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J8cboes from tbe lDast.

THE STORY OF THE ARMY SURGEON AND THE CARE OF THE SICK AND WOUNDED IN THE BRITISH ARMY, FROM 1715 TO 1748.

By MAJOR H. A. L. HOWELL. Royal Army Medical Corps. PART n. (Oontinued from p. 334.) IN 1744 the British Army in was increased to 21,000 men. In -May the troops collected in the neighhonrhood of Brussels. On April 28 a General Hospital, of which Dr. Pringle was physician, was opened at Brussels, and by December 24 had

had 1,259 admissions with 82 deaths, a mortality of 1 to 15. The Protected by copyright. hospital at was open throughout the year and admitted 1,698. There were 186 deaths, a mortality of 1 to 9. Dr. Bailey died here in January and was succeeded by Dr. Lawson. Dr. Sandilands was also physician at Ghent. On August 5 a hospital was opened at Tournay. Dr. Wintringham and Dr. Maxwell were the physicians. It was closed on November 8. It had admitted 778, of whom 147 died. Dr. Maxwell then joined the hospital at Brussels in place of Dr. Pringle. In October, owing to the in­ clemency of the weather, the troops went into winter quarters, the

horse at Brussels and the foot and dragoons at Ghent and . http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ At Bruges and Ghent, with a view to preventing overcrowding in the hospital, the sick were chiefly treated regimentally. In 1745 the British Army in Flanders was increased to 28,000 men. In the spring the French became active and our troops were concentrated at Brussels. Marshal Saxe with a French Army having invested Tournay, the Allied Army advanced to its relief. The Allies numbered 50,000 men, English, Hanoverians, Dutch, and Austrians, of whom 20 battalions and 26 squadrons were English. The "General Orders" of the Duke of Cumberland, the Com­ on September 27, 2021 by guest. mander-in-Chief of the British Army, are full of interest. On April 23, the troops at Ghent received orders for the march to Alost next day. Some extracts are worthy of note. "There will be one wagon to each BaWl. to carry weak men, but not any bagage." "The Quartermasters and Camp Collourmen to goe J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-22-04-15 on 1 April 1914. Downloaded from

456 Story of the .Army Surgeon from] 715 to 1748 away this morning to Allost to mark out the ground for 10 s Batt • to Encamp and the Artillery, to demand wood and straw for the men's Tents, and fire, to demand also the same number of Wagons as mentioned in the order. The Dragoon Qmrs. are to demand Billets for Cantooning 12 Squadrons in Allost & the Adjacent Villages, & also to take quarters for the Staff and to inform themselves how the Troops are to get Forage, & if possible to have it sent to the Villages." The camp colourmen were a sergeant and a man from each company. Their duties were to accompany the quartermaster a day's march ahead of the troops to layout the camping grounds and build latrines before the troops arrived. They kept the camps clean and drew the rations, clothing, ammunition, working tools, &c. Each of them when on the march carried either a spade or a hatchet. To return to the orders. "Sick men & who are not able to March to be sent to the Bylock Hospital" as soon as possible. Mr. N apier the Director (of the hospital) to

be acquainted Imediatly, that he may have Nurses there, & fire Protected by copyright. for them, no smal poxmen to be sent thither but to Saint Antony's Hospital. A Corpl. and 6 men of Riches (now 4th Hussars) as a t Guard upon the Bylock, the same guard of the same Reg . at St. Antony's Hospital this day." (Bylock = bylocque, Flemish for an enclosure. The Bylock is, I believe, still the principal hospital at Ghent.) The General Orders clearly attest the strict discipline enforced upon the soldiers, no less than the care evinced for all the necessities of the army and its followers, and the consideration shown to the persons and property of the surrounding population.

Pillaging was punished by death. Cutting down of trees was also http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ severely dealt with. The route was by Anderlecht, Hall, Soignies, Cambron, Chateau de Maulbay, and Leuse to Brissoel where the French came in sight on May 9. A General Order, dated Anderlecht, April 29, runs: "The Sur­ geons of ye several Regiments are to carry their Medicine Chests and Instruments upon their Batt Horses, which are to March at the head of each Corps wh their men's Tents. His R.H. allows 1 Wagon for ye sick of each Regt in Camp, which Wagon goes in the rear of ye Regt ." Straw was issued for tents at the rate of on September 27, 2021 by guest. 4,800 lb. per regiment and 1,800 lb. per squadron, half the amount being supplied every eight days when in camp. At the Camp of Soignies, May 3, a General Order ran as follows: iI The sick not fit to be carried forward to be sent to the Hospital at Brussels by the Wagons yt return for bread. A Sergt. J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-22-04-15 on 1 April 1914. Downloaded from

