bishop of Hildesheim: 336 nominalist approach: 438 Hibernicus Exul: 242 state development and the modernisation Hilary, bishop of Chichester: 171, 181 paradigm: 413, 432–5, 447; and Hildebald, bishop of Worms: 332, 340 constitutional history: 194, 284, 354, 435; Hildegard, daughter of Louis the Younger: 221 and the development of ‘territorial’ Hildesheim: 162, 279 states: 434; and feudal relationships: 434; bishopric: 341, 345 and the Ottonians: 306 Hildiward, bishop of Halberstadt: 334 Reichskirchensystem: 325, 354 and the role Hilduin, abbot of Saint-Denis: 238 of political ‘friendships’: 288

472 Index

historiography (cont.) Hugo, son of Lothar II, fate of his followers after Icelandic: 14 his rebellion and death (885): 239 Indian: 31–2 Hugo of Lotharingia, allies himself with the Italian: 9, 12, 88 Vikings: 247 and the ‘feudal revolution’: 301, 306 Hungary, Hungarians, Magyars: 82, 90, 106, 121, internationality and national boundaries: 5, 7, 249, 277, 296, 319, 320, 340, 373, 451 8 kings dominated by Ottonians: 289 literary theory and the relationship between hunting: 140 text and reality: 96–9 Huxley, Aldous: 16 Marxist: 32, 34, 35–6, 37, 112 Hyacinth Bobo, cardinal and papal legate (pope and medieval power relationships: 111–12 Celestine III): 59 and the modernisation paradigm for the evolution of European states: 388, 413–14 Ibbo, man ﬁned for non-performance of ignoring the costs of ‘progress’: 455 military service: 257 and national narratives: 6–7, 14–15, 132 Iceland: 70 and the origins of modern European states: 5 immunities: 342, 353 and the projection of bourgeois conventions incastellamento: 72, 118, 303 into medieval social practices: 218 Ingelheim: 128, 278 and ritual: 129–30, 168–9 intermediaries: see bishops; peace-making; and social anthropology: 95–6 peasants; women, royal and sources: 294 International Medieval Bibliography database: different types in different regions: 7–8, 10, 100 86, 87 Investiture contest: 326, 369, 400 Spanish: 88 see also Gregory VII; kingship and the ‘feudal revolution’: 301 Irminsul, burnt, and temple treasures plundered and uniﬁcation processes: 296 (772): 233 see also elite; encellulement; ethnicity; Isabeau of Bavaria: 228 European history; feudalism; Germany; Isidore of Seville: 129 incastellamento; microhistory; Islamic conquest: 121 periodisation Islamic states: 300 Hobsbawm, Eric: 55 and use of ritual: 203 Hodgson, Marshall G. S.: 36 see also Spain Hohenaltheim: 349 Isolde: 114 Hohenstaufen: see Staufen Italy, Italians: and Frankish wars: 251, 252, 265 Holy Lance, symbolic role in the transfer of bishops: 335, 343, 346, 347, 348, 353 power under the Ottonians: 290 contrast with northern Europe: 209 Homburg, battle of (1075): 383 corrupt character of highborn women Honorius II, antipope then bishop of Parma: 162 (according to Liudprand of Cremona): Horic, Danish king: 235 229 Hotersleben,¨ meeting of the Saxon aristocracy at Carolingian sub-kings: 270 (1073): 150 and feudalism: 303, 314 Housman, A. E.: 104 under Ottonians and Salians: 149, 150–1, 275, Hoyer of Mansfeld: 365 278, 286, 293, 296, 327, 340, 343 Hoxter:¨ 398 no peasant rebellions: 125 Hrodgaud, uprising in Lombardy (776): 244 under the Staufen: 407–9, 446, 451 Hugbert (D Arn. 143): 221 mandates and privileges: 415, 418 Hugh Capet: 122 see also bishops; Byzantine empire; Frederick I Hugh, abbot of Cluny: 385 Barbarossa Hugh of Die, supporter of Gregory VII: 165 Jackman, Donald: 220 Hugh of Le Puiset: 46 Jacquerie: 123 Hugh of Lusignan: 314 Jaspers, Karl: 36, 37 Hugh, bishop of Nevers: 163 Jerusalem, crusade following fall of: 208 Hugh of Tours: 253 Jews, and slave ownership: 319 Hugh of Verden: 430 Joanna, daughter of Henry II of England: 208

