Human General Histology
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The Physiology of Growth by S
Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.26.298.417 on 1 August 1950. Downloaded from 417 THE PHYSIOLOGY OF GROWTH BY S. LEONARD SIMPSON, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P. Consultant Endocrinologist, St. Mary's Hospital, etc.; Formerly Research Wor7Aer, Lister Institute Although clinical and experimental evidence postulated an antagonism between growth and had previously indicated that skeletal growth sex-stimulating hormones. Further observations depended upon the pituitary gland, it was not suggested that corpora lutea were formed before until I92I that Evans and Long, at the University ovulation occurred, and that his emulsions con- of California, demonstrated that a saline emulsion tained gonadotrophic luteinizing hormone. Al- made from the anterior pituitary lobe of fresh though Evans' original giant rats were apparently glands of cattle contained a growth hormone. The adipose, later work (Lee and Schaffer, 1934), hypophyses were thrown into 40 per cent. ethyl showed that there was a retention of nitrogen and alcohol, agitated with a glass rod, transferred to a relative excess of body protein. This was also two changes of sterile normal saline, and triturated true of the excess of tissue deposited in and with force and speed with ocean sand, diluted with around the abdomen. Evans stated in a recent saline, and decanted. The layers of sand, cell discussion in London that rats treated with pure fragments and opaque pink fluid permitted the growth hormone, unlike those in the initial latter to be decanted. This emulsion, when experiments with crude extracts, were not injected daily in doses of I to i ml. -
Pineal Calcification, Melatonin Production, Aging, Associated
molecules Review Pineal Calcification, Melatonin Production, Aging, Associated Health Consequences and Rejuvenation of the Pineal Gland Dun Xian Tan *, Bing Xu, Xinjia Zhou and Russel J. Reiter * Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; [email protected] (B.X.); [email protected] (X.Z.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.X.T.); [email protected] (R.J.R.); Tel.: +210-567-2550 (D.X.T.); +210-567-3859 (R.J.R.) Received: 13 January 2018; Accepted: 26 January 2018; Published: 31 January 2018 Abstract: The pineal gland is a unique organ that synthesizes melatonin as the signaling molecule of natural photoperiodic environment and as a potent neuronal protective antioxidant. An intact and functional pineal gland is necessary for preserving optimal human health. Unfortunately, this gland has the highest calcification rate among all organs and tissues of the human body. Pineal calcification jeopardizes melatonin’s synthetic capacity and is associated with a variety of neuronal diseases. In the current review, we summarized the potential mechanisms of how this process may occur under pathological conditions or during aging. We hypothesized that pineal calcification is an active process and resembles in some respects of bone formation. The mesenchymal stem cells and melatonin participate in this process. Finally, we suggest that preservation of pineal health can be achieved by retarding its premature calcification or even rejuvenating the calcified gland. Keywords: pineal gland; calcification; melatonin; aging; neurodegenerative diseases; rejuvenation 1. Introduction Pineal gland is a unique organ which is localized in the geometric center of the human brain. Its size is individually variable and the average weight of pineal gland in human is around 150 mg [1], the size of a soybean. -
Quantitation of Corticotrophs in the Pars Distalis of Stress-Prone Swine Beverly Ann Bedford Iowa State University
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1-1-1976 Quantitation of corticotrophs in the pars distalis of stress-prone swine Beverly Ann Bedford Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Veterinary Anatomy Commons Recommended Citation Bedford, Beverly Ann, "Quantitation of corticotrophs in the pars distalis of stress-prone swine" (1976). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 17953. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/17953 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Quantitation of corticotrophs in the pars distalis of stress-prone swine by Beverly Ann Bedford A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degr~e of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department: Veterinary Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology Major: Veterinary Anatomy ., Signatures have been redacted for privacy ' I Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1976 ii :E5 ll I q7(p ,g3r TABLE OF CONTENTS c,J. Page INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Pituitary Gland 4 General morphology 4 Development 5 Blood supply 7 Staining techniques 7 Pars distalis 13 . Pars tuberalis 25 ·pars intermedia 28 Process of secretion 36 Neurohypophysis 41 Porcine Stress Syndrome 45 MATERIALS AND MET!iODS' 52 RESULTS 56 DISCUSSION 64 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 72 BIBLIOGRAPHY 73 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 85 APPENDIX 86 1111408 1 INTRODUCTION As early as 1953, there came reports (Ludvigsen, 1953; Briskey et al., 1959) of pale soft exudative (PSE) post-mortem porcine muscu- lature which later stimulated research into the mechanisms responsible for this condition. -