H. A. L. Howell 457 of a Brigade to be sent w h them, and proper Certificates to be signed by an officer and Surgeon, to be sent wh them." Again, at Cambron, three days later: "The bread Wagons for to carry ye sick t must be sent to each Reg • the night before ye Army marches, & dismissed next day." On May 4, 1745, Drs. Pringle and Wintringham opened a General Hospital at Ath. On May 10 the allied army lay in sight of the French who were ready for battle. The French position was a very strong one. Barre vVood on their left, Fontenoy in the centre, and on their right, were carefully fortified and entrenched and defended by 260 guns. In their front lay a valley and on their right a river. At 2 a.m. on April 11 the Battle of Fontenoy began. The Dutch were repulsed in their attack on the left, Ingoldsby failed to take the wood of Bam~, but 10,000 British and Hanoverian infantry advanced in solid column with a front of forty men into the

interval between Fontenoy and the wood of Barre, and, notwith­ Protected by copyright. standing a terrible flanking fire and repeated cavalry charges by the French, won the crown of the position. But the Dutch did not stir and the French were able to bring up their . The British retired in good order. The battle was over by 2 p.m. The twenty British battalions had lost over 4,000 men. The 12th and 23rd Regiments each lost over 300 men, the 21st and 31st Regiments nearly 300 each, and the three battalions of Guards about 250 each. Our cavalry lost 300 men. rrhe 12th, 21st, and 23rd were so weakened that they were sent into garrison and

relieved by three fresh regiments. Cumberland's headquarters http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ had been at the village of Maubray, one and a half miles from Fontenoy, and here many of the wounded were collected; most were, however, left on the field. The Allies after the battle retired to Ath, and later to Lessines. " 'l'he French treated the wounded English with great inhumanity, and killed several of them who asked for quarter; nor were the English prisoners treated with any degree of generosity. Marshal Saxe, immediately after the battle, sent to the Allies to desire they would carry off their wounded; accordingly the Duke of Cumber­ land sent a hundred and five waggons to bring them away; but on September 27, 2021 by guest. both waggons and men were detained, contrary to the laws of nations and of arms, with regard to the carriages at least." 'l'here is in the Gentleman's Magazine, vol. xv, 1745, part of a letter from a surgeon in the British Army, who was made a prisoner by the French after Fontenoy. It is as follows:- J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-22-04-15 on 1 April 1914. Downloaded from

458 Story of the Army Surgeon from 1715 to 1748

"We, surgeons, sent to take care of the wounded when carried from the field of battle, were made prisoners of war, and treated in a very merciless way, for not only we, but about 1,000 more, were stript of everything valuable we had, viz., watches, swords, money, and cloaths, and not only so, but our very instruments were taken from us, altho' the barbarians saw hundreds continually imploring our assistance. In this unprecedented way we remain'd three days, numbers dying every hour, because we had nothing to dress them with, when they were flung in waggons and drove along the causey to Lisle, Valenciennes, &c. In this jolting journey you may easily conceive the misery of these poor wretches, most with their legs, arms, &c., shatter'd to pieces. "I assure you, the impression is so strong on my milld, that no time will efface the remembrance; I saw their wounds and heard their groans. At last we surgeons were allow'd to pass to our regiments, and when we arrived at the camp we waited on his royal highness, laid before him the matter of our treatment, and presented Protected by copyright. him with a bag of chew'd balls, points of swords, pieces of flint, glass, iron, &c., we had extracted from the wounds." The Duke was very indignant, and a trumpet was sent from the allied army to the French monarch, with a coffer filled with pieces of thick glass, brass and iron buttons, all bloody, that were taken out of the wounds of Lieutenant-General Campbell and other officers; accompanied with a letter from His Royal Highness, importing that " the most cruel and barbarous nations never made use of such pernicious weapons, in carrying out the most violent war." It is related tbat the French king turned pale when he received these http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ " dismal relics," and was induced to treat the English wounded and prisoners in a more humane manner. The General Hospital at Ath remained open till August 25,1745. It had admitted 991 sick and wounded, of whom 59 died. At the time of the battle of Fontenoy and for a time afterwards, Oudenarde, being connected by means of the with Ghent and , and by road with Ath and Lessines, was the principal depot for the British Army. A" General Order" dated June 2 is of interest; it runs: "Whenever the situation of the army shall be such, that the bringing in of the recovered men from the Hospital at on September 27, 2021 by guest. Ghent, by the way of Oudenarde, may not be thought safe, new directions will be given, in what manner they shall come up to the army." Two chaplains were left with the sick at Ath, and, on June 5, the chaplain-general was directed" to keep a roster of the black cloath, and to order one forthwith to attend ye Hospital at Brussels. " / J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-22-04-15 on 1 April 1914. Downloaded from

B.A. L. Howell 459

While at Lessines Mr. John Crosley, surgeon's mate of Johnson's (33rd Regiment) was tried by court martial for spreading a report to the disadvantage of Lieuenants Collis and Sampson of the same regiment. "General Order" of May 26, says: "John Crosley, Surgeon's Mate to Brigr Johnson's Regt . to be cashiered and drumd out of both Lines of the British Army, wh a Halter about his neck, & not to return again, either in Camp or Garrison, on pain of severe punishment, for having unjustly and ignominiously aspersed the character of Lieut. Sampson & Lieut. Collis." Both lieutenants had been wounded at Fontenoy.

