Bab Ii Kudeta Militer Dan Demokratisasi Thailand 2.1

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Bab Ii Kudeta Militer Dan Demokratisasi Thailand 2.1 BAB II KUDETA MILITER DAN DEMOKRATISASI THAILAND 2.1. Posisi Militer dalam Politik Thailand Sejak berakhirnya sistem pemerintahan Monarki Konstitusional pada tahun 1932, militer memiliki peran yang cukup besar dalam politik pihak militer tidak hanya mengurusi masalah pertahanan tetapi juga masalah keamanan nasional yaitu stabilitas politik di pemerintahan.27 Pihak militer sebagai aparatur negara seperti aparat kepolisian telah memiliki pengaruh besar dalam pembuatan kebijakan politik. Militer selalu mengatasnamakan dirinya sebagai pelindung negara. Lemahnya kekuatan sipil dan kuatnya pengaruh militer memaksa Thailand menjadi negara otoriter. Fenomena kudeta banyak terjadi dikarenakan bahwa kinerja pemerintahan sipil tidak efektif dan tidak melembaga, badan eksekutif tidak dapat menguasai serta mengontrol militer, maka peluang terjadinya kudeta relatif terbuka lebar.28 Pada saat terjadi kudeta tahun 1932 militer Thailand berawal memasuki politik yang menjatuhkan sistem Monarki Absolut. Kudeta yang terjadi pada saat itu dipengaruhi dari beberapa faktor seperti situasi perekonomian negara semakin memburuk dan juga ada campur tangan raja pada waktu itu, namun kudeta ini termasuk langkah awal bagi masuknya militer ke dalam ranah politik di Thailand. 27Sri Issundari. “Latar Belakang Kudeta Militer Thailand Pada Masa Pemerintahan PM Thaksin Shinawatra,”Jurusan Hubungan Internasional UPN “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Vol. 12 No. 4, Desember 2008, hal. 204. 28Ibid. 28 Pengambil-alihan kekuasaan yang dilakukan pihak militer disebabkan oleh ketimpangan ekonomi akibat penyalahgunaan kekuasaan. Thaksin Shinawatra lebih dianggap sebagai pemimpin yang berkarakteristik pebisnis, korupsi, kronisme, nepotisme. Pemerintahan yang korup ataupun peraturan perundang- undangan yang tidak beres mengakibatkan buruknya kondisi pemerintahan Thailand. Semua kudeta yang terjadi selalu memunculkan dugaan kalau militer yang selalu melatarbelakanginya. Selama ini petinggi militer Thailand selalu memainkan peran sangat penting disetiap peristiwa kudeta maupun peristiwa unjuk rasa yang terjadi. Sejak awal terjadinya kudeta di Thailand sudah beberapa kali militer juga yang melakukan kudeta, baik itu dilakukan oleh semua angkatan yang ada atau hanya sebagian saja. Cara itupun juga sudah cukup efektif untuk menggulingkan pemerintahan sementara di Thailand. Budaya politik di Thailand dengan peristiwa kudeta sangatlah erat kaitannya, masalah kudeta militer dan rezim junta militer juga sangat erat dalam perpolitikan di Thailand. Maka, tidaklah heran jika proses demokratisasi di Thailand mengalami hambatan serta tantangan yang berat menuju sistem demokrasi yang sebenarnya. Tentunya dinamika ini tidak lepas dari budaya politik masyarakat yang masih memegang teguh pada nilai - nilai tradisional, sementara dalam demokrasi membutuhkan nilai - nilai kontemporer yang mengacu pada budaya barat. Hal inilah yang kemudian berimplikasi pada pembentukan konstitusi yang mengatur kekuasaan politik Thailand yang selalu diwarnai dengan perebutan dan persaingan diantara elit - elit militer dan sipil. 29 Nilai paternalisme dan patriakal dalam budaya Thailand masih melekat erat, mereka menganggap raja sebagai “father” dalam mengarahkan masyarakat ke arah yang lebih baik, raja juga dianggap sebagai perwakilan titisan dewa.29 Segala perintah raja merupakan perwujudan dewa yang harus dipatuhi. Sehingga tidak heran jika masyarakat Thailand lebih mencintai raja daripada politik yang harus mereka patuhi. Perselisihan dan persaingan politik di Thailand setidaknya tidak ada pertumpahan darah sebagai akibat dari persaingan antara militer dan sipil. Ada beberapa karakteristik budaya politik di Thailand, yaitu :30 1. Otoritarianisme yaitu budaya politik dimana kepemimpinan dipandang sebagai representasi dari dewa sehingga perintahnya atau titahnya hampir harus dilaksanakan tanpa ada sangkalan. Ini juga didukung dengan budaya paternalistik dan patriakal yang cenderung mengagungkan pemimpin sebagai “father” dalam keluarga yang mempunyai wewenang dan kekuasaan atas keluarganya. 