Histology Histology
HISTOLOGY HISTOLOGY ОДЕСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ МЕДИЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ THE ODESSA NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY Áiáëiîòåêà ñòóäåíòà-ìåäèêà Medical Student’s Library Серія заснована в 1999 р. на честь 100-річчя Одеського державного медичного університету (1900–2000 рр.) The series is initiated in 1999 to mark the Centenary of the Odessa State Medical University (1900–2000) 1 L. V. Arnautova O. A. Ulyantseva HISTÎLÎGY A course of lectures A manual Odessa The Odessa National Medical University 2011 UDC 616-018: 378.16 BBC 28.8я73 Series “Medical Student’s Library” Initiated in 1999 Authors: L. V. Arnautova, O. A. Ulyantseva Reviewers: Professor V. I. Shepitko, MD, the head of the Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology of the Ukrainian Medical Stomatologic Academy Professor O. Yu. Shapovalova, MD, the head of the Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology of the Crimean State Medical University named after S. I. Georgiyevsky It is published according to the decision of the Central Coordinational Methodical Committee of the Odessa National Medical University Proceedings N1 from 22.09.2010 Навчальний посібник містить лекції з гістології, цитології та ембріології у відповідності до програми. Викладено матеріали теоретичного курсу по всіх темах загальної та спеціальної гістології та ембріології. Посібник призначений для підготовки студентів до практичних занять та ліцензійного екзамену “Крок-1”. Arnautova L. V. Histology. A course of lectures : a manual / L. V. Arnautova, O. A. Ulyantseva. — Оdessa : The Оdessa National Medical University, 2010. — 336 p. — (Series “Medical Student’s Library”). ISBN 978-966-443-034-7 The manual contains the lecture course on histology, cytology and embryol- ogy in correspondence with the program. -
Unit-4 Structure and Functions of Pituitary Gland
UNIT-4 STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF PITUITARY GLAND Pituitary gland or hypophysis is a small endocrine gland with a diameter of 1 cm and weight of 0.5 to 1 g. It is situated in a depression called ‘sella turcica’, present in the sphenoid bone at the base of skull and connected with the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk or hypophyseal stalk. Pituitary gland is divided into two divisions: 1. Anterior pituitary or adenohypophysis 2. Posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis. Both are entirely different in their development, structure and function. Between the two divisions, there is a small and relatively avascular structure called pars intermedia. DEVELOPMENT OF PITUTARY GLAND Anterior pituitary is ectodermal in origin and arises from the pharyngeal epithelium as an upward growth known as Rathke pouch. Posterior pituitary is neuroectodermal in origin and arises from hypothalamus as a downward diverticulum. Rathke pouch and the downward diverticulum from hypothalamus grow towards each other and meet in the midway between the roof of the buccal cavity and base of brain. There, the two structures lie close together. ANTERIOR PITUITARY OR ADENOHYPOPHYSIS Anterior pituitary is also known as the master gland because it regulates many other endocrine glands through its hormones. Anterior pituitary consists of three parts 1. Pars distalis 2. Pars tuberalis 3. Pars intermedia. Anterior pituitary has two types of cells 1. Chromophobe cells 2. Chromophil cells. Chromophobe Cells Chromophobe cells are not secretory in nature, but are the precursors of chromophil cells. Chromophil Cells On the basis of secretory nature chromophil cells are classified into five types: i. -
Endocrine System Hormonal Regulation Endocrine Glands
Endocrine system Hormonal regulation Endocrine glands • Glands w/o ducts • Secretory cells release their products, hormones, into the extracellular space and blood stream • Alternatively, the hormones may affect neighbor cells (paracrine) • Structure: • c.t. – capsule + septs • irregular clumps or cords of the cells • network of capillaries • fenestrated capillaries • sinusoids Hypophysis – pituitary gland Pituitary gland – anterior pituitary Pituitary gland – anterior pituitary Chromophil cells - Acidophilic cells (produce proteins) somatotrophs mammotrophs (or lactotrophs) - Basophilic cells (produce glycoproteins) thyrotrophs produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin). gonadotrophs produce follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) corticotrophs (or adrenocorticolipotrophs) Chromophobe cells Adenohypophysis Adenohypophysis oranž G + PAS Neurohypophysis x Adenohypophysis Neurohypophysis - structure Structure unmyelinated nerve fibres derived from neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei pituicytes /neuroglia/ Function Two hormones are oxytocin, which stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle cell in the uterus and participates in the milk ejection reflex, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin), which facilitates the concentration of urine in the kidneys and, thereby, the retention of water. Usually only the oval or round nuclei of the pituicytes are visible. Hypothalamic nerve fibres typically terminate close to capillaries. Scattered, large -
Other Useful Books