MAP TO ILLUSTRATE THE CAMPAIGNS OF 1742-48.

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SEA Protected by copyright. http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/

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Tournay fell to the French soon after Fontenoy, and its fall was on September 27, 2021 by guest. followed by that of Ghent, Bruges, Oudenarde, . , and Nieuport. The fall of Ghent (where the and Welsh Fusiliers were captured) and Ostend, in August, was a great blow to the British, for large depots of stores for the use of the army were maintained at these places. Cumberland fell back to J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-22-04-15 on 1 April 1914. Downloaded from

460 Story of the A'rmy Surgeon from 1715 to 1748

Brussels, with headquarters at Vilvorde, and the base was transferred to Antwerp. The general hospital at Ghent was finally closed by its capture by the French on August 10. Since December 25, 1744, it had admitted sick to the number of 1,134, of whom 74 died. On July 16, 1745, a General Hospital was opened at the new base, Antwerp, Drs. Sandilands and Lawson becoming the physicians. Drs. Wintringham and Maxwell were at the hospital at Brussels, which was closed on November 24, 1745, having treated 500 patients, with 43 deaths, since September 14. The Jacobite Rebellion of 1745 found England almost defenceless, and, in September and October the greater part of the British Army in Flanders was brought back to England. In 1746, Brussels, Mechlin, Louvain, Antwerp, , , and were taken by the French. Our base General Hospital at Antwerp was maintained until June 7. Dr. Lawson remained as physician. Since its opening in July, 1745, 1,943 patients, of whom 209 died,

had entered its doors. Protected by copyright. At the end of the year, the British troops having suppressed the rebellion in Scotland, began to return to Holland. The war was now in Holland, which the French had invaded. A General Hospital was opened on June 14, 1746, at Oosterhout, in North Brabant, a few miles south of the mouth of the Rhine. The campaign was of little interest, and the army was fairly healthy. In the early years of the war the tendency had been to evacuate the sick as quickly as possible to the general hospitals. This led to great overcrowding and rapid spread of epidemic disease. The beds were large, two

patients occupied one bed, so that it is easy to realize how rapidly http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ septic and contagious diseases must have spread. I suspect also that in the early stages of the war the Director of the Hospitals was not a medical man, for the improved health in the last two years of the war is attributed by Fonblanque and other writers to the fact that " all were under the surgeons." We find that now regiments were encouraged to open regimental hospitals and to keep their own sick as long as posRible. rfhis method was found to give better results. At the same time there was a great improve­ ment in the general hospitals. At Oosterhout, where Wintringham was physician between June 14 and December 24, 1746,804 patients on September 27, 2021 by guest. were admitted, and there were 25 deaths. Next year the scene of war shifted further east and south. The allied army was stronger, as the Dutch had risen in defence of their country, and the Duke of Cumberland was in command. In August, 1746, we had only three regiments of dragoons and seven of foot in the Netherlands; in J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-22-04-15 on 1 April 1914. Downloaded from

H. A. L. Howell 461

1747 the British troops increased to five regiments of horse and fourteen regiments of foot. At home and abroad the army now numbered 85,611 men. In an action near Liege on October 11, 1746, it is noted in the Gazette that five hospital wagons were taken by the enemy. On July 26, 1746, a General Hospital was established in Maestricht; Pringle was physician there. This hospital took in 1,165 patients before it closed temporarily on February 28, 1747. There were 119 deaths during that period. The hospital at Oosterhout was still maintained. It remained open till the end of the war. During this period, December 27, 1747, to January 7, 1749, there were admitted 7,547 patients; of these 727 died. Wintringham was replaced by Dr. Lawson, who died in 1747, and was succeeded by Dr. Clephane .. In 1748 another physician joined at Oosterhout-Dr. Barker. Wintringham had gone to Maestricht where the General Hospital was re·opened on June 27, 1747. The sick and wounded appear to have been

evacuated from Maestricht down the river , but in June, Protected by copyright. 1747, it was found necessary to establish another General Hospital at Venlo, about half-way down the river Meuse from Maestricht. It was in charge of Mr. Lloyd, apothecary, and Mr. Burlton, surgeon, until February 6, 1748, after which date Pringle and Wintringham did duty there. Up to February 6, 1748, 2,061 persons received treatment at Venlo, and there were 318 deaths. In July, 1747, a great battle was fought at Lauffeld, near Maestricht, where the Allies lost 6,000 and the French 10,000 men. The British loss was 2,000; the Scots Greys alone lost 160 men. Nineteen British

regiments were present. After this the war languished. Near the http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ end of November the Maestricht hospital was closed, after having admitted 3,064 sick and wounded in five months. There were 326 deaths. Venlo was still open, and General Hospitals, in 1748, were opened at Ravenstein and Cuyck. Both places are on the Maas, Cuyck about twenty-eight miles below Venlo, and Ravenstein about fifteen miles below Cuyck. These three hospitals closed in July. 1748, sending 462 of their sick remaining to Oosterhout. They had admitted 1,042 and had 44 deaths. In 1748 the regimental hospital system was not altogether a success. When the camp was at Nistelroy the sick were crowded into the few cottages available and on September 27, 2021 by guest. :tn epidemic of typhus broke out. This led Pringle to recommend that when the army was in a fixed camp the regimental hospitals should be well separated; and again, if a sudden influx of sick occurred in a general hospital overcrowding should be avoided by dispersing the sick in several villages rather than keeping them in 32 J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-22-04-15 on 1 April 1914. Downloaded from