Index 473

Joel, twelfth-century aristocrat: 114 and the ‘military revolution’: 449 John XII, pope: 164, 275, 350 and office-holding: 439 John XIII, pope: 350 ‘personal’ and ‘territorial’ types of state: John ‘Lackland’, king of England: 85, 434, 448 448–9 John of Gorze: 169 and royal justice: 440–3; as final court of John Philagathos: 164 appeal: 441–3 John, archbishop of Ravenna: 238 and size of kingdom: 402, 452 John of Salisbury: 99, 176, 185, 451 and sources of income: 444–7; plunder and Johnson, D. G.: 32 tribute: 444; profits of justice: 445; Joscelin, abbot of Bury St Edmunds: 66 taxation: 444 Judith, wife of Louis the Pious, accused of and succession: 447–8; elective kingship: adultery: 228, 230 447; hereditary kingship: 447; and the division of kingdoms: 447, 454 Kaiserswerth: 221, 345 and vengeance, under Ottonians and Salians: Kalamazoo, international medieval conference 372 at: 24 viewed by contemporaries: 409–11 Kantorowicz, Ernst: 98, 128 see also Angevin empire; Anglo-Norman Karlmann, father of Arnulf: 225 dynasty; Anglo-Saxon England; dies of a stroke: 226 Carolingian dynasty; Carolingian Keller, Christoph: 21 empire; East Francia; elite; feudalism; Keller, Hagen: 132 France; Germany; historiography; Kent: 15, 287, 289 Ottonian dynasty; peace-making; Salian Kern, Fritz: 91, 358, 374, 375 dynasty; violence; West Francia Keynes, J. M.: 456 kinship, beginnings of patrilineal family Kienast, Walther: 105 structure: 450 kingship, available source-material obscures Kipling, Rudyard: 104, 123 rulers’ own consciousness: 281 kiss of peace: 177, 179, 182–3, 186, 188, 398 and the Carolingian political tradition Knowles, David: 175, 189 Christian rulership: 271 Koblenz: 15 crowning and anointing: 271, 274 Koziol, Geoffrey: 95, 170, 178 dynastic: 252 Kremsmunster:¨ 415 itinerant: 271, 295 Kuhn, Thomas: 13 kings set apart from the rest of political Kuno of Beichlingen: 365 society: 271, 275 state-tradition: adapted by Ottonians: 279; Lambert of Watrelos: 417, 419, 421, 426 appropriated by Anglo-Saxon kings: 280; Lambton, A. K. S.: 32 not perceived as important in medieval Lampert of Hersfeld: 46, 156, 356, 363, 364, 383, times: 280 385 change in the position of the ruler under the Lancashire: 290 Salians: 387 Landelin, attacker of the archbishop of Tours ‘desacralisation’, and the Investiture Contest: (1075): 60 369, 384, 400 Landpeace (Landfriede): 360, 366, 367 and the ‘feudal revolution’: 301 of Frederick I Barbarossa: 399, 443 itinerant rulership: 440, 453 see also Mainz, Landpeace and legitimation from the past: 281 Latium: 82, 87 and idea of continuity: 281 latro, latrones: 46, 48, 52, 56, 77 as social construct, in response to demand latrocinium: 49, 56 from political community: 269, 396, Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel: 112 406–7, 428, 442 Lech, battle of: 136, 296, 312 statehood and the modernisation paradigm: Leeds, international medieval conference at: 24 432–55, 458 Lemarignier, Jean-François: 84 and administrative units: 437–9 Leo IX, pope: 163 and capitals: 440 Leon-Castille, and the ‘feudal revolution’: 83 and criminal justice: 443–4 Lesum, lordship: 316 forced on by rulers’ absence: 457 Levillain, Leon:´ 258

474 Index

Leyser, Karl: 16, 89, 117, 130, 140, 178, 194, 198, importance of control over the region: 274, 284, 294, 328, 410, 424, 451 278, 279, 286 liberi homines: military service: 245, 256, 260, incorporated into Germany: 407 262 only territory besides West Francia still ruled as liberi regis: 256, 322 by Carolingians after 888: 270 l. h. pauperes: 245, 262, 267, 311 as patria: 286 see also army Louis the Pious, Frankish king and emperor: 78, libri memoriales: 90 86, 238, 241, 247, 270, 285 see also memoria and ‘Byzantine’ foreign policy: 264 Liege:` 371 Frankish expansion ends during his reign: 251, bishopric: 390 253 Liemar, archbishop of Bremen: 334 fulfills the terms of Charlemagne’s will: 236 Lietbert, bishop of Cambrai: 369 and government: 280 Lieu, S. N. C.: 32 and legislating at assemblies: 205 Limoges: 279 and the mobilisation of armies: 246, 251, 255 Lincoln: 196 and ‘Freienpolitik’: 262 Lincolnshire: 290 and penance: 159, 267 Lippoldsberg: 404 and the securing of borders: 254 Lisbon, captured by Alfonso II of Asturias (798): his sons send an embassy to the Danes: 235 241 and Spain: 234, 235, 249 literacy: 94, 95, 135 see also Carolingian dynasty and reference to written records of ritual: 203 Louis the German: 219, 226, 241, 247, 249, 285 use of the written word, in judgements: 423 Bohemian leaders submit to him (845): 252 symbolic: 419 distributes the bulk of his treasure in alms: 236 see also orality and government: 280 Liudolf of Swabia, son of Otto I: 128, 286 negotiates with Horic: 235 Liudolfing family: 284, 308, 320, 345 his sons ally themselves with Rastiz: 247 Liudprand of Cremona: 137, 169, 228, 275, 277, see also Carolingian dynasty; kingship 290, 345 Louis the Younger, East Frankish king: 219, 221, Liudward of Vercelli, and sexual misconduct: 227 224, 225 Louis the Child, East Frankish king: 218, 221, Liutfrid, executed under Conrad I: 383 222, 225, 230 Lollards: 115 his ‘demotion’ of his mother Uota: 222 Lombards, rulers’ hoards plundered by Frankish family relationship with the elder Conrad: 220 kings: 233 Louis II, king of Italy: 196, 242 tribute to the Franks: 231 Louis IV, West Frankish king, restored to full under the Merovingians: 263 kingship by Otto I: 278 Lombardy: 87, 414 Louis VI, king of France: 208 and Hrodgaud’s uprising: 244 Louis VII, king of France: 205, 390, 397, 402, London: 64, 177, 456 448, 451 diocese of: 183 attempts to reconcile Henry II and Becket: lordship: 73 179, 182, 183, 184, 185 and the bipartite estate structure: 316–17, income: 446 320 meeting at Soissons (1155): 208 and feudalism: 303 Louis VIII, king of France: 85 see also feudalism; fortifications Louis IX, king of France: 447 Lorsch, abbey: 139, 219 Louis XIV, king of France: 440 Lothar I, Frankish king and emperor, son of Louis the Leaper, count of Thuringia: 380 Louis the Pious: 254, 260 Louis of Provence: 226 Lothar, West Frankish king (941–986): 96 Louis, abbot of Saint-Denis, ransomed from Lothar III (Lothar of Supplingenburg),¨ king of Vikings (858): 249 Germany, emperor: 366, 384, 387 Louis II, Landgrave of Thuringia: 365, 402 and bishops: 353 Louis III, Landgrave of Thuringia: 404 Lotharingia: 106, 286, 289, 308, 322 Loyn, Henry: 194 bishops: 341, 343, 345, 355 Ludowing family: 452

