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Human General Histology 135 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيستم (Endocrine system) (hormones) (target cells) (receptors) autonomic (sinusoids) ductless glands thyroid gland Pineal gland Hypophysis cerebri(pituitary glands) supra renal( adrenal glands) parathyroid glands 136 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم islets cell corpora lutea interstitial tissue (placenta) GIT amines neurotransmitters amines neuromodulator 137 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم APUD cells neuroendocrine system system adrenaline, (amino acid derivatives) thyroxin noradrenalin thyroid vasopressin encephalin (small peptides) releasing hormone(TRH) TSH(thyroid stimulating parathormone hormone) cortisol Testosterone estrogen (steroids) 5,12,3 (Hypophysis Cerebri) (brain) pituitary gland (stalk) Ventricle infundibulum stalk pituitary fossa sphenoid pineal hypothalamus body 138 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم Hypophysis cerebri Pars pars anterior pars nervosa pars posterior intermediate hypothalamus infundibulum infundibulum stalk )Pars posterior neurohypophysis median eminence (tuber cinereum) infundibulum pars neurohypophysis median eminence pars intermediate pars distalis anterior Adenohypophysis infundibulum pars anterior pars tuberalis adenohypophysis 139 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم Adenohypophysis pars intermediate pars anterior adenohypophyisis Pars anterior fenestrated sinusoids (cords) chromophil chromophobic acidophil chromophil basophils orange G eosin PAS-positive hematoxylline Beta cells basophil Alpha cells Acidophil basophils acidophil (dese cored vesicles) alpha Beta Histochemical 140 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم Acidophil Somatotropin(STH) Somatotrops Growth hormone(GH) somatotropic hormone mammotropic cell Mammotrophs mammotropic hormone lactogenic hormone(LTH) Mammotropin Prolactin(PRL) (mammary glands) Basophil Adrenocorticotropic(ACTH) Corticotrophs corticotropic hormone Adrenal cortex Basophile acidophile basophilic (corticotrops) Pro-opio-melano-corticotropin (Granules) ACTH 141 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم β-lipotropin corticotropic β-endorphin α-melanocyte stimulating hormone(α-MSH) thyrotropic hormone thyrotrops Thyrotrops TSH thyrotropin Delta basophils gonadotropes Gonadotrophs FSH(follicle a estrogen stimulating hormone ) (spermatogenesis) corpus luteinizing hormone(LH) b androgen luteum (interstitial cells interstitial ICSH stimulating hormone) (LH,FSH) Chromophobe cells (Granules) chromophile immunocytochemistry Gonadotrophs thyotrophs somatotrophs mammotrophs Corticotrophs pars anterior 50% somatotrophs 10%gonadotrops 15-20%corticotrophs 25%mammotrophs thyrotrophs somatotrophs gonadotrophs corticotrophs mammotrophs 142 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم dens cords corticotrophs250- mammotrophs300nm 400nm somatotrophs 400nm gonadotrophs150 700nm pars tuberalis acidophils undifferentiated basophil (Pars intermedia) pouch of tathke colloids chromophobes β-cells Melanin-stimulatine hormone(MSH) Endorphins ACTH hypothalamus Adenohyphophysis Neurohypophysis (pars posterior) unmylinated cell bodies hypothalamus paraventricular nuclei supraoptic pituicytes hypothalamus 143 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم vasopressin antidiuretic hormone(ADH) (reabsorption) oxytocin paraventricular nuclei supraoptic hypothalamus paravintricular oxytocin supraoptic nucleus Vasopressin neurophysin glycoprotein nucleus pars posterior Infundibulum (pituitary gland) internal carotid cerebral artery infundibulum portal vesicles sinusoids infundibulum sinosoids hypothalamohypophyseal portal system infundibulum injury 144 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم Adenohypophysis hypothalamus adenohypophysis infundibulum releasing (releasing factors) adenohypophysis hormone capillaries releasing hormone portal system Pineal gland ventricle piriform pineal body epiphysis cerebri pineal gland pineal body pineal gland (hematoxyline-Eosin) corpora arenacea pineal gland piamater 145 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم pinealocytes pineal Terminal buds ependyma ventricle (cell body) perforated lamellae microfibrils canaliculated lamellar bodies polypeptides monoamine neurotransmitters GABA neuroglial pinealocytes astrocytes pinealocytes sympathetic pineal gland pineal (unmylanated, adrenergic) pineal indolamines adenohypophysis gonads adrenal gland parathyroid neurohypophysis pineal hypophysis CSF adenohypophysis releasing factors 146 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم melatonin pineal melatonin 5HT 5-hydoroxytryptamine(serotonin) melatonin hypothalamus pineal sympathetic (circadian rhythm) suprachiasmatic nucleus hypothalamus retina Nucleus brain stem tegmental reticular nuclei thoracic nuclei reticulospinal nuclei (spinal cord)postganglionic