462 Story of the Army Surgeon from 1715 to 1748 one. He adds, " The danger from foul air can never be compensated for by diet and medicine." At Ravenstein the wards were spacious and well-aired, and although many cases of typhus were admitted the disease did not spread. We read that during 1748 the hos­ pitals were a model of medical administration. "Separate and clean beds, with frequent changes of linen, were provided for the use of the patients. Trained female nurses were employed and hospital storekeepers and clerks furnished every necessity promptly and with regularity_" The hospitals were directed by Mr. Middleton, a surgeon, who afterwards became Surgeon-General. The war was ended in October, 1748, by the Treaty of Aix-la Chapelle. The troops in November moved to Willemstadt and there embarked for England. The winds were contrary, and some of the ships lay at anchor about a month. Typhus broke out on board, and this was particularly bad upon the hospital ships on which had been embarked the sick from Oosterhout. The sick

were conveyed to Ipswich, where a large hospital was opened on Protected by copyright. December 31. It did not close till March 11, 1749. The admis­ sions numbered 626, of whom 52 died. When it closed 67 patients were sent to London hospitals or left at Ipswich. Dr. Barker died at Ipswich. Of the eight physicians employed in the hospitals during the war three died. During the whole war 32,246 sick and wounded had been received in the hospitals, and 2,563 of them had died. This does not include those who had died in cantonments, on the line of march, or in the transporting of the sick from one place to another.

We have already noted the disastrous events which followed the http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ recall of our troops from Flanders, after the Fontenoy campaign, to meet the rebellion of 1745 in Scotland. Let us now turn back and record the medical history of that rebellion. The chronicles of the '45 are numerous, but from a medical historian's point of view are of little value. The only connected account of the medical side of the campaign is that given by Sir .T ohn Pringle in his great book on "The Diseases of Soldiers." This account has been freely drawn upon in the following pages, ancl amplified where possible from other sources, such as the stan­ dard histories of the rebellion, Fortescue, Andrew Lang, "The on September 27, 2021 by guest. Cumberland Memoirs," and the contemporary journals. A valuable paper on "The Medical Heroes of the '45," by Dr. W. A. Macnaughton, which appeared in the Caledonian Medical Journal, in 1897, has also been of great service. In July, 1745, Prince Charles Edward, the Young Pretender, J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-22-04-15 on 1 April 1914. Downloaded from

H. A. L. Howell 463

embarked at N antes in a little privateer, "La Doutelle." He was accompanied by a French man-of-war, in which his money and military stores were placed. On the way to Britain an English vessel encountered them and fought the French man-of-war so vigorously that she had to put back to France to refit. The Prince continued his voyage, and with seven companions landed in the Hebrides. On July 25 he reached the mainland at Borrodaile and met with but a cold reception until Lochiel joined him. On August 19 he raised his standard at Glen Finnan. Three days before this his Highlanders had ambushed and captured two com­ panies of the Royal Scots on their way to reinforce Fort Augustus. Inverness was loyal, and Fort Augustus and Fort William were garrisoned by some companies of the 6th Foot and the Royal Scots. Stirling and Edinburgh Castle were also garrisoned by English troops. The English troops in Scotland, numbering about 3,000, were commanded by Sir John Cope. He had no artillery. Mr.

Hugh Hunter was Surgeon-General to the Forces in North Britain Protected by copyright. (August, 1745). Cope promptly determined to march into the Highlands and crush the rebellion, if possible, in the mountains. Leaving his cavalry behind he marched from Stirling with 1,500 men (44th, 46th, and 47th Foot), at first to relieve Fort Augustus, but, at Dalwhinnie, avoided the rebels, who were strongly posted at Corrie Arrack, by turning aside to Inverness. This left the road to Edinburgh open. Charles at once moved south to Perth, crossed the Forth above Stirling, and reached Edinburgh on September 17. At Colt Brig two regiments of Dragoons ran away from the High­ landers. Cope on September 12 set sail from Aberdeen and landed http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ with his troops at Dunbar a few days later. Edinburgh Castle was held by two companies of the 47th Foot. Cope was marching on Edinburgh when the rebels moved out and got between him and England. Sir John turned round to meet them and drew up his men in good position at Preston Pans. He had about 1,400 foot (the 46th, Loudon's Highlanders, and some companies of the 6th, 44th, and 47th), six guns and some mortars manned by sailors, and the 13th and 14th Light Dragoons. The Young Pretender had about 2,500 men with him.

