Das Ende Traditioneller Bindungen – Partisan Dealignment

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Das Ende Traditioneller Bindungen – Partisan Dealignment „Der Sieg ist das Bild“ Die Inszenierung von Politik in der Mediengesellschaft DIPLOMARBEIT zur Erlangung des Magistergrades der Philosophie an der Grund- und Integrativwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Wien eingereicht von Armin Wolf Wien, Dezember 1999 - 2 - Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. EINLEITUNG 1.1. Anlaß und Problemstellung ........................................................................... 3 1.2. Aufbau der Untersuchung .............................................................................. 7 2. BEGRIFFE 2.1. Politische Kommunikation ...........................................................................10 2.2. Politische Öffentlichkeitsarbeit .................................................................... 12 2.3. Inszenierung ................................................................................................. 13 2.3.1. Entstehung und Geschichte .............................................................. 13 2.3.2. Inszenierung in der Mediengesellschaft ...........................................15 2.3.3. Inszenierung als Bilder-Produktion ..................................................17 Fallbeispiel 1: Wie ein ‚Schlagbild‘ entsteht ..................................18 2.4. Herstellung vs. Darstellung von Politik ....................................................... 21 2.5. Formen inszenierter Politik .......................................................................... 25 3. VORAUSSETZUNGEN 3.1. Die illoyalen Wähler: Partisan dealignment ............................................... 26 3.2. Der Bedeutungsverlust traditioneller cleavages ...........................................29 3.3. Entideologisierung: Das Ende der Großen Erzählungen ..............................31 3.4. Die Erlebnisgesellschaft ...............................................................................33 3.5. Komplexität und der Machtverlust der Politik .............................................35 3.6. Die Mediatisierung der Politik ..................................................................... 38 3.6.1. Schwindende Eigenerfahrung und der Siegeszug der Medien ........ 38 3.6.2. Medienlogik: Die Nachrichtenfaktoren ............................................41 3.6.3. Das Verhältnis von Medien und Politik ........................................... 43 3.7. Politik im Fernseh-Format ........................................................................... 45 Fallbeispiel 2: Die Inszenierung Ronald Reagans ...................................... 48 3.8. Die Welt der Bilder: Visualisierung .............................................................52 3.9. Politik im Quoten-Druck: Kommerzialisierung der Medien ........................53 3.10. Aufmerksamkeit als Ressource: Information overload ............................... 57 - 3 - 4. KONSEQUENZEN 4.1. Die Organisation politischer Kommunikation ............................................. 60 4.1.1. Politik als Produkt: Vom party concept zum marketing concept .... 60 Fallbeispiel 3: Die Inszenierung von Bill Clinton ........................... 63 4.1.2. Amerikanisierung: Unterschiede zwischen den USA und Europa .. 72 4.1.3. Professionalisierung: Politische Kommunikation als Beruf ............ 75 4.1.4. Der Spin-Doktor als Bilder-Produzent ............................................. 77 Fallbeispiel 4: Die Inszenierung von Viktor Klima ......................... 79 4.2. Der politische Diskurs ..................................................................................87 4.2.1. Personalisierung ............................................................................... 87 4.2.2. Politiker als TV-Stars ....................................................................... 90 4.2.3. Der Boom der Quereinsteiger .......................................................... 91 4.2.4. Von der E-Politik zur U-Politik ....................................................... 93 4.2.5. Bilder vs. Argumente ....................................................................... 97 4.2.6. Entmystifikation und das öffentliche Private ................................... 99 4.2.7. Soundbite-Politik.............................................................................102 4.2.8. Glaubwürdigkeitsverlust ................................................................ 104 4.3. Die Legitimation inszenierter Politik ......................................................... 106 4.2.1. Demokratie als argumentative Begründung von Herrschaft .......... 107 4.2.2. Inhalte vs. Show ............................................................................. 107 4.2.3. Information und Interesse ...............................................................109 4.2.4. Inszenierung als Täuschung ........................................................... 110 4.2.5. Redlichkeit als Voraussetzung für Legitimität ...............................111 4.2.6. Symbolische Politik „von unten“ ................................................... 113 5. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND AUSBLICK ..................................................... 115 6. ANHANG 6.1. Interview-Transkript: Heinz Lederer ......................................................... 122 6.2. Literatur ..................................................................................................... 144 6.3. Weitere Quellen ......................................................................................... 155 6.4. Lebenslauf: Armin Wolf ............................................................................ 156 - 4 - 1. Einleitung 1.1. Anlaß und Problemstellung Breit lachend hielt der SPÖ-Vorsitzende und Bundeskanzler Viktor Klima die drei Monate alte Elsa fest im Arm und Richtung Kamera. Tags darauf schmückte das Vierfarb-Foto die Seite eins der KRONENZEITUNG, Österreichs meistgelesener Zeitung. Bildüberschrift: „Wie kam Kanzler Klima zum Baby?“1 Zwei Wochen später posierten die ÖVP-Spitzenpolitiker Schüssel, Gehrer und Molterer als Volksmusik-Trio auf dem Titelbild der Sonntags-KRONE. Bildunterschrift: „Sing mit uns! Ein Minister-Trio wirbt für unsere schönsten Volkslieder“. 2 Wahlkampf im österreichischen „Superwahljahr“ 1999. Wenige Wochen zuvor hatte die ÖVP ihr erstes Wahlplakat affichiert. Kein Foto, nur eine Schriftzeile: "Wer Politik zur Show macht, verliert rasch an Substanz“. Gemeint waren natürlich die anderen. Dort fühlte sich allerdings keiner angesprochen. SPÖ-Wahlkampf- leiter Andreas Rudas: „Uns geht es um Inhalte, nicht um Show. Wir machen keine insze- nierte Politik.“3 Die prominenten Fotomodelle der KRONENZEITUNG hatten tatsächlich konkrete politi- sche Anliegen. Der ÖVP war mit dem Slogan „Karenzgeld für alle“ ein vermeintlicher Wahlkampfschlager gelungen und die SPÖ mühte sich redlich, im Gegenzug die eigene Familienkompetenz beim Wähler zu stärken. Der offensichtlich kinderliebende Kanzler, dessen Ehefrau in Interviews auch immer wieder den eigenen Kinderwunsch betonte, auf dem Titelbild eines beliebten Familienblattes konnte da nicht schaden. Die ÖVP hingegen hatte ein anderes Problem: „Schüssel gilt aus irgendeinem Grund als kalt und unnahbar. Diese Wahlkampf-Handgranate haben wir entschärft“, so Peter Diem, der Medienberater der ÖVP, nach dem musikalischen Auftritt der drei Minister.4 1 NEUE KRONENZEITUNG vom 25. 7. 1999: 1 – (Es handelte sich übrigens um die Tochter des Inter- viewers) 2 NEUE KRONENZEITUNG vom 8. 8. 1999: 1 3 Zitiert nach FORMAT vom 23. 8. 1999: 32 4 Zitiert nach DER STANDARD vom 14./15. 8. 1999: 7 - 5 - Im Wahljahr 1999 hat in Österreich eine breite öffentliche Debatte über die Inszenierung von Politik eingesetzt. Vor allem die SPÖ mußte sich seit dem Amtsantritt Viktor Klimas und seines Wahlkampfleiters, des ehemaligen Fernseh-Managers Andreas Rudas, den Vorwurf der Über-Inszenierung gefallen lassen. Schon ein Dreivierteljahr vor der Natio- nalratswahl analysierte der Meinungsforscher und Politikberater Wolfgang Bachmayer die SPÖ-Strategie unter dem Titel „Politik aus dem Windkanal“: „Wichtig sind Marktnähe, Kundenorientierung, Verpackung und mediengerechte Inszenierung. Die Folge ist eine zunehmend entleerte, weitgehend ideologie- und keimfreie Politik.“ 5 Von „Designer- Sozialismus“ war bald die Rede 6 und im Zuge der Wahlkampagne häuften sich derartige Kommentare. Klima sei von seinen Medienberatern in einen „Wahlkampfzombie“ ver- wandelt worden, urteilte etwa fünf Wochen vor der Wahl PROFIL.7 Und am Tag nach der dramatischen Wahlniederlage der SPÖ fehlte schließlich in kaum einer Analyse der Hin- weis auf die überzogene Inszenierung. Ein Beispiel: „Was blieb, war das Bild eines durch und durch inszenierten Kanzlers, einer Marionette ohne ideologisches Profil.“ 8 Der Kanz- ler selbst klagte später, er sei sich manchmal „wie ein ferngesteuerter Roboter vorgekom- men.“ 9 Und der Werbeleiter und Kommunikations-Chef der SPÖ gesteht im Rückblick ein: „Es war kein Inhalt mehr da. [...] Es wird zur Über-Inszenierung, wenn der Inhalt nicht mehr nachkommt. Wenn praktisch das Bild schneller fertig ist als der Inhalt.“ 10 Auch die anderen Parteien (mit weitgehender Ausnahme des Liberalen Forums) blieben während des Wahljahres 1999 alles andere als inszenierungs-abstinent: An einem einzigen Tag im August z.B. schmückten Jörg Haider, Wolfgang Schüssel und Viktor Klima prak- tisch zeitgleich ihre jeweiligen Wahlveranstaltungen mit putzigen Kleinkindern. Thema: Familienpolitik. Die Foto-Ausbeute in den Zeitungen des nächsten Tages war beträcht- lich.11 Auch die Grünen entdeckten die Macht der Bilder, starteten ihren Wahlkampf mit dem Schwerpunkt
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