Index 475

Ludwig, count of Loon: 416 seen as less advanced and civilised than the Luxemburger family: 313, 332 Carolingians: 245, 246 revolt: 319 see also Carolingian dynasty; Francia; Franks; plunder; tribute Maastricht: 416 Merseburg: 129, 145, 279, 319 MacFarlane, Alan: 112 bishopric: 329, 336, 345 Maconnais:ˆ 82 Ottonian royal palace at: 141, 143, 343 Madagascar, kingdom of, and use of symbolism: Metz: 319 139 bishopric: 331, 332 Magdeburg: 137, 202 microhistory: 112 archbishopric: 276, 333, 336, 350, 352 ‘middle ages’, ‘medieval’ Magnou-Nortier, Elisabeth: 26 and extra-European history: 31–3 Magnus Billung: 160, 383, 385 as uniﬁed period: 23–4 Magyars: see Hungary and unique problems of source criticism: Mainz: 128, 204, 296 24–5 archbishopric: 222, 336, 341, 392 use of the term: 20–1, 22–3, 30, 33, 37 council of (847): 229 see also historiography; periodisation Landpeace (1235): 49, 397, 444 Milan: 150, 153, 166, 408 Maiolus, abbot of Cluny: 59 Minden: 421 Major, John: 5 missi dominici: 260, 262, 341 mallus publicus: 301 Mistul, Abodrite prince: 140 mandates, as a form of royal legislation: 420–3, Mitteis, Heinrich: 91, 394, 434, 436 428, 443 Montmirail: 176, 179, 184, 185 see also Frederick I Barbarossa; privileges Monumenta Germaniae Historica: 4, 22 Manegoldus, miles imperatori: 373 Moore, R. I.: 37 Mannheim, Karl: 106 Moravian empire (Great) Mantua: 163 and the Bohemians: 252 Map, Walter: 451, 454 and the Franks: Margaret of Anjou: 228 hoards plundered by Frankish kings: 233 Marmoutier, abbey: 114 plundered for horses: 234 Marx, Karl: 35, 37 tribute to the Franks: 232 Matfried of Orleans:´ 253 rulers maintain clientele among immediate Mathilda, mother of Otto I: 128 Frankish neighbours: 247 Mathilda of Quedlinburg: 333 shares common political culture with the Mathilda, margravine of Tuscany: 156, 218, Franks: 247 384 Morcar, English earl: 54 Matthew, duke of Upper Lotharingia: 390, 391 Morgan, David: 32 Mayer, Theodor: 256, 295, 434, 449 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus: 92 Mayr-Harting, Henry: 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, Muhlhausen:¨ 384 136 Mukhia, Harbans: 32 Meerssen: 235, 260, 418, 425 Muller-Mertens,¨ Eckhard: 295, 419 Meginrat, Swabian hermit: 54 Munich: 4 Meinwerk, bishop of Paderborn: 124, 142, 143–4, Munster,¨ bishopric: 395, 422 340, 341, 342, 368 Munz, P.: 435 Meissen, bishopric: 329, 343 Murman, Breton leader: 242 margraves of: 397 Murray, Alexander (Sandy): 6, 42 Menfo,¨ battle (1044): 159 Mussolini, Benito: 16 memoria: 80, 81, 153 see also libri memoriales Nelson, Janet: 140 Mercia: 15, 288, 289, 304 Nicholas I, pope: 238 magnates attending West Saxon kings’ Nicholas, bishop of Cambrai: 390–2, 397, 399, meetings near the Thames: 199, 296 401, 404 tensions with Wessex: 287 Nicholas of Munkathvera: 70 Merovingian dynasty: 405 Nicholas Mystikos, patriarch of Constantinople: and ‘free’ Franks: 262 102