On September 21 the rebels attacked. Cope's cavalry and on September 27, 2021 by guest. artillery bolted, and in six minutes the battle was decided, not more than 175 of the English infantry escaping death or capture. The rebel loss was only 34 killed and 76 wounded (Cust). The English had 8 officers and 300 men killed, 83 officers and from 400 to 500 men wounded and taken (Murray). Other accounts say 1,200 J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-22-04-15 on 1 April 1914. Downloaded from

464 Story of the Army SU1'geon from 1715 to 1748 killed and wounded, and 1,800 taken prisoner including wounded. Prince Charles gave orders for the immediate relief of the wounded without distinction of friend or foe. Lang notes that when the Prince marched out of Edinburgh "he provided amateur ambu­ lances, coaches, and chaises." They came in very usefully after the battle. Colonel Gardiner's house, which adjoined the battle­ field, was converted into a temporary hospital. The surgeons of the English Dragoons had not run away with their regiments, but surrendered in order to take care of the wounded. They were Surgeon Cunningham, of Gardiner's, and Dr. William Trotter, of Hamilton's Dragoons. These two surgeons collected wounded and operated in the house of Collector Cheape at Preston Pans. They trepanned a Captain Blake, who lived until 1800. Trotter after­ wards became a prominent surgeon in Dublin. Dr. Young, surgeon of Colonel Lee's regiment, was also taken prisoner by the rebels. As soon as the news of the battle reached Edinburgh many

surgeons hastened to the battlefield to help the wounded. Amongst Protected by copyright. these were George Lauder, the President of the Edinburgh College of Surgeons, and his apprentice, George Hay. They attended the wounded in Colonel Gardiner's house and both afterwards joined the rebels. Lauder was captured after Culloden, was imprisoned for some months, and later returned to Edinburgh, where he died in 1762. Hay fell sick with ague and left the Prince. He sur­ rendered and was set free in 1747. He afterwards went to Rome and became a Doctor of Divinity and Bishop in the Roman Catholic Church. Another Edinburgh surgeon, a staunch Hanoverian, who

also attended the wounded at Preston Pans, was Alexander Monro, http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ Primus, Professor of Anatomy at Edinburgh and one of the founders of Edinburgh Infirmary. He was the son of one of King William's army surgeons and father of Donald Momo, a celebrated army physician during the Seven Years' War. In addition, the rebel army was provided with surgeons of its own and some of these, later, when tried as rebels, owed their lives to the fact that they attended the English wounded at Preston Pans. Momo was very active in collecting the wounded and had several hundreds of them carried to Edinburgh and placed in the Edinburgh

Infirmary, then only six years old. Amongst the wounded was a on September 27, 2021 by guest. coloured medical student from Jamaica, named Myrie, who, just before the battle, came out of Edinburgh and joined Cope as a volunteer. He fought well in the battle, but was terribly wounded by the Highlanders. Practically the whole of Scotland was soon in Jacobite hands, J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-22-04-15 on 1 April 1914. Downloaded from

H. A. L. Howell 465 but Charles returned to Edinburgh and did not move until November. Marshal Wade was at Newcastle. He had with him in September the 2nd and 3rd Dragoon Guards, the 8th Dragoons, and the 13th, 27th, and 34th Foot. Regiments were recalled from Flanders and the Dutch furnished a contingent. Three battalions of foot guards and seven others landed in the south of England in October, and in November the whole of the remaining British infantry in Flanders, with part of the cavalry, marched to Willem­ stadt and embarked for England. Pringle, the Physician-General in Flanders, came over with them. The troops were kept long on board ship, being delayed by contrary winds. Jail fever broke out amongst them and there were cases of remittent fever. These troops landed at Newcastle, Holy Island, and Berwick. At Newcastle a hospital was opened to receive the sick of Wade's force and the sick that landed there. The fever became so infectious in this hospital, owing to overcrowding, that the nurses

and most of the medical attendants were seized with it. Three of Protected by copyright. the apothecaries of that place, with four of their apprentices and two journeymen employed in the hospital, died of the fever. Two regiments which disembarked at Holy Island landed ninety­ seven cases of typhus fever, of whom forty died. The infection spread to the population of the island and fifty of them (one-fifth of the inhabitants) died. In November, Prince Charles with over 4,500 men determined to invade England. Avoiding Wade, who now had an army of 10,000 men, the rebels marched along behind the Cheviots to

Carlisle, which they took, and then turned south through Lancaster http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ and Preston to Manchester, where they gained some recruits. The now numbered nearly 6,000 men. Skilfully deceiving the Duke of Cumberland, who with a large force lay at Lichfield, the rebels got past his army and had nothing between them and London but the hastily-formed camp of the Guards at Finchley. Prince Charles's officers were, however, disheartened at the neutrality of the English, and, fearing to be cut off from Scotland by Wade and surrounded by Cumberland's force, when the rebels reached Derby they decided to return to Scotland. The retreat was very rapid. Cumberland's cavalry was in pursuit but was checked in a on September 27, 2021 by guest. skirmish at Penrith, and the Prince's army passing through Carlisle, where he left a garrison, reached Glasgow. Here by large requisi­ tions it refreshed itself after its rapid march. The rebels had marched 580 miles in fifty-six days. Let us now turn back to Cumberland's army. In the beginning J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-22-04-15 on 1 April 1914. Downloaded from

