Islamic Calligraphy

استمازة جقييم السسائل البحثيت ملقسز دزاس ي اوﻻ : بياهاث جمل بمعسفت الطالب اسم الطالب : حبيبه خالد سيد زكى كليت : الاداب قسم اثاز الفسقت/املستوى : الثانيه الشعبت : اثار اسﻻميه اسم املقسز : قراءات اثريه وتاريخيه بلغه اوربيه كود املقسز: -7 )7987( استاذ املقسز : ا.م.د / صالح فتحي صالح حسين البريد الالكترووى [email protected] : للطالب عىوان السسالت البحثيت : calligraphy in the Islamic world ثاهيا: بياهاث جمل بمعسفت لجىت املمتحىيين هل السسالت البحثيت املقدمت متشابت جصئيا او كليا ☐ وعم ☐ ﻻ فى حالت الاجابت بىعم ﻻ يتم جقييم املشسوع البحثى ويعتبر غير مجاش جقييم املشسوع البحثى م عىاصس التقييم الوشن التقييم اليسبى 1 الشكل العام للسسالت البحثيت 2 جحقق املتطلباث العلميت املطلوبت 3 يركس املساجع واملصادز العلميت 4 الصياغت اللغويت واسلوب الكتابت جيد هتيجت التقييم النهائى /111 ☐ هاجح ☐ زاسب جوقيع لجىت التقييم 1. .2 .3 .4 .5 جسفق هره الاستمازة كغﻻف للمشسوع البحثى بعد استكمال البياهاث بمعسفت الطالب وعلى ان ﻻ جصيد عً صفحت واحدة Islamic calligraphy Islamic calligraphy is the artistic practice of handwriting and calligraphy, based upon the alphabet in the lands sharing a common Islamic cultural heritage. It includes Arabic, Ottoman, Persian, Pakistan and Indian calligraphy.It is known in Arabic as khatt Islami , meaning Islamic line, design, or construction. The development of Islamic calligraphy is strongly tied to the Qur'an; chapters and excerpts from the Qur'an are a common and almost universal text upon which Islamic calligraphy is based. However, Islamic calligraphy is not limited to strictly religious subjects, objects, or spaces. Like all Islamic art, it encompasses a diverse array of works created in a wide variety of contexts. The prevalence of calligraphy in Islamic art is not directly related to its non-figural tradition; rather, it reflects the centrality of the notion of writing and written text in Islam.It is noteworthy, for instance, that the Prophet Muhammad is related to have said: "The first thing God created was the pen. Islamic calligraphy developed from two major styles: Kufic and Naskh. There are several variations of each, as well as regionally specific styles. Arabic or Persian calligraphy has also been incorporated into modern art, beginning with the post-colonial period in the Middle East, as well as the more recent style of calligraffiti. Elements Instruments and media Styles Regional styles Modern List of calligraphers Gallery Islamic Calligraphy Summary References Instruments and media The traditional instrument of the Islamic calligrapher is the qalam, a pen normally made of dried reed or bamboo. The ink is often in color and chosen so that its intensity can vary greatly, creating dynamism and movement in the letter forms. Some styles are often written using a metallic-tip pen. Five principal Arabic calligraphic cursive styles: 1. Naskh 2. Nasta‘liq 3. Diwani 4. Thuluth 5. Reqa Islamic calligraphy can be applied to a wide range of decorative mediums other than paper, such as tiles, vessels, carpets, and stone. Before the advent of paper, papyrus and parchment were used for writing. During the 9th century, an influx of paper from China revolutionized calligraphy. While monasteries in Europe treasured a few dozen volumes, libraries in the Muslim world regularly contained hundreds and even thousands of books. For centuries, the art of writing has fulfilled a central iconographic function in Islamic art.Although the academic tradition of Islamic calligraphy began in Baghdad, the center of the Islamic empire during much of its early history, it eventually spread as far as India and Spain. Coins were another support for calligraphy. Beginning in 692, the Islamic caliphate reformed the coinage of the Near East by replacing Byzantine Christian imagery with Islamic phrases inscribed in Arabic. This was especially true for dinars, or gold coins of high value. Generally, the coins were inscribed with quotes from the Qur'an. By the tenth century, the Persians, who had converted to Islam, began weaving inscriptions onto elaborately patterned silks. So precious were textiles featuring Arabic text that Crusaders brought them to Europe as prized possessions. A notable example is the Suaire de Saint-Josse, used to wrap the bones of St. Josse in the Abbey of St. Josse-sur-Mer, near Caen in northwestern France. As Islamic calligraphy is highly venerated, most works follow examples set by well-established calligraphers, with the exception of secular or contemporary works. In the Islamic tradition, calligraphers underwent extensive training in three stages, including the study of their teacher's models, in order to be granted certification. Styles 1. Kufic 9th century Qur'an, an early kufic example from the Abbasid period Bowl with Kufic Calligraphy, 10th century. Brooklyn Museum Main article: Kufic Kufic is the oldest form of the Arabic script. The style emphasizes rigid and angular strokes, which appears as a modified form of the old Nabataean script. The Archaic Kufi consisted