476 Index

Nicholas, Hungarian with a career in England: Ortlieb, bishop of Basel: 404 450 Orwell, George: 16 Nierstein: 222 Ostfalia: 315, 329 Nijmegen: 362, 378 see also Westfalia Nˆımes: 140 Otting:¨ 141, 142, 220, 227 Nithard, bishop of Liege:` 328 Otto I, king of Germany, emperor: 95, 96, 128, Nithard, cleric: 220 137, 139, 140, 146, 164, 202, 269, 277, nobles: see elite 278, 286, 291, 295, 324, 345, 426 Nominoe,¨ Breton ruler: 248 and bishops: 327, 330, 334, 336, 337, 339, 350, tribute-payments to West Francia: 249 352 Normandy: 8, 38, 87, 207, 228, 402, 446, 452, 457 and the Carolingian political tradition: 274, Normans, credited with exceptional 275, 280, 288 administrative skills: 439, 457 crowned at Aachen: 278 kill count Robert (885): 239 and evidence for his own perception of his new forms of state in kingdoms of England kingship: 275–6 and Sicily: 435, 436, 455 through the prism of contemporary see also Anglo-Norman dynasty; Sicily accounts: 275, of physical remains: 276 Northampton, Council of (1164): 121, 171, 174, income: 447 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 190, intervenes in West Francia: 278 199, 202, 206, 208, 392 and Italy: 408 Northumberland: 290 victory over the Magyars: 296 Northumbria: 15, 87, 289, 304 see also Lotharingia; Ottonian dynasty Norwegian-Icelandic kingdom: 438 Otto II, king of Germany, emperor: 122, 286 notaries: 346 and bishops: 339 Notker, bishop of Liege:` 333 Otto III, king of Germany, emperor: 96, 161, Notker the Stammerer: 137, 237, 273 164, 343, 345 Novalese: 279 and the appropriation of Carolingian tradition: 279 oath of Beauvais: 78, 79, 80, 81–3 and bishops: 331, 333, 344 oath-helpers, men and women: 230 criticised for setting himself apart from his at Uota’s trial: 229–30 followers: 401 oaths, of loyalty, demanded by Arnulf: 225 and the papacy: 349 and peace-making: 362, 366 and penance: 159 see also oath-helpers; Peace of God movement, see also Ottonian dynasty Oberlahnstein: 222 Otto IV, emperor: 60, 67 Oberndorf, gift of royal land at: 221 and taxation: 399 Octavian of Monticelli (pope Victor IV): 450 Otto, brother of margrave William: 364 Odo, abbot of Cluny: 57, 314 Otto Frangipani: 450 Odo, West Frankish king (888–98): 140 Otto of Freising: 393, 409, 430, 447, 451 Oexle, Otto Gerhard: 101 Otto of Northeim: 153, 160, 162, 363, 364, 373, Offa, Mercian king: 241 379, 380, 383, 385 Ohtric, capellanus, rejected for the bishopric of Otto of Wittelsbach: 202 Magdeburg: 333 Ottonian dynasty: 83, 270, 273 olive oil: as characteristic of southern Europe: and assemblies: 196, 208 209 and bishops: 369, 429 see also butter and the Carolingian political tradition: 249, Oppenheim: 155 273, 277, 278, 279 orality: 94, 95 little knowledge of Carolingian history in and recorded speech in documents: 120 sources: 135–7, 276, 290 see also literacy and West Frankish Carolingians: 277, Orderic Vitalis: 10, 87, 295 278 ordines, coronation: 311, 410 and continuity in tradition of government Orientalism: 12, 35 and institutions: 279 Orleans:´ 456 dominance over kings of Elbe Slavs, Poles, Ortenberg, V.: 285 Bohemians, Hungarians: 289

Index 477

as dukes of Saxony: 273 and intermediaries: 184, 185, 204, 382, 385, hegemony: 248, 320 387 and itinerant kingship: 295, 343 involving rulers: 366, 374, 378, 386 rulers’ financial resources: 399 introduction of a ‘judicial procedure’: symbolisation of kingship: 128–46, 378–81 290 and charges of treason: 380 sacerdotal kingship: 327, 352 and ‘private’ justice: 301 ‘Christocentric’ or ‘Christomimetic’: 93, problems: 185 98, 135, 136 types of meeting: 184 and conventions in the sources: 139–40 see also deditio; exile; kiss of peace; oaths; and iconography: 93, 327 women, royal and royal palaces: 141–2 peasants, hierarchy: 123–4 and churches: 141, 142–3 relationship with lords through and royal charters: 141, 142 intermediaries: 124 and the non-elite: 145–6 represented as bestial in literature and visual common language of representation for representations: 121 rulers and non-rulers: 137–9 resistance to domination by lords: 122–3, place in recent historiography: 435 125–6 titulature: 278, 296 see also Germany; serfs; slaves see also assemblies; bishops; capellani; East penance: 157–9 Francia; Germany; historiography; acts of contrition by rulers: 159–60 hunting; Liudolfing family; ritual; Salian private: 158 dynasty; Saxony Carolingian reformers’ attitude to: 158 Oxford Medieval Texts series: 12 originated in the British Isles: 158 Oxford, University of: 23 public: 157, 381 and ritual: 382 Paderborn: 425 see also clothing; deditio; excommunication; bishopric: 339, 341, 345 Henry II of England;HenryIVof pagus, pagenses: 84, 301 Germany; ritual and Frankish armies: 258, 259 periodisation, medieval and modern: 20–2, Pannonia: 260 25–8 devastated by Bulgars (827): 253 Pertz, Georg Heinrich: 260 papacy, judicial practice: 423, 424, 426, 429, 441, Peter Damian: 54, 57 442 Petrarch: 20 appelate jurisdiction: 397, 430 Philip I, king of France: 46, 71, 447, 448 itinerant representatives: 425, 427 Philip II Augustus, king of France: 71, 434, 440, office-holders: 439 447, 448 privileges and mandates: 413, 414, 415, 418, Philip II, king of Spain: 440 421, 422 Piedmont: 150 papal monarchy: 395, 454, 455 Pierleoni, Hugo, papal legate: 187 parish, as administrative unit: 438 Piers Plowman: 54 Parkstein: 369 pilgrims: 58, 63, 65, 69 Parthenius, tax-inspector: 399 pilgrim-guides: 70 Paschasius Radbertus: 224 see also clothing Patarini (Patarene) movement: 122, 150, Pipe Rolls: 446 163 Pippin III, Frankish king: 148 patricius Romanorum: 151, 154 Italian campaigns: 266 pauperes: see liberi homines pauperes Pippin of Aquitaine, allies himself with Vikings: Pavia: 323 247 captured by Charlemagne (774): 236 Pippin the Hunchback, son of Charlemagne Peace of God movement: 49, 58, 61, 63, 78, 302, leads Avar expedition: 234 360, 371, 443 revolts against his father (792): 48, 240 and oath-taking: 78–9 Pirenne, Henri: 26 peace-making: 177 Pˆıtres, assembly at (864): 200 as end to feud: 190, 362 Edict of: 261