Other Useful Books Dictionaries: Leeson TS, Leeson CR: Histology, 4th ed. Philadel phia: Saunders, 1981. Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 26th ed. Lentz, TL: Cell Fine Structure. Philadelphia: Saun Philadelphia: Saunders, 1981. ders, 1971. Melloni's Illustrated Medical Dictionary. Balti Rhodin JAG: Histology, A Text and Atlas. New more: Williams and Wilkins, 1979. York: Oxford University Press, 1974. Stedman's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 24th ed. Williams PL, Warwick R: Gray's Anatomy, 36th Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1982. English edition. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1980. Weiss L, Greep ROO: Histology, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977. Textbooks: Histology and Cytology Wheater PR, Burkitt HG, Daniels VG: Functional Arey LB: Human Histology, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Histology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1979. Saunders, 1974. Bloom W, Fawcett DW: A Textbook of Histology, Textbooks: Pathology 10th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1974. Anderson WAD, Kissane JM: Pathology, 7th ed. Borysenko M, Borysenko J, Beringer T, Gustafson St. Louis: Mosby, 1977. A: Functional Histology. A Core Text. Boston: Lit tle, Brown, 1979. Anderson WAD, Scotti TM: Synopsis of Pathology, 10th ed. St. Louis: Mosby, 1980. Copenhaver WM, Kelly DE, Wood RL: Bailey's Golden A: Pathology. Understanding Human Dis Textbook of Histology, 17th ed. Baltimore: Wil ease. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1982. liams and Wilkins, 1978. King D, Geller LM, Krieger P, Silva F, Lefkowitch Cowdry EV: A Textbook of Histology, 4th ed. Phila JH: A Survey of Pathology. New York: Oxford delphia: Lea and Febiger, 1950. University Press, 1976. Dyson RD: Cell Biology. A Molecular Approach, Robbins SL, Cotran RS: Pathologic Basis of Dis 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1978. -
Endocrine System
Endocrine system Hormonal regulation Endocrine glands • Glands w/o ducts • Secretory cells release their products, hormones, into the extracellular space and blood stream • Alternatively, the hormones may affect neighbor cells (paracrine) • Structure: • c.t. – capsule + septs • irregular clumps or cords of the cells • network of capillaries • fenestrated capillaries • sinusoids Hypophysis – pituitary gland Pituitary gland – anterior pituitary Pituitary gland – anterior pituitary Chromophilic cells - Acidophilic cells (produce proteins) somatotrophs mammotrophs (or lactotrophs) - Basophilic cells (produce glycoproteins) thyrotrophs produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin). gonadotrophs produce follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) corticotrophs (or adrenocorticolipotrophs) Chromophobic cells Adenohypophysis Adenohypophysis orange G + PAS Neurohypophysis x Adenohypophysis Neurohypophysis - structure Structure unmyelinated nerve fibres derived from neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei pituicytes /neuroglia/ Function Two hormones are oxytocin, which stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle cell in the uterus and participates in the milk ejection reflex, and antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin), which facilitates the concentration of urine in the kidneys and, thereby, the retention of water. Usually only the oval or round nuclei of the pituicytes are visible. Hypothalamic nerve fibres typically terminate close to capillaries. Scattered, large -
|||GET||| Pancreatic Islet Biology 1St Edition
PANCREATIC ISLET BIOLOGY 1ST EDITION DOWNLOAD FREE Anandwardhan A Hardikar | 9783319453057 | | | | | The Evolution of Pancreatic Islets Advanced search. The field of regenerative medicine is rapidly evolving and offers great hope for the nearest future. Easily read eBooks on Pancreatic Islet Biology 1st edition phones, computers, or any eBook readers, including Kindle. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Pancreatic Islet Biologypart of the Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine series, is essential reading for researchers and clinicians in stem cells or endocrinology, especially those focusing on diabetes. Because the beta cells in the pancreatic islets Pancreatic Islet Biology 1st edition selectively destroyed by an autoimmune process in type 1 diabetesclinicians and researchers are actively pursuing islet transplantation as a means of restoring physiological beta cell function, which would offer an alternative to a complete pancreas transplant or artificial pancreas. Strategies to improve islet yield from chronic pancreatitis pancreases intended for islet auto-transplantation 6. About this book This comprehensive volume discusses in vitro laboratory development of insulin-producing cells. Junghyo Jo, Deborah A. Show all. Comparative Analysis of Islet Development. Leibson A. However, type 1 diabetes is the result of the autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas. Islets can influence each other through paracrine and autocrine communication, and beta cells are coupled electrically to six to seven other beta cells but not to other cell types. Pancreatic Islet Biologypart of the Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine Pancreatic Islet Biology 1st edition, is essential reading for researchers and clinicians in stem cells or endocrinology, especially those focusing on diabetes. -
Suprarenocortical Syndrome and Pituitary Basophilism