466 Story of the Army Surgeon from 1715 to 1748 of December twelve battalions of infantry and three regiments of cavalry assembled at Lichfield under the Duke's command. The troops were fairly healthy. The Quakers had made a present of flannel under-waistcoats to the men, which were greatly appre­ ciated. At the end of the month the troops went into quarters, but the cavalry and a thousand foot followed the rebels to Carlisle. The sick of this detachment were left in charge of local surgeons in the towns on the road and were well treated. At Lichfield, the work­ house was fitted up for a hospital and many sick were admitted, with the usual result, an outbreak of jail fever. Other diseases were" the autumnal remittent fever," coughs, pleurisies, and rheu­ matism, with a few fluxes. Carlisle was invested in January, 1747, and soon fell. The besiegers had had 600 to 700 ill, of whom not more than forty died. The surgeon to the rebel garrison, Dr. J ames Stratton, of Berwick­ shire, was taken prisoner to London and there tried and acquitted.

Other rebel surgeons taken at Carlisle were: J ames Murray, of Protected by copyright. Edinburgh; William Gray, of Brechin; and Dr. Abernethy, of Banff, a captain in the Duke of Perth's regiment. These were tried at Carlisle in August. Murray was acquitted on account of attending the King's wounded at Preston Pans; Gray was condemned to death, but recommended to mercy and not executed, and Abernethy was condemned to death, but died before the date for his execution. After a week's rest in Glasgow the rebel army advanced to besiege Stirling. During the Prince's absence in England, Lord Strathallan had collected 3,000 men, and these, with some French

soldiers, joined the Prince's army, bringing it up to 9,000 men, the http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ most he ever commanded. Marshal Wade had been superseded by General Hawley, who with 9,000 men set out to relieve Stirling. Charles attacked and defeated Hawley's troops at Falkirk on January 17,1746. Hawley's left and centre were badly beaten, but his right retired in good order. Some of his medical equipment fell into the hands of the rebels. A chest of instruments and two of drugs were taken and were given to Dr. George Colvill, the fourth son of Lord Culross, a Dundee physician who had joined the Prince after Preston Pans. Some prisoners were taken by the English at Falkirk. Amongst these were three Edinburgh medical students, on September 27, 2021 by guest. Robert Douglas, Thomas Barron, and William Macghie, who had joined the rebels. They were imprisoned in Doune Castle but escaped. Douglas was afterwards a surgeon in the Navy, and Macghie, M.D. Edin., 1746, settled in London and became physician to Guy's Hospital. He died in 1756. Amongst those wounded at J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-22-04-15 on 1 April 1914. Downloaded from

H. A. L. Howelt 467

Falkirk was Dr. Archibald Cameron, the youngest brother of Lochiel; amongst the killed on the other side was Dr. Duncan Munro, of Obsdale. Dr. Munro had spent much of his life in the East Indies. He joined his brother, Sir Robert Munro, of Foulis, who was serving with Hawley, as volunteer aid to the wounded, and was killed by the Highlanders in his 59th year. After Falkirk, Charles returned to the siege of Stirling, in which he failed, and then marched his army to Inverness. His army was suffering from lack of provisions. In March the rebels took Fort Augustus. Cumberland now took over command of the English troops in Scotland and soon restored confidence. The English, having command of the sea, provisioned their troops with ease and prevented any aid to Charles from the French. . In December, 1745, H.M.S. "Milford" captured a French ship off Montrose. Amongst those on board were "John Divier and Thomas Hogan, surgeons, and four servants," who were on their way to join the rebels. Another French ship, the "Bourbon," Protected by copyright. was taken in 1746. It had as passenger M. Botel, "major­ surgeon," on his way to join the Prince. On February 10, 1746, the English army marched from Edinburgh to Perth. It consisted of fourteen battalions. They were mostly in billets, but two battalions were quartered in churches. Pulmonary complaints were very common. In March the troops marched to Montrose and Aberdeen. They left 300 sick at Perth who were accommodated in the corporation halls and in private houses. Till the end of March the army lay at Aberdeen, but afterwards nine battalions were cantoned at Inverurie and http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ Strathbogie, and one more battalion landed at Aberdeen. The health of the men suffered from the climatic conditions, and inflammatory diseases continued. The officers, being in good quarters, kept healthy, although Pringle notes that in the begin­ ning of March, "when the weather was very cold, a few were seized with gout." The sick were well lodged in the town hospital at Aberdeen, and when the army moved, about 400 sick were left behind at Aberdeen, Inverurie, and Strathbogie. On April 13 the army encamped at Cullen, and next day crossed the Spey and entered the town of Nairn. on September 27, 2021 by guest. On April 14, 1746, Prince Charles stayed the night at Culloden House. Want of food and the habit of the Highlanders of return­ ing to their homes had reduced his army to 5,000, and many of these were absent in Inverness and elsewhere searching for food. It was decided to make a night attack on Cumberland's army, but J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-22-04-15 on 1 April 1914. Downloaded from