of about 17 letters without diacritic dots or accents. Diacritical markings were added during the 7th century to help readers with pronunciation of the Qur'an and other important documents, increasing the number of Arabic letters to 28.Although some scholars dispute this, Kufic script was supposedly developed around the end of the 7th century in Kufa, Iraq, from which it takes its name.The style later developed into several varieties, including floral, foliated, plaited or interlaced, bordered, and square kufic. Due to its straight and orderly style of lettering, Kufic was frequently used in ornamental stone carving as well as on coins. It was the main script used to copy the Qur'an from the 8th to 10th century and went out of general use in the 12th century when the flowing naskh style become more practical. However, it continued to be used as a decorative element to contrast superseding styles. There was no set rules of using the Kufic script; the only common feature is the angular, linear shapes of the characters. Due to the lack of standardization of early Kufic, the script differs widely between regions, ranging from very square and rigid forms to flowery and decorative ones. Common varieties include square Kufic, a technique known as banna'i.Contemporary calligraphy using this style is also popular in modern decorations. Decorative Kufic inscriptions are often imitated into pseudo-kufics in Middle age and Renaissance Europe. Pseudo-kufics is especially common in Renaissance depictions of people from the Holy Land. The exact reason for the incorporation of pseudo-Kufic is unclear. It seems that Westerners mistakenly associated 13th-14th century Middle Eastern scripts with systems of writing used during the time of Jesus, and thus found it natural to represent early Christians in association with them. 2-Naskh Muhaqqaq script in a 14th-century Qur'an from the Mamluk dynasty. Main article: Naskh (script) The use of cursive scripts coexisted with Kufic, and historically cursive was commonly used for informal purposes. With the rise of Islam, a new script was needed to fit the pace of conversions, and a well- defined cursive called naskh first appeared in the 10th century. Naskh translates to "copying," as it became the standard for transcribing books and manuscripts. The script is the most ubiquitous among other styles, used in the Qur'an, official decrees, and private correspondence.[20] It became the basis of modern Arabic print. Standardization of the style was pioneered by Ibn Muqla (886 – 940 A.D.) and later expanded by Abu Hayan at-Tawhidi (died 1009 A.D.). Ibn Muqla is highly regarded in Muslim sources on calligraphy as the inventor of the naskh style, although this seems to be erroneous. Since Ibn Muqla wrote with a distinctly rounded hand, many scholars drew the conclusion that he founded this script. Ibn al-Bawwab, the student of Ibn Muqla, is actually believed to have created this script. However, Ibn Muqla did establish systematic rules and proportions for shaping the letters, which use 'alif as the x-height. Variation of the naskh includes: 1. Thuluth was developed during the 10th century and later refined by Ahmad Tayyib Shah. Letters in this script have long vertical lines with broad spacing. The name, meaning "third," is in reference to the x-height, which is one-third of the 'alif. 2. Reqa is a handwriting style derived from Naskh and thuluth, first appeared in the 10th century. The shape is simple with short strokes and small flourishes. 3. Muhaqqaq is a majestic style used by accomplished calligraphers. It was considered one of the most beautiful scripts, as well as one of the most difficult to execute. Muhaqqaq was commonly used during the Mamluk era, but its use became largely restricted to short phrases, such as the basmallah, from the 18th century onward. Regional styles Nasta'liq calligraphy of a Persian poem by Mir Emad Hassani, perhaps the most celebrated Persian calligrapher. With the spread of Islam, the Arabic script was established in a vast geographic area with many regions developing their own unique style. From the 14th century onward, other cursive styles began to develop in Turkey, Persia, and China. 1. Maghrebi scripts developed from Kufic letters in the Maghreb (North Africa) and al-Andalus producing ,(القلم المذبب) Iberia), Maghrebi scripts are traditionally written with a pointed tip) a line of even thickness. Within the Maghrebi family, there are different styles including the cursive mujawher and the ceremonial mabsut. Sudani scripts developed in Biled as-Sudan (the West African Sahel) and can be considered a subcategory of Maghrebi scripts 2. Diwani is a cursive style of Arabic calligraphy developed during the reign of the early Ottoman Turks in the 16th and early 17th centuries. It was invented by Housam Roumi, and reached its height of popularity under Süleyman I the Magnificent (1520–1566).

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