University of Nebraska Medical Center DigitalCommons@UNMC MD Theses Special Collections 5-1-1935 Suprarenocortical syndrome and pituitary basophilism Leonard H. Barber University of Nebraska Medical Center This manuscript is historical in nature and may not reflect current medical research and practice. Search PubMed for current research. Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/mdtheses Part of the Medical Education Commons Recommended Citation Barber, Leonard H., "Suprarenocortical syndrome and pituitary basophilism" (1935). MD Theses. 630. https://digitalcommons.unmc.edu/mdtheses/630 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Special Collections at DigitalCommons@UNMC. It has been accepted for inclusion in MD Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UNMC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SUPRARENOCORTIOAL SYNDROME AND P·ITUITARY BASOPHILISM - L!X>NARD HOBBS BARBER SENIOR THESIS UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA· COLLEGE OF MEDICINE. 1935 A.Introduction 1 B.Anatomy of the Hypophysis and Adrenal 6 C.Normal Physiology of the Pituitary 8 D. The Pituitary Adenomas 16 E.Basophilic Syndrome of the Pituitary 21 F.Case Histories 23 1. Discussion of Cases 38 G.Summary and Conclusions 52 H. Bibliography 54 TABLE OF CONTENTS 480672 -1- INTRODUCTION From va.rious sources in recent years new facts have been unearthed both in clinic and laboratory which have thrown light on many heretofore obscure activities of the pituitary gland and adrenal gland. The existance of what we now sneak of as an internal secretion was -perha:os first experimentally demonstrated by Berthold's studies in 1849 on transplantation of the cock's testis. -
Invited Review Comparative Histology Of
Histol Histopathol (1998) 13: 851-870 Histology and 001: 10.14670/HH-13.851 Histopathology http://www.hh.um.es From Cell Biology to Tissue Engineering Invited Review Comparative histology of pineal calcification B. Vigh1, A. Szel1, K. Debreceni,1 Z. Fejer1, M.J. Manzano e SIIva2 and I. Vigh-Teichmann3 1Photoneuroendocrine Laboratory of the Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis Medical University, Budapest, Hungary, 20ccupational Health Service, Hospital dos Capuchos, Lisbon, Portugal and 3Paul Gerhardt Foundation, Lutherstadt Wittenberg, Germany Summary. The pineal organ (pineal gland, epiphysis organelles and exhibit alkaline phosphatase reaction in cerebri) contains several calcified concretions called the rat and mink, an indicatfon of a presumable " brain sand" or acervuli (corpora arenacea). These osteoblast-like activity. Using Kassa's method for the concretions are conspicuous with imaging techniques staining of calcium deposits, a higher calcium and provide a useful landmark for orientation in the concentration was detected in the rat pineal than in the diagnosis of intracranial diseases. Predominantly surrounding brain tissue. Since in parathyroidectomised composed of calcium and magnesium salts, corpora rats calcified deposits are larger and more numerous than arenacea are numerous in old patients. In smaller in controls, the regulation of the production of acervuli number they can be present in children as well. The by the parathyroid gland has also been postulated. degree of calcification was associated to various In most of submammalian species, the pineal organs diseases. However, the presence of calcified concretions (pineal-, parapineal organ, frontal organ, parietal eye) seems not to reflect a specific pathological state. are photoreceptive and organized similarly to the retina. -
Endocrine System
Endocrine System Dr. Rajaa Ali Structure and Function of the Pituitary Gland Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland (Adenohypophysis) The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland regulates other endocrine glands . Most of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland has the typical organization of endocrine tissue. The cells are organized in clumps and cords separated by fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries of relatively large diameter. These cells respond to signals from the hypothalamus and synthesize and secrete a number of pituitary hormones . Four hormones of the anterior lobe—adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), thyroidstimulating (thyrotropic) hormone (TSH, thyrotropin), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH)—are called tropic hormones because they regulate the activity of cells in other endocrine glands throughout the body. The two remaining hormones of the anterior lobe, growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL), are not considered tropic because they act directly on target organs that are not endocrine. The cells within the pars distalis vary in size, shape, and staining properties. The cells are arranged in cords and nests with interweaving capillaries. Histologists identified three types of cells according to their staining reaction, namely, basophils (10%), acidophils (40%), and chromophobes (50%) Pars Intermedia. The pars intermedia surrounds a series of small cystic cavities that represent the residual lumen of Rathke’s pouch fig.(2). The parenchymal cells of the pars intermedia surround colloid-filled follicles. The cells lining these follicles appear to be derived either from folliculo-stellate cells or various hormone-secreting cells, pars intermedia have vesicles larger than those found in the pars distalis.. The pars intermedia contains basophils and chromophobes (Fig.