2. Patron klien yaitu kaum elit yang lebih mengedepankan kepentingan kelompoknya sendiri daripada kepentingan untuk melayani rakyat. Hal ini berdampak pada hubungan antar elit atas kelompoknya lebih kuat daripada dengan rakyat. 3. Personalisme yaitu hubungan personal lebih penting dalam politik Thailand. Begitu juga fungsi seorang tokoh sangat menentukan garis 29Surya Yudha Regif, 2009, Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia Terhadap Thailand Pasca Kudeta Militer Thailand Pada Tahun 2006 Dalam Ruang Lingkup ASEAN, Skripsi, Departemen Ilmu Politik, FISIP, Universitas Sumatera Utara, hal. 44. 30Ibid., hal. 45. 30 kebijakan politik karena orang Thailand yang pragmatis lebih melihat figur tokoh daripada ideologi ataupun latar belakang partai. 4. Hirarkis yaitu orang Thailand lebih mementingkan tingkatan status daripada pencapaian seseorang. Senioritas, strata sosial, kekayaan, menjadi faktor utama daripada prestasi seseorang. Hal ini kemudian yang mengarahkan masyarakat Thailand pada masyarakat unik. 5. Tradisionalisme yaitu masyarakat Thailand masih memegang kuat kepercayaan mistis dan takhayul serta kepercayaan pada nenek moyang. Hal ini membuat irasionalitas menjadi hal yang umum terjadi dalam menghadapi kehidupan (sifat konservatif). 6. Pasivitas yaitu sifat tradisional dan percaya pada adanya hirarki serta takdir membuat masyarakat Thailand menjadi pasif dan tidak memiliki interest terhadap proses dan partisipasi politik. 7. Cinta damai yaitu hal ini tak lepas dari pengaruh agama Budha yang dianut orang Thailand yang mengajarkan ajaran - ajaran cinta dan damai. Sehingga mereka lebih memilih untuk mengalah dalam rangka mencapai kedamaian bersama daripada konfrontasi yang berdampak pada ketidakdamaian. Sehingga tidak heran jika terjadi kudeta militer tidak sampai terjadi peristiwa berdarah. Karena selain peran Raja yang berpengaruh terhadap legitimasi kudeta tersebut, peran agama Budha yang cinta damai juga tidak kalah pengaruhnya terhadap kehidupan masyarakat Thailand. 31 Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka dapat dilihat bahwa demokrasi yang ada di Thailand akan selalu mengalami dan menghadapi two face of dilema dan binarry opposition, yaitu di satu sisi nilai demokrasi berusaha diterapkan dan dijalankan dengan sepenuh hati namun disisi lain ada nilai - nilai tradisional yang berbenturan dengan paham demokrasi.31 Hal ini bertentangan dengan nilai - nilai demokrasi. Sehingga perebutan kekuasaan antara pihak militer dan sipil selalu terjadi dan masih menjadi permasalahan dalam demokrasi di Thailand. Elit militer merasa dirinya memiliki kapabilitas dan kapasitas dalam menjalankan pemerintahan negara karena latar belakang mereka dari pendidikan akademi militer bisa membuat mereka berpikir strategis yang memang diperlukan oleh pertahanan dan keamanan negara. Sedangkan pihak sipil menganggap bahwa masalah politik merupakan kekuasaan sipil yang harus lepas dari campur tangan militer. Pihak sipil beranggapan bahwa campur tangan militer dapat menghambat proses berkembangnya politik dan demokrasi karena kebiasaan militer cenderung anti-demokrasi. Panglima militer selaku pimpinan tertinggi militer di Thailand memiliki kekuasaan mutlak atas militer, sehingga menyebabkan peluang terjadinya kudeta sangat terbuka. Militer melatarbelakangi hampir semua kudeta yang terjadi di Thailand dan juga dipastikan ada sebabnya. Selama ini sipil dinilai belum bisa untuk memimpin Thailand, karena selalu menimbulkan pemerintahan yang korup yang mana apabila dipimpin oleh pemerintah sipil. 