DOCSLIB.ORG

4 the Emergence of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1940S and 1950S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
4 the Emergence of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1940S and 1950S Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-69751-5 – History for the IB Diploma: Civil Rights and Social Movements in the Americas Mike Scott-Baumann and Mark Stacey Excerpt More information 4 The emergence of the civil rights movement in the 1940s and 1950s Timeline 1941 A. Philip Randolph plans March on Washington; Roosevelt establishes Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) and bans segregation in defence industries 1944 Supreme Court outlaws all-white Democratic primary election in Texas 1947 publication of report To Secure These Rights 1948 Truman orders desegregation in armed forces 1954 May: Brown v. Board ruling declares ‘separate but equal’ schools unconstitutional 1955 May: Brown II ruling orders desegregation of schools ‘with all deliberate speed’ Dec: start of Montgomery Bus Boycott 1956 Mar: Southern Manifesto denounces Brown ruling Nov: Supreme Court rules segregation on Montgomery buses to be illegal, leading to end of boycott 1957 Jan: Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) formed Sep: Eisenhower sends federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas; Civil Rights Act passed 1960 May: Civil Rights Act passed Key questions • How did the civil rights movement emerge during the Second World War? • How far did the NAACP and Supreme Court achieve desegregation in education? • What was the signifi cance of the Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955–56? 62 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-69751-5 – History for the IB Diploma: Civil Rights and Social Movements in the Americas Mike Scott-Baumann and Mark Stacey Excerpt More information The emergence of the civil rights movement in the 1940s and 1950s This chapter examines the impact of the Second World War on black Americans in the USA, and the emergence of the civil rights movement during those years. It then focuses on two key events. The fi rst was the Supreme Court’s 1954 ruling on desegregation in schools. This was a signifi cant breakthrough but aroused massive resistance in the South, as shown in Little Rock, Arkansas. The second was the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 to 1956, which was hugely successful and also brought Martin Luther King to the forefront of the civil rights movement. Overview • The effects of the Second World War on the lives of African- Americans contributed to the development of black activism. • The growing strength of the NAACP and of a grass-roots voter registration campaign signifi ed the emergence of civil rights as a movement. • The NAACP had piecemeal success in its legal challenges to the Jim Crow laws. • The Supreme Court ruling against segregated schools eliminated the legal basis for segregation, but also triggered massive white resistance in the South. • Events at Little Rock High School led to federal intervention, but also highlighted the tenacity with which the South defended segregation. • The success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott has often been attributed to the heroism of Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King. Their roles were crucial but so were those of other individuals, and ultimate success was due to sustained, local, mass action. • The boycott led to the formation of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). How did the civil rights movement emerge during the Second World War? The Second World War and its outcome would have a dramatic impact on the lives of all Americans. Not only would 14 million Americans be called up to fi ght (and similar numbers migrate to the cities to work in war industries), but the USA would emerge as a superpower claiming leadership of the ‘Free World’. Not surprisingly, the war had a huge impact on the lives of millions of black Americans as well as white. Nearly a million were called up to fi ght, and a larger number would leave farms in the South to seek work in cities, both in the South and, more especially, in the North. African-Americans knew that the USA’s entry into the war in 1941 meant that they were fi ghting to defeat an avowedly racist Nazi Germany. They were determined to exploit that. 63 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-69751-5 – History for the IB Diploma: Civil Rights and Social Movements in the Americas Mike Scott-Baumann and Mark Stacey Excerpt More information Civil Rights and Social Movements in the Americas Black Americans were eager to play their part in the war effort, but were determined not to go unrewarded as they had done after the First World War. As Crisis argued: ‘Now is the time not to be silent’. Many supported the ‘Double V’ campaign (launched by the black newspaper Pittsburgh Courier), to win a double victory, conquering racism both abroad and at home. President Roosevelt responded by appointing the first black general, Benjamin O. Davies, and calling for equal opportunities for all in the armed forces. This was easier said than done. Many army leaders had a low opinion of black soldiers, and resisted pressure to enlist them in combat units. Many of the military training camps were situated in the South. Not only did black soldiers come up against racism within the camps but black soldiers from the North, unused to Jim Crow laws, were shocked by the treatment they received outside the camps. Insulted or refused service in shops and bars, they also came up against segregation on public transport. Nowhere was this worse than on buses: there were numerous incidents where black soldiers were ordered by the drivers not to sit in ‘white’ seats and, when they refused, were arrested