478 Index

plunder: 444 rebellion: see feud; peace-making; violence arms and horses: 234 Regensburg: 217, 220, 223, 252, 356 under the Carolingians: 232, 235 as place of assembly: 199, 227, 240, 296 under the Merovingians: 235 Regino of Prum:¨ 223, 224, 290, 405 and rulers’ hoards: 233 Reich: see Germany; Ottonian dynasty; Salian and slaves: 233, 243 dynasty and temple treasures: 233 Reichenau, conference: 221, 424 and victuals: 232 and Ottonian art: 90 see also army; slaves; tribute Renan, Ernest: 103 Pohl, Walter: 102, 103 Reuter, Timothy: English and German Poland, Poles: kings dominated by Ottonians: background: 4–5 289 and political history: 9 Poly, Jean-Pierre: 27 Reynolds, Susan: 6, 20, 101, 448 polyptychs: 315 Rhaetia: 103 Poppo, abbot of Stavelot: 144, 299 Rheims: 163, 450 Powicke, F. M.: 9, 90 Rhens: 409 Prague: 93 Richard I the Lionheart, English king: 122, 197, Pribina, Moravian prince: 248 200, 450 privileges, as a form of royal legislation: Richard, bishop of Verdun: 162, 371 399–400, 415–20, 426, 443 Richardis, wife of Charles the Fat, bedded by see also assemblies; Frederick I Barbarossa; Liudward of Vercelli: 225, 230 mandates; papacy Richer of Rheims: 70, 96, 97, 137, 171, 200 Prum:¨ 315 Rieckenberg, H. J.: 295 Public Record Ofﬁce: 10 ritual, public: 95–6 punishment: 52, 70, 153 at Canossa: 164 by hanging: 48–9 and onlookers: 183 see also dog-carrying; exile and problems of source criticism: 171 Purcell, Henry: 92 and public assemblies: 184 and the staging of emotions: 178 Quedlinburg: 202, 430 staging vs spontaneity: 161, 165, 184, 202–3 queens, honour and sexual purity: 224 and the symbolic ‘meta-language’ of medieval position in Carolingian political discourse: 218 Europe: 169–70, 189 reduced political signiﬁcance during eleventh and the symbolisation of power: 127–46 century: 385 see also adventus regis; assemblies; Ottonian and regency: 223 dynasty; peace-making see also women, royal robbery: see crime Robert II, king of France: 448 Radulfus Glaber: 75 and penance: 159 Rahewin: 408 Robert, count, surprised and killed by Normans raiding, punitive, under the Carolingians: 232, (885): 239 252 Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy: 74, 448 taking of victuals mentioned in accounts of Robert of Flanders: 386 Viking raids: 232 Robert of Knaresborough, English hermit: 54 not mentioned in accounts of Frankish Robert the Strong, presents trophies taken from raiding: 232 the Vikings to Charles the Bald: 234 see also plunder; tributeys Robert, archbishop of Tours: 63 Rainald, count of Bar: 371, 381 Roberts, Andrew: 4 Rainald of Dassel: 173, 202 Robin Hood: 54 Rapoto, count: 369 Rockingham, Council of: 181 Rastiz, Moravian ruler: 247 Rodulfus Glaber: 161 Rather of Verona: 345 Roger, bishop of Cambrai: 417 Ratold, Arnulf’s deputy in Italy, his mother Roger II of Sicily: 99 Arnulf’s concubine: 219 and assemblies: 205 Ray, Benjamin: 135 Roger, archbishop of York: 177, 181, 182 Raymond VII of Toulouse: 74 Rohr, Ottonian royal palace: 141, 142