468 Story of the Army Surgeon from 1715 to 1748 the darkness of the night and the men's fatigue prevented this, so they fell ba.ck and took position at Culloden Moor. On April 16 the English advanced to attack the rebels. Cumberland had about 6,500 officers and men. The regiments present were the Royal Scots, 3rd, 4th, 8th, 13th, 14th, 21st, 25th, 27th, 34th, 36th, 37th, and 52nd Foot, and the 12th and 15th Dragoons. He was also strong in artillery. The rebels were completely defeated with a loss of 1,000 killed and 500 prisoners, of whom 200 were French. The English losses amounted to 300 killed and wounded. Two­ thirds of these belonged to the 4th and 27th Regiments. Cumberland stained his name for ever by his brutality to the rebels after the battle. No quarter was given in the pursuit, and many of the wounded were put to death. Later, Cumberland fixed his head­ quarters at Fort Augustus, and harried the Highlanders with every species of military execution. The rebellion was over. After five months of wandering and privation in the Highlands and the Hebrides, the Young Pretender got away to France. Protected by copyright. The day after Culloden the English army marched to Inverness and encamped on the south side of the town. About 70 sick had been left on the way. Pleurisy and pneumonia of severe type were common. At Inverness the wounded, in all 270, were accommo­ dated in two malt barns. Several had received wounds from broad­ swords: these easily healed, "as the openings were larger in proportion to the depth." In addition two well-aired houses ,:"ere taken over for the sick. Regimental surgeons were ordered to find quarters for their own sick and to send only their severe cases to the General Hospital. Great care was taken to keep the hospitals and jails clean in order to prevent infection: the prisoners were http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ placed on board ship. Pringle's hand can be seen in all these pre­ cautions. At the end of May, however, four regiments landed at Nairn and joined the army. A few days after twelve men of one of these regiments (Houghton's) were sent to hospital and found to be suffering from typhus fever. This regiment had become infected in this way. A French ship had been taken, on board of which were some troops going to assist the rebels. Thirty-six of these were deserters from our army in Flanders. They were cast into prison,

and, later, released :and drafted into Houghton's regiment. They on September 27, 2021 by guest. brought the jail fever with them. This regiment had eight officers sick with the disease at Nairn, and left 80 sick there. At Inverness it sent 120 cases of typhus to hospital. The disease, thus intro­ duced, soon spread in the hospitals and among the inhabitants of the town. J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-22-04-15 on 1 April 1914. Downloaded from

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On June 3 four regiments were left at Inverness and nine, with a regiment of horse, marched to Fort Augustus, leaving in ,hospital about 600 sick besides the wounded. At Fort Augustus, there being no straw, the troops were ordered to cut heather for bedding. It was noted that those who changed their bedding most often were the least sickly. Dysentery now became common. The only accommodation for the sick was a few huts in the neigh­ bourhood ; many of the sick were therefore sent to Inverness. The hut hospitals soon became overcrowded and an outbreak of tpyhus fever followed. In the middle of August the camp broke up. Between 300 and 400 sick were left at Fort Augustus who were afterwards carried to Inverness. Ultimately, many of the sick and wounded from Scotland and Newcastle found their way to the London hospitals and some to Bath. From the middle of February, when the army crossed the Forth, to the end of the campaign, there had been in the hospitals upwards of 2,000 men, including the wounded; of which number nearly Protected by copyright. 300 died and principally from typhus fever. In November, 1745, the Lord Mayor of London raised by subscription £18,435. This was distributed :to the maimed and wounded soldiers £5,000, to brave soldiers £5,000, to the sick in hospital at Newcastle £300, and the remainder in providing a blanket and two paillasses for each tent, thirty watch coats to each battalion, and a pair of worsted gloves to each man. This Guild­ hall fund" in aid of soldiers in suppressing the late rebellion" was not closed until January 28, 1748, when St. Bartholomew's, St. Thomas's, and the Bath Hospitals were given £1,000 each, and http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ each of the infirmaries of London, Westminster, and Hyde Park Corner was given £100, "for the assistance which they had afforded the sick and maimed soldiers" (" Cumberland Memoirs" and Gentle­ man's Magazine). It remains only to record the names of the rebel medical officers and of a few of those who took part on the other side. Two rebel surgeons were taken at Culloden, George Lauder and Dr. John Macdonald, of Kinlochmoidart. Both were imprisoned for a time and afterwards set free. John Rattray, F.R.C.S.Ed., was in

Inverness asleep when the battle was fought and surrendered next on September 27, 2021 by guest. day. He died in 1771. Lochiel's brother, Dr. Archibald Cameron, was wounded, but escaped to France and became a Captain in the French Army. Returning to Scotland in 1753, he was captured, taken to London, and imprisoned in the Tower. He was sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered, and was executed at Tyburn on J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-22-04-15 on 1 April 1914. Downloaded from