and, in a few cases, shot. Discrimination in the North Discrimination in the North was not as extreme, but it was widespread. Over a million blacks left the South and found better- paid, more secure jobs than they had had on farms in the South. But, as in the First World War, race relations often became more tense, especially as competition for urban housing led to overcrowding and the deliberate exclusion of blacks from white neighbourhoods. Chicago’s black population doubled in the 1940s and was increasingly squeezed into unsafe, insanitary housing, sometimes ten to a room. There were numerous outbreaks of violence in northern cities, the worst being in Detroit. During the war, 50,000 blacks arrived in the city, lured by job opportunities in arms production. There were even more white immigrants, many from the South. An incident in a park on a hot afternoon and rumours of a white woman raped by a black man triggered a race riot. Large mobs of whites entered the black ghetto to hunt for victims. By the time order was restored by troops, 34 people had been killed, 25 black and nine white, and hundreds injured. The development of black activism The black response to racial discrimination took many forms. One example of direct action was the plan by A. Philip Randolph to organise thousands of blacks to march on Washington in 1941. The aim was to pressurise the federal government into banning all job discrimination in war industries; in other words, in all the shipyards, 64 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-69751-5 – History for the IB Diploma: Civil Rights and Social Movements in the Americas Mike Scott-Baumann and Mark Stacey Excerpt More information The emergence of the civil rights movement in the 1940s and 1950s aircraft and weapons factories that were producing arms for the government’s war effort. The mere threat of such a demonstration in Washington led to Roosevelt setting up the Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) to ensure that blacks were employed in the war industries. This showed what the threat of mass protest could do, and it boosted confidence in the emerging civil rights movement. In reality, the FEPC had limited impact. There was widespread resistance in the South, where employers insisted that white workers would refuse to work alongside blacks. Even in the North, some unions organised ‘hate strikes’ where white workers walked out, refusing to work with blacks. A. Philip Randolph (left) leads a protest against the Jim Crow Laws © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-69751-5 – History for the IB Diploma: Civil Rights and Social Movements in the Americas Mike Scott-Baumann and Mark Stacey Excerpt More information Civil Rights and Social Movements in the Americas The growing impact of the NAACP The campaigns run by the NAACP and many local black organisations were probably more significant, in the long term, in advancing the cause of black civil rights. As the First World War had led to a huge rise in support for the NAACP, so did the Second World War. Membership leapt from 50,000 to 450,000 by the end of the war. The organisation attracted far wider support in the South, especially in the growing urban population, and gave its backing to numerous small-scale, local campaigns. More and more blacks, freed from dependence on white landlords, had the confidence to attend NAACP classes where they learnt how to pass literacy classes and pay the poll tax so that they could register to vote. The development of this sustained, grass-roots activity marked a new development in the campaign for black civil rights in the South. This movement was complemented by the gains of the NAACP lawyers, who took an increasing number of legal cases to the Supreme Court. The court was now more receptive, thanks to the appointment, by President Roosevelt, of several more liberal judges. In 1944, the Supreme Court outlawed the all-white Democratic primary election in Texas.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Principles of Nonviolence: Altering Attitudes and Behaviors of High School Students Regarding Violence and Social Justice
    Principles of NonViolence: Altering Attitudes and Behaviors of High School Students Regarding Violence and Social Justice Carolyn Harris-Muchell, PhD, PMHCNS-BC July 21, 2016 Carolyn D. Harris-Muchell West Oakland Health Council, Inc. University of California San Francisco Learning Objectives: 1. The learner will be able to identify two of the six principles at the conclusion of the presentation. 2. The learner will be able to identify 2 areas of their practice in which one or more of the principles would be applicable. No sponsorship provided for this presentation. I am a behavior health specialist with the organization that provides the education intervention. Study Hypothesis w 1. Does an educational experience on civil rights and social justice alter the attitudes of high school students regarding violence and social justice? w 2. Do high school students apply new attitudes into action? w 3. High school students will be transformed to affect change. NonViolence Is the general term for discussing a range of methods for addressing conflict all share the core principle that physical violence is not used against people. Types of NonViolence Strategies Tactical – utilize short to medium term campaigns to achieve a specific goal within society; their aim is reform. Strategic – interested in the structure of social relationships and desire to transform society, a long-term revolutionary strategy. Types of NonViolence Strategies Pragmatic – exponents view conflict as a relationship between antagonists with incompatible interests-goal is to defeat one’s opponent. Ideological - ethical belief in the unity of means and ends, one’s is a partner in the struggle, nonviolence is a way of life.