Index 479

Roland, and the chansons de geste: 272 Santiago de Compostela: 404 Roland of Arles, ransomed from the Vikings: 249 Santifaller, L.: 337 Rollo, duke of Normandy: 44 Saracens: 58, 265, 266, 340 Romania: 29, 457 Sarnowsky, J.: 285 Romanos Lecapenos, Byzantine emperor: 136 Savaric of Bath: 450 Rome, and imperial coronations: 275, 370 Saxony, Saxons: 8, 74, 83, 87, 136, 138, 141, 142–3, see also travel 153, 286, 289, 291, 292, 298, 307, 308, 314, Romuald, Saint: 54 319, 320, 321, 322, 343, 356, 365, 366, 380, Roncevaux: 265 398, 403, 424 Rorich, Viking leader: 231 bishops: 341, 345, 355, 368 Rosener,¨ Werner: 317 conﬂicts between bishops and lay aristocrats: Rothard, bishop of Cambrai: 333 368 Rouche, Michel: 105 conversion of: 264, 277 Rudolf, king of Burgundy: 368 and the Franks Rudolf I of Thuringia: 44, 70 Charlemagne’s legates killed (798): 266 Rudolf of Rheinfelden: 46, 164 incorporated into Frankish empire: 251, Rudolf of Stade: 384 252, 277 Rudopurc, accused of poisoning Arnulf: 227 participation in Frankish army: 260 Ruotger: 141, 143, 350, 351 attending Frankish assemblies: 199 Ruskin, John: 5 tribute to the Franks: 231; paid in cows Russians, Ottonian attempt at conversion: 276 (later horses): 231 Ruthard, relative of Uota?: 222 taken as slaves: 233 war: 253, 272 Saalfeld, Ottonian royal palace: 141, 142 fuller sources than for southern Germany: 313 Sabean, David: 112 heathens: 233 Saben:¨ 221, 223 as patria: 261 sagas, Icelandic and Norse: 94, 183 and the ‘political community’: 310 Icelandic family-sagas: 172 rebellion of 1073: 149–50, 152, 153, 154, 159, Sahlins, Marshall: 403 188, 205, 355, 364, 365, 374, 378, 383 Said, Edward: 12, 35 sense of past and identity under the St-Benoˆıt-sur-Loire: 237 Ottonians: 277 St-Blasien, abbey: 396, 416 in relation to the Franks: 277 St-Denis, abbey: 257 in relation to the ‘Romans’: 278 and the Grandes Chroniques de France: 272 imperial: 288 St-Emmeram, abbey: 220, 221, 222, 315 and social change: 309, 317 St-Gallen, abbey: 241 and social organisation: 312, 316, 318 St-Servatius (Maastricht), abbey: 416 see also Ottonian dynasty Salian dynasty: 457 Scandinavia, Scandinavians: 82, 427 and assemblies: 196 dearth of source material: 209 and bishops: 369, 429 Schaffhausen, abbey: 396, 415, 416 church policy: 325–54 Schieffer, Rudolf: 166 and the control of violence: 357 Schieffer, Theodor: 221 and the formation of a ‘territorial state’: 434 Schlesinger, W.: 329 and the loss of consensus: 374, 380, 383, 384, Schmeidler, B.: 434 387 School Curriculum and Assessment Authority: 4 royal tombs destroyed by Saxons in 1074: 355 Schramm, Percy Ernst: 128, 129, 130, 162 rulers’ ﬁnancial resources: 399 Schreiner, Klaus: 178 and sacerdotal kingship: 327, 328, 352 Sclavinia, dearth of source material: 209 see also bishops; kingship; Ottonian dynasty; Scots, kings dominated by West Saxon kings: 289 violence, political Scott, James: 122, 123 Sallust: 312, 410 Searle, Eleanor: 58 Salomon, Breton king: 249 seigneurie: 303, 306 Salz, peace of (803): 251 s. banale: 8, 76, 88, 302, 307 Salzburg: 204 see also feudalism Salzburg Annals (Great): 297 Seignobos, Charles: 10

480 Index

Seine: fortiﬁcations against Vikings: 200 Sommerschenburg, count palatine of: 425, Selbstverstandnis¨ : 88 426 Sellar, W. C.: 15 Sophia, sister of Otto III: 333 Senlac Hill: 4 Sorbs: 232, 260 Sens, papal curia at: 171, 174 Southampton: 180 Serbs: at war with Franks: 251, 266 University of: 9 serfs, condition of the free levelled with that of Southern, Richard: 6, 29, 90 servi casati: 302, 308, 321–2 Spain: 7, 82, 415 see also slaves contrast with northern Europe: 209 Sergius IV, pope: 350 mixed Frankish success on the border: 245, Shaw, George Bernard: 16 246, 249, 265 Shennan, Stephen: 101 shift from assemblies to proto-parliamentary shires: 437, 438 system: 194 and troop-raising: 289 and Sicily: 450 see also Wessex and the slave-trade: 320 Sicily: 10, 415, 452 and taxation: 446 new form of state: 435, 436, 439, 446, 447, 455 warfare between Franks and Muslims: 251 geographically mobile elite: 450 see also Charlemagne; Visigoths reactions against papal jurisdiction: 430 Speyer: 148, 153, 155, 160, 296, 331, 383, 386 and Spain: 450 Spiess, Karl-Heinz: 424 see also Normans Spoleto: 153 Sickel, Theodor: 421 international medieval conference at: 5 Siegfrid, abbot of Gorze: 144, 299 Springer, Matthias: 318 Siegfrid, count palatine: 365, 373, 380 Stablo: 423 Siegfrid, Norse leader: 231 Stafford, Pauline: 225 Sigebert, Frankish king: 235 statehood: see Angevin empire; Anglo-Norman Sigebert III, Frankish king: 236 dynasty; France; Frederick I; Germany; Sigebert of Gembloux: 351 kingship Sigehard, count of Burghausen, murdered: 356 Staufen dynasty: 393, 396, 404, 413, 434, 457 slaves: 302, 317, 319 emperors, and the formation of a ‘territorial’ and the enslavement of Christians: 233 state: 434 and the enslavement of ‘heathens’: 233 in Sicily: 455 perception: 323 Staufen, mountain of: 396, 416 in Saxony: 312 Stavelot, abbey: 336 slave-trade: 320 Steiermark: 61 see also army; plunder; serfs; Slavs Stein, B.: 31 Slavs: 82, 265, 318 Stellinga revolt: 122, 321, 322 allied with the Danes: 251 Stephen, English king: 51, 86, 173, 181, 196 Elbe Slavs, kings dominated by Ottonians: Strasbourg: 146, 368 289 Suetonius: 410 and the Franks Suger, abbot of St-Denis: 46, 447, 450, 451 East Frankish army sent against a Slav tribe Suidger of Mainz, villicus: 319 refusing to pay its tribute: 242 Svein, English king: 290 Frankish campaigns against: 252, 265 Swabia (Alemannia), Swabians: 139, 274, 286, and Frankish missionary activity: 264 289, 314, 364, 400, 414, 419, 424 temple treasures plundered: 233 at Frankish assemblies: 199 revolt of 983: 140, 320, 323 bishops: 330, 341 and slavery: 233, 249, 319 duchy: 417 tribute to Henry I: 249 gains of conquest distributed among see also Abodrites; Bohemians Austrasian magnate families: 244 Smyth, A. P.: 297 main stamping-ground of Charles the Fat: 248 Snello, abbot of Kremsmunster:¨ 221 Swedes, and Frankish missionary activity: 264 Soffer, Reba: 6 see also Vikings Soissons: 208 Sylvester II, pope: see Gerard of Aurillac story of the vase of: 235 Sylvester III, pope: 164