470 Story of the Army Surgeon frorri 1715 to 1748

June 7, 1753, the last Jacobite executed for his share in the rebellion. Other surgeons who took part in the rebellion and escaped were: William Balfour, Surgeon to the Macgregors, who marched into England with them; Dr. James Carnegy, Surgeon to Ogilvy's regiment; Ludovick Caw, Surgeon to Perth's regiment; John Congleton; James Crichton, who was at Culloden as Surgeon to Ogilvy's regiment; Alexander Crook, senior, Surgeon-Major of the Atholl Brigade, and his son, who was his mate; Dr. John Cruikshank ; Dr. Erskine Douglas; Charles Fife; Robert Halker­ ston, who served in Lord Strathallan's Horse through the rebellion and was at Culloden; Andrew Hay; George M'Gill; John Mac­ kenzie; Lachlan M'Laren; Patrick Middleton, who bore arms in the rebel Life Guards; John Murray, who served in Perth's Squadron and was at Culloden; William Rait, surgeon to the rebel Life Guards, who escaped to France after Culloden and died at Dundee in 1760; James and Thomas Volume; David Wemyss of Cupar

Fife, who had also been" out in 1715" ; John Wright; Hercules Protected by copyright. Paterson; Francis Ross; and Sir Stuart Threipland, M.D., of Fingask, who had been President of the Edinburgh College of Physicians in 1744. He went to Derby with the Prince and was at Culloden, whe,re he attended the wounded Lochiel and took to the hills with him. He escaped to Rouen but was amnestied in 1747, and became President of the College of Physicians, Edin­ burgh, from 1766 to 1770. He died in 1805, aged 59. Hugh Mercer served as surgeon's mate in the rebel army. He went to America after Culloden, and became a General in the American

Army. He was killed fighting against us at Princeton in 1777. http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ In the English Army John Pringle was the most prominent medical officer. His biography has already appeared in this Journal. We need note but two others. James Grainger (1721-1766), M.D., was Surgeon to the 13th Foot throughout the rebellion, and also during the campaigns in Holland in 1746, 1747, and 1748. He settled in London and became well known as a poet, critic, and historian. He wrote an "Ode to Solitude," which was greatly praised by his friend, Dr. J ohnson, a translation of Tibullus, and on the intermittent fever in Holland, on syphilis, and on West Indian diseases. He went out to St. Christopher in the West lndies, on September 27, 2021 by guest. married the daughter of the Governor, and, setting up as a planter, amassed a large fortune. He wrote a fine poem on "The Sugar Cane," which appeared in 1764. He returned to England, hut went back to the West Indies and died there. The other surgeon was Thomas Dimsdale, M.D., Aberdeen, son of an Essex surgeon, who J R Army Med Corps: first published as 10.1136/jramc-22-04-15 on 1 April 1914. Downloaded from

Reviews 471 served with the army until Carlisle was taken. He then retired to practise at Hertford. He became L.R.C.P. in 1761, F.R.S. in 1769, and, in 1767, published a book on inoculation for smallpox which ran through seven editions. He was called to Russia to inoculate the Empress Catherine and her son, and became a Baron of the Russian Empire. He was paid a fee of £12,000 and a pension of £500 a year. He returned to Hertford and published two other works on inoculation for smallpox. He was M.P. for Hertford, 1780-1790. With his son and the Barnards he opened a banking house in Cornhill, which still exists. He died in 1800, aged 89 .. • lRe"iews.

WAR AND WOMEN. London: G. Bell and Co. 1913. Pp. xvi and 239.

Price 3s. 6d. net. Protected by copyright. Mrs. St. Clair Stobart's narrative of the work of the Women's Convoy Corps during the first Balkan War is described on the cover as "The Record of a Piece of Practical Service rendered by Women in War Time, which is used as an Argument for the Regular Employment of Women, adequately trained, as an Integral Part of the Territorial Army." As a record of practical service it cannot fail to excite the liveliest admiration and interest, but as an argument for the inclusion of women in the Territorial Force, in the sense in which the writer evidently intends, it scarcely convinces, and is rendered none the more convincing by the somewhat remarkable views expressed in a prefatory note over Viscount Esher's signature. As one who had the privilege of serving with the Bulgarian Army in http://militaryhealth.bmj.com/ Thrace at the same time and in the same place as Mrs. Stobart, the reviewer can bear testimony to the accuracy of the description of scenes and facts contained in the book, and to the splendid success which crowned Mrs. Stobart's determination to show that women, "trained and disciplined," as she says, could manage a hospital in war time. The narrative is delightfully told, with many shrewd observations on men and manners as seen in the Balkans, and occasional digs at "mere man," who cannot, one learns, even make bread, and who conducts war with unnecessary brutality, always trying to scatter his fellow-man's brains. Why then should women take part in war? Because they require an outlet for their energies, and to minimize the brutality of man aforesaid, with the hope of eventually abolishing war altogether. They should be on September 27, 2021 by guest. included, we are told, in the Territorial Force, because there is "little, if any, of the work which is at present being performed by men of the R.A.M.C., which could not be done by women," and the system of voluntary aid detachments is not enough. " Volunteer women are wanted to render first aid in every department of work which occurs between the removal of the wounded from the field hospital to their