    [Show full text]
  • OBJ (Application/Pdf)
    NEWS FROM DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC RELATIONS EXECUTIVE SECRETARY FOR RELEASE: JUNE 5, 1958 LITTLE ROCK NINE AND <RS. BATES'" TO RECEIVE ANNUAL SPINGARN M'EDAT NEV/ YORK, June 5.--Nine Negro teenagers, the first of their race to enroll in Central High School of Little Rock, and Mrs. L.C. Bates, their mentor and president of the Arkansas State Conference of Branches, have been chosen as this year's recipients of the Spingarn Medal, Roy Wilkins, executive secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, announced here today. The medal, awarded annually to a Negro American for distinguished achievement, will be presented at the 49th annual NAACP convention in Cleveland, Precedents Broken In selecting Mrs. Bates and these six girls and three boys, the Spingarn Award Committee broke two precedents. For the first time, the award, regarded as the most coveted in the field, is being given to a group rather than an individual. Also for the first time minors are recipients of the award. The children and Mrs. Bates are cited for "their courageous self-restraint in the face of extreme provocation and peril," and for "their exemplary conduct in upholding the American ideals of liberty and justice." Their role in the Little Rock crisis, the citation continues, "entitles them to the gratitude of every American who believes in law and order, equality of rights, and human decency." The young people entered Central High last September in compliance with a federal district court order. They were at first denied admittance by Arkansas state troopers acting on orders of Governor Orval E.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 Black History Month Genealogy Conference
    2017 Black History Month Genealogy Conference AFRO-AMERICAN HISTORICAL AND GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY, INC. State of Maryland and Washington, DC Chapters & AFRICAN AMERICAN SPECIAL INTEREST GROUP Washington DC Family History Center “From the Archives to the Classroom with African American Genealogy” The Crucial Role of Education in the History of African Americans Workshop Education Today and Yesterday and the Challenges to Inspire Young People to Learn Saturday, February 4 12:10 pm to 1:15: pm Role-Playing: Impact/history of African American Women in Society. Instructor and Author: Christine Davis Easterling 301-384-0352 [email protected] Convening at: Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Church 7200 Contee Road, Laurel, Maryland 20707 1 Education Today Today’s youth are wisdom-seekers. They want and Yesterday help making life’s decisions, but they want it and the done in a way that helps them understand wise Challenges to choices, but gives them freedom to choose their Inspire Young own path. Young people today crave older adults People to Learn who will walk with them through the obstacles they face on a daily basis; while extending love, grace and support. Join this interactive workshop that uses an experienced based role- playing approach to teaching the impact/history of African American women in society. 2 THE IMPACT/HISTORY OF AFRICAN AMERICAN WOMEN IN SOCIETY. Everyone is familiar with traditional education. You sit in a class and a teacher teaches. But at some point, every individual has to take charge of their own education. To do this, one must look at the root of learning.