Index 481

Tachigowa, Micho: 32 expected of Carolingian rulers: 231 Tacitus, description of German peoples: 103, and internal tribute: 241; linked with 237, 239 taxation: 242; paid by bishoprics: 241; Tarantaise, bishopric: 340 paid by monasteries: 241 Tate, Nicholas: 4, 6 and the distribution of treasure under the taxation: 399 Merovingians: 236 see also tribute under the Carolingians: 236 Tellenbach, Gerd: 148 beneﬁciaries: 234, 236, 244 Tennyson, Alfred, lord: 167 from heathens: 264 Thames: 199 as ‘institutionalised plunder’: 243 Thasselgard, Italian count: 49 under the Merovingians: 231 Thedald, archbishop of Milan: 153 under the Ottonians: 320 Thegan: 247 payment in gold or in kind: 231–2 Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury: 173 tribute-taking raids: 252 Theoderic, count of Flanders: 390–2, 397, 399, see also army; gift; plunder; raiding 401, 417 Trier: 93, 160, 241 Thetford: 16 archbishopric: 345, 370, 390 Theuderich, Frankish king: 235 Tuscany: 8, 150, 307 Thiadric, slave: 312 Thiel, merchant guild at: 146 Ullmann, Walter: 408 Thiemo Billung: 380 Ulrich of Aquileia: 422 Thietloh of Worms: 221 Ulrich, count of Ebersberg: 375 Thietmar of Merseburg: 49, 74, 83, 87, 96, 98, Ulrich, knight: 422 134, 139, 141, 143, 145, 146, 170, 171, 200, unction, adapted from Old Testament model: 286, 290, 291, 295, 313, 318, 319, 321, 322, 271 323, 327, 336, 351, 352, 365, 366, 367, 368, see also kingship 374, 375, 376, 379, 397, 401, 431 Unstrut, victory of Henry IV of Germany at: Thietmar Billung: 162, 369 153 Thomas of Marle: 46 Uota (Oda, Ota, Outa, Uta), queen Thompson, E. P.: 125 accused at the same time as Arnulf’s alleged Thuringia, Thuringians: 44, 70, 141, 142, 286, poisoners (Graman, Rudopurc): 230 289, 319 a Conradine?: 220, 222, 223 tribute to the Franks: 231 her ‘demotion’ under the reign of her son paid in pigs: 231 Louis the Child: 222, 223 Toch, Michael: 115, 119, 120 possessions: 220 Tostig, brother-in-law of Edward the Confessor: queen or king’s wife?: 223 57 on trial for adultery: 217, 218, 222 Toubert, Pierre: 87 see also Arnulf; oath-helpers Toulouse: 452, 457 Urban II, pope: 80, 82, 328 Tours: 183, 186 Utrecht: 371 Tout, Thomas: 14 Transalbingia: 251 Valenciennes: 67 travel: 68 vassals: see army and accomodation on the road: 63–4, 65 Velden, estate in the Isengau: 220, 221, 223 to a court of justice: 424 Venice: 204 dangers: 70, 75 Verden: 319, 331, 332 protection of travellers: 63 Verdun: 248, 378 to Rome: 58, 59, 66, 70, 424 Verhulst, Adriaan: 86, 317 see also crime; pilgrims Versailles: 440 Trent, bishopric: 340 Victor IV, antipope: 180 Tribur: 155 Victorids, rulers of Rhatia: 103 tribute, exacting of: 444 Vikings: 265, 289 annual or one-off payments: 232 and appropriation of their plunder by victors: under the Carolingians: 232 235 and expansion: 264 bands used by Franks: 247