31Ibid., hal 47. 32 Sementara itu apabila militer diberi kekuasaan penuh di Thailand maka akan tercipta pemerintahan yang rezim, yang bisa mengakibatkan sistem demokrasi tidak bisa berjalan apabila berdekatan dengan sistem militer. Apabila rezim militer yang berkuasa, akan selalu mendapat tekanan dari pihak asing untuk segera menyerahkan kekuasaannya kepada pihak sipil, dikarenakan untuk menghindari hilangnya sistem demokrasi yang ada dan juga pelanggaran terhadap hak asasi manusia. Karena hal demikian, menyebabkan tekanan dari dunia internasional agar militer menyerahkan kekuasaannya kepada pihak sipil dan tidak berkuasa terlalu lama di Thailand. 2.2. Dinamika Kudeta Militer di Thailand 2.2.1. Kudeta Antara Tahun 1932 - 1957 Thailand merupakan negara yang memiliki keunikan politik dalam perihal pemindahan kekuasaan, dan yang paling banyak diwarnai dengan unjuk rasa maupun kudeta, yang mana semuanya selalu berujung pada pergantian pihak yang berkuasa. Bentuk pemerintahan Monarki Konstitusional yang dibentuk pada tahun 1932, di mana bentuk sistem pemerintahan sebelumnya adalah Monarki Absolut. Peralihan bentuk kekuasaan ini disebabkan oleh kudeta militer yang mengakhiri kekuasaan diktator. Raja Rama VII (Prajadiphok), menyetujui penghapusan monarki absolut dan mengganti dengan sistem konstitusi dengan sistem demokratik Barat.32 Kudeta adalah penggulingan kekuasaan pemerintahan oleh sekelompok orang dan biasanya dilakukan oleh pihak militer. Dalam tindakan kudeta, aktor 32Surya Yudha Regif, 2009, Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia Terhadap Thailand Pasca Kudeta Militer Thailand Pada Tahun 2006 Dalam Ruang Lingkup ASEAN, Skripsi, Departemen Ilmu Politik, FISIP, Universitas Sumatera Utara, hal. 34. 33 negara dilengserkan sedangkan institusi pemerintahan relatif tidak berubah. Kudeta berbeda dengan revolusi, revolusi biasanya pelengseran yang berimplikasi pada penggantian keseluruhan tatanan sektor pemerintahan yang sudah mapan (misalnya pemimpin, institusi, bentuk pemerintahan dsb), sedangkan
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    No. 52 Working Papers Working Thailand’s Security Sector “Deform” and “Reform” Paul Chambers and Napisa Waitoolkiat February 2021 1 Thailand’s Security Sector “Deform” and “Reform” Paul Chambers and Napisa Waitoolkiat ABSTRACT Despite a 2019 election, Thailand remains dominated by the military and monarchy. The state implemented security sector reforms at the national level and the Deep South regional level, before and after a 2014 military coup, which overthrew the country’s frail democracy. Thailand offers an impressive example of pitfalls and contradictory practices in security sector reform (SSR) because the country’s military junta supported globally transferred notions of SSR but applied them distinctively at different regional levels. Nationally, the military utilized universalist SSR notions to rationalize its prolongation and even expansion of autocracy. But regarding the Deep South insurgency, the junta applied a more progressive version of SSR, continuing negotiations with insurgents while reducing military abuses in the Deep South region. This study analyzes Thailand’s simultaneous “deform and reform” dynamics in the field of security sector governance. The authors examine why national SSR has been such a deform of more sincere SSR efforts in Thailand’s South. INTRODUCTION 2021 finds Thailand in a crisis of intensifying political pandemonium. But in a country which has experienced different levels of political turmoil over the last decade, it has not been uncommon. What is new this year is the almost daily demonstrations by large numbers of youth-led protestors who are boldly calling for military and monarchical reform, as well as their demand that the current Prime Minister resigns.
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