    [Show full text]
  • The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Enemy Pictures
    Angles New Perspectives on the Anglophone World 10 | 2020 Creating the Enemy The Enemy Within: The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Enemy Pictures Olivier Maheo Electronic version URL: http://journals.openedition.org/angles/471 DOI: 10.4000/angles.471 ISSN: 2274-2042 Publisher Société des Anglicistes de l'Enseignement Supérieur Electronic reference Olivier Maheo, « The Enemy Within: The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Enemy Pictures », Angles [Online], 10 | 2020, Online since 01 April 2020, connection on 28 July 2020. URL : http:// journals.openedition.org/angles/471 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/angles.471 This text was automatically generated on 28 July 2020. Angles. New Perspectives on the Anglophone World is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The Enemy Within: The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Enemy Pictures 1 The Enemy Within: The Long Civil Rights Movement and the Enemy Pictures Olivier Maheo Introduction: A Liberal Agenda 1 The 20th century could be described as the one that gave birth to a new “civilization of the image.” (Gusdorf 1960: 11). By using images in its nation-building efforts, the United States has been a forerunner through what François Brunet called “Amérique- image”, a huge picture-book in which photographs of the Civil Rights Movement have a dedicated slot at a time when television was becoming a mass media (Brunet & Kempf 2001). The best-known pictures of the Civil Rights Movement have thus become places of memory, iconic images testifying to the ultimate triumph of democracy. 2 If, according to W.E.B.
    [Show full text]
  • Let Justice Roll Down: the Civil Rights Movement Through Film (1954-1965)
    Curriculum Units by Fellows of the Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute 1998 Volume I: The Use and Abuse of History in Film and Video Let Justice Roll Down: The Civil Rights Movement Through Film (1954-1965) Curriculum Unit 98.01.06 by Joan Rapczynski The curriculum unit I have chosen will be incorporated into the United States History II course that is required of all eleventh graders in the city of New Haven. The unit will focus on the Civil Rights Movement during the years 1954-1965. In my past years of teaching American History, one of my goals was to make history come alive and be exciting for my students. I used a variety of techniques in the classroom recognizing the fact that students learn in a multitude of ways. One method I have found to be extremely successful is the use of visual materials. Films can bring a lesson to life. They can play a vital role in stirring up social issues of the past. Hollywood, as well as independent film companies have created many films that address the issues of the civil rights movement. In viewing a film students can acquire an incredible amount of comprehensive knowledge on a topic. Film visually recreates the time period for students. They are able to see physical gestures, cadences of speech, style of dress, style of architecture, as well as experience the environment. After viewing and discussing the film, students are usually amazed at the amount of factual knowledge they acquired while they were being entertained. I have found it to be an unusual instance when a classroom lecture can have the same impact as a powerful film.
    [Show full text]
  • Crisis in Little Rock: Race, Class, Violence During the Desegregation of Central High School, 1957-1958
    101 102 Crisis in Little Rock: desegregation. Mob violence existed before, during, and after the Race, Class & Violence During the Desegregation of nine entered Central High. Threats on the students’ lives were Central High School, 1957-1958 common and, for the next eight months, the Little Rock Nine endured harassment from their peers as well as the Little Rock community. While most accounts of the crisis focus on the constitutional aspects of the case, they tend to avoid the key issues that help us better understand the factors that contributed to the crisis and the resulting violence. Con-siderations of race and class Richard J. Hanson are paramount to understanding the episode as it unfolded within the community of Little Rock. “When hate is unleashed and bigotry finds a voice, God help us The crisis had its roots in the landmark 1954 Supreme Court all.” ruling, Brown v. Board of Education. Ruling unanimously, the high court struck down segregation in public education. This The above quotation first appeared in the Arkansas Gazette on controversial ruling threatened to dismantle Jim Crow, and September 8th, 1957. It accompanied a picture that has since southern states were reluctant to comply. An exception, however, become internationally recognized as one of the most dramatic was Little Rock, Arkansas. Arkansas was not located in the Deep scenes of the Civil Rights Movement. It is a picture of a young South and therefore was regarded by many as moderate when it Negro girl by the name of Elizabeth Eckford and the moment came to race relations. Over time, however, Arkansas would also captured her as she walked to school on her first day of class.