482 Index

Vikings (cont.) Welf II, count: 369 church-robbers, not the only ones in Francia: Welf V: 218 234 Welf VI: 446 fortiﬁcations against: 200 Welf family: 220, 393, 452 mobilisation against: 261 Welfesholz, battle of: 374 receive payments from Charles the Fat: 231 Wenskus, Reinhard: 102 spontaneous resistance by the Frankish rural Werden: 315 population: 246 Werner, archbishop of Magdeburg: 370 trophies taken from them presented to Werner, margrave, cousin of Thietmar of Charles the Bald: 234 Merseburg: 319, 375 see also Danes; Scandinavia; Swedes Werner, Karl-Ferdinand: 76, 207, 220, 255, 259 violence: debate over role of, in historiography of Wessex, West Saxons: 5, 15, 140, 287, 289, 290, the ‘feudal revolution’: 72–7, 79, 81, 85–6 295 and disputes over property rights: 76 and assemblies: 199 elite domination: 113–14, 115–16 rulers legislating at assemblies: 205 and the threat of violence: 114–15 and the church: 347 and feud: 76–7, 115 dominance over Welsh and Scots kings: 289 ﬂuid boundaries between ‘private’ feud and hegemony over other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: ‘public’ rebellion: 361, 364 284, 288, 289, 296, 304 and harrying: 85, 293 ‘shiring’ of incorporated lands: 289 political, under the Salians: 355–87 historical writing in: 290 between lay aristocrats: 361–7 and neo-Carolingian forms of organisation: between lay aristocrats and bishops: 367–71 304, 311 between lay aristocrats and rulers: 372–87 tensions with Mercia: 287 contemporary views: 362; and ‘legitimate’ and troop-raising: 289 use of violence: 363, 374 see also bishops; England, Anglo-Saxon and the idea of ‘public order’: 362, 365 Westfalia: 315 in saints addressing lower orders: 116, 146 West Francia: 83, 86, 105, 230 see also crime; deditio; Germany; kingship; Carolingian dynasty continues: 270 peace-making; women church councils: 195 Visigoths: 87 comparison with East Francia: 248 as founders of Spanish National Catholicism: external intervention in West Frankish 104 politics: 278, 289 tribute to the Merovingians: 263 and feudalism: 303, 313 Vlytingen, estate: 416 negative balance of payments: 249, 444 Ottonians in dominant position over West Waitz, Georg: 258, 325, 357, 358 Frankish rulers: 274, 275 Walbeck: 376 rulers and the church: 346, 347, 348, 349 Waleran, count of Meulan: 58 and the papacy: 350 Wales, kings dominated by West Saxon kings: and hunting: 140 289 married to Ottonian women: 278 Warburg: 316 see also bishops; Capetian dynasty; Ward, Elizabeth: 224 Carolingian dynasty; Carolingian Warin, collibertus: 114 empire; East Francia; France; Francia; Warmann, bishop of Constance: 331 Lotharingia; Ottonian dynasty Warner, David: 140 Westminster, assembly at (1176): 208 Warnstede: 365 council of (1163): 173, 188, 199 Warren, Lewis: 187, 189, 194, 439 statute of (1285): 50 Warsaw conference on the origins of European Westmorland: 290 nations (1968): 104 Wezel of Zollern, Swabian count: 364 Wazo, bishop of Liege:` 328, 331, 333, 369 Wibald, abbot of Stavelot: 395, 398, 413, 418, 422, weapons, prohibition of the carrying of: 64–5 423, 425 Weber, Max: 35, 49, 51, 178, 316, 388, 437, 449 Wichmann III, count: 375 Wehler, Hans-Ulrich: 34 Wichmann IV, count: 323, 355, 356, 366, 367, 398 Weissenburg: 315 Wichmann, archbishop of Magdeburg: 430

Index 483

Wickham, Chris: 11, 83, 105 Wirgefuhl¨ : 298 Wido, archbishop of Milan: 151 witchcraft, and poisoning: 227–8 Wido, his widow: 228 Wittelsbach family: 452 Widonids, margraves of Brittany: 248 Wolen, free peasants of: 119 Widukind of Corvey: 89, 97, 128, 129, 137, 139, Wolfram, Herwig: 102, 103, 297 143, 145, 146, 171, 200, 249, 275, 277, women, aristocratic, negative view of their 290, 291, 295, 298, 310, 312, 313, 318, 319, involvement in political life: 356 322, 323, 398 royal, role of intercession in cases of deditio: William the Conqueror: 4, 38, 85, 197, 290 161, 382, 384 William II Rufus, king of England: 200, 448 see also queens William II of Sicily: 208 Woodstock, Council of (1163): 173, 179 William, son of Dhuoda: 314 Wormald, Patrick: 85, 132, 284, 286, 292, 298 William, count, killed by Adalbero of Carinthia: Worms: 154, 155, 166, 199, 221, 296, 380 363 bishopric: 331, 332, 340, 341, 342 William, margrave: 364 ‘concordat’ of: 348, 353 William, count of Angouleme:ˆ 227 Worringen, battle of (1288): 47 William, duke of Aquitaine: 75, 314 Wulfstan of York: 45 William of Canterbury: 176 Wurzburg,¨ bishopric: 331, 341 William of Eynsford: 188 William FitzStephen: 185 Yates, Dornford: 16 William Longchamps: 122 Yeatman, R. J.: 15 William, archbishop of Mainz: 349 York, kingdom of: 288 William of Malmesbury: 12, 197 Yorkshire: 290 William of Poitiers: 38 William of St-Calais, bishop of Durham: 181 Zahringen,¨ dukes of: 393, 452 Willigis, archbishop of Mainz: 333 Zeitschrift fur¨ historische Forschung: 27, 436 Williram, abbot of Ebersberg: 375 Zeitz, bishopric: 329 Winchester, statute of (1285): 61 Zwentibold of Lotharingia: 226, 241 Wipo: 49, 97, 372, 375 his mother Arnulf’s concubine: 218