nervus cervical ganglion pineal conarii pineal corpora arenacea corpora arenacea carrier polypeptide neuroepiphysin 147 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم (thyroid gland) follicles lobule lobules follicle BM colloids haematoxyline-Eosin (sympathetic) follicular cells thyroid follicular parafollicular C-Cells cells Follicular cells colloids colloids 148 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم thyroid colloids metabolic rate follicular (Iodine) (T3)triiodothyronine Tertraiodothyronin(T4) T4 T3 thyroxin TSH follicular thyroid microvilli RER microfilaments glycoprotein thyroglobulin RER exocytosis colloids colloids thyroglobulin thyroglobulin endocytosis colloids (T3 and T4) thyroglobulin (10%)T3 T4 T3 T4 thyroxin binding globulin(TBG) 149 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم C-cell(parafollicular cells) follicular BM parathyroid thyro-calcitonin C-Cells parathyroid (bone resorption) APUD cells system Parathyroid Glands parathyroid reticular stroma parenchyma 150 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم parathyroid sinusoids oxyphil cells Chief cells chief oxyphils eosinophils principal cells chief cells Basophil eosinophil glycogen (eosinophil) oxyphil chief cells chief oxyphils chief parathyroid Chief cells (bone resorption) osteoclasts i (reabsorption) ii phosphate iii chief sinusoids chief oxyphils 151 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم Suprarenal (Adrenal) Glands Adrenal glands (cortex) medulla medulla Adrenal adrenal gland zona glumerulosa U Acinus 1/5 zona fasciculata zona fasciculata (columns) 1/5 sinusoids 152 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم Zona reticularis 1/5 zona glumerulosa zona fasciculata vesicular vitamin C zona fasciculata zona reticularis 153 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم EM zona zona fasciculata fasciculata glumerulasa reticular Adrenal mineralocorticoid glumerulosa i deoxycorticosterone aldosterone renin aldosterone zona glumerulosa juxta-glumerular renin glucocorticoids fasciculata ii cortisol (dihydrocortisone) cortisone anti-bodies zona fasciculata (anti-inflammatory effects) dehydroepiandrosterone(DHA) androgen glucocorticoids zona reticularis iii androgen estrogen suprarenal lymphocytes corticosteroids 154 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم medulla adrenal chromium medulla (potassium dichromate) chromaffin chromaffin medulla (sinusoids) basophilic medulla postganglionic sympathetic neurons adrenalin(epinephrine) noradrenaline(norepinephrine) stress sympathetic medulla adrenalin noradrenalin APUD cells system adrenal medulla 155 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم paraganglia medulla autonomic paraganglia chromaffin paraganglia ganglia preganglionic catecholamine paraganglia neural crest adrenal medulla catecholamine adrenal medulla paraganglia APUD cells system SIF(small intensely fluorescent cells) sympathetic ganglia interneuron paraganglia carotid bodies para-aortic bodies Para-Aortic bodies aorta mesenteric artery link noradrenalin adrenal medulla paraganglia aortic bodies Carotid Bodies carotid carotid sinus 156 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم carotid bodies brain stem (capillaries network) carotid bodies carotid bodies type I glomus cells carotid bodies dendrites neuropeptides encephalin neuropeptide carotid body substance P VIP dopamine serotonin glossopharyngeal synaptic c chemoreceptors preganglionic sympathetic glomus glomus synaptic nissle substances endoplasmic reticulum d e dopamine neurons neuroglial APUD cells system neuroendocrine glomus co2 interneuron dopamine carotid body glomus (sheath I cells) parasympathetic sympathetic –II endothelial III connective cells Iv 157 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم Carotid bodies glomus glossopharyngeal preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers synapse glomus preganglionic fibers ganglion cells parasympathetic sympathetic postganglionic 1,3,12 carotid bodies APUD cells system (precursors substance) peptides amines decarboxylation (Amin APUD precursor uptake decarboxylase) neurotransmitters diffuse neuroendocrine system chromaffin system chromaffin chromaffin autonomic nerve system neuroendocrine (local) neurotransmitters APUD 158 اووم څپرکي انډوکراين سيسټم endocrine adenohypophysis neurohypophysis hypothalamus (oxytocin, vasopressin) adenohypophysis parathyroid chief parathyroid calcitonin C-cells Para follicular thyroid medulla adrenal SIF sympathetic ganglia gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine system islets 5-hydroxytryptamine glucagon, dopamine, somatostatine , 5-hydroxytryptamines substance p, motilin , gastrin ,cholecystokinin(CCK), secretin ,vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP), nor-adrenalin dopamine glomus carotid bodies promelanin melnanocytes myocytes placenta pineal myoendocrine cells , , renin .
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