    [Show full text]
  • Choices in LITTLE ROCK
    3434_LittleRock_cover_F 5/27/05 12:58 PM Page 1 Choices IN LITTLE ROCK A FACING HISTORY AND OURSELVES TEACHING GUIDE ••••••••• CHOICES IN LITTLE ROCK i Acknowledgments Facing History and Ourselves would like to offer special thanks to The Yawkey Foundation for their support of Choices in Little Rock. Facing History and Ourselves would like to acknowledge the valuable assistance it received from the Boston Public Schools in creating Choices in Little Rock. We are particularly appreciative of the team that consulted on the development of the unit under the leadership of Sidney W. Smith, Director, Curriculum and Instructional Practices, and Judith Berkowitz, Ed.D., Project Director for Teaching American History. Patricia Artis, history coach Magda Donis, language acquisitions coach Meira Levinson, Ph.D., teacher, McCormack Middle School Kris Taylor, history coach Mark Taylor, teacher, King Middle School Facing History and Ourselves would also like to offer special thanks to the Boston Public School teachers who piloted the unit and provided valuable suggestions for its improvement. Constance Breeden, teacher, Irving Middle School Saundra Coaxum, teacher, Edison Middle School Gary Fisher, teacher, Timilty Middle School Adam Gibbons, teacher, Lyndon School Meghan Hendrickson, history coach, former teacher, Dearborn Middle School Wayne Martin, Edwards Middle School Peter Wolf, Curley Middle School Facing History and Ourselves values the efforts of its staff in producing and implementing the unit. We are grateful to Margot Strom, Marc Skvirsky, Jennifer Jones Clark, Fran Colletti, Phyllis Goldstein, Jimmie Jones, Melinda Jones-Rhoades, Tracy O’Brien, Jenifer Snow, Jocelyn Stanton, Chris Stokes, and Adam Strom. Design: Carter Halliday Associates www.carterhalliday.com Printed in the United States of America 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 November 2009 ISBN-13: 978-0-9798440-5-8 ISBN-10: 0-9798440-5-3 Copyright © 2008 Facing History and Ourselves National Foundation, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Choosing to Participate and the Re-Release of This Book Which Has Been Developed to Give Educators a Tool to Explore the Role of Citizenship in Democracy
    R evised E Praise for dition FACING HISTORY AND OURSELVES A FACING HISTORY AND OURSELVES PUBLICATION C We are well aware of the forces beyond our control—the attitudes, modes of H behavior, and unexamined assumptions that often, sadly, govern the larger OOSING society, and that undermine the school communities we seek to build. It is to this end that we find Facing History so powerful. From both discussions with teachers and observations of student interaction, it is clear that Facing TO History and Ourselves is a tremendously effective vehicle for engaging P ARTICI students in the critical dialogues essential for a tolerant and just society. Dan Isaacs P Former Assistant Superintendent ATE of the Los Angeles Unified School District • A Facing History and Facing History and Ourselves has become a standard for ambitious and CHOOSING TO courageous educational programming…. At a time when more and more of our population is ignorant about history, and when the media challenge PARTICIPA T E the distinction between truth and fiction—indeed, the very existence of REVISED EDITION truth—it is clear that you must continue to be the standard. Howard Gardner O Professor of Education, Harvard Graduate School of Education urselves Publication Teaching kids to fight intolerance and participate responsibly in their world is the most important work we can do. Matt Damon, Actor, Board of Trustees Member & Former Facing History and Ourselves Student Headquarters 16 Hurd Road Brookline, MA 02445 (617) 232-1595 www.facinghistory.com Visit choosingtoparticipate.org for additional resources, inspiring stories, ways to share your story, and a 3D immersive environment of the exhibition for use in the classroom and beyond.
    [Show full text]
  • Daisy Bates First Lady of Little Rock
    DISCUSSION GUIDE DAISY BATES FIrsT LADY OF LITTLE ROCK As a black woman who was a feminist before the term was invented, Daisy Bates refused to accept her assigned place in society. Daisy Bates: First Lady of Little Rock tells the story of her life and public support of nine black students who registered to attend the all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, which culminated in a constitutional crisis—pitting a president against a governor and a community against itself. Unconventional, revolutionary, and egotistical, Daisy Bates reaped the rewards of instant fame, but paid dearly for it. national center for MEDIA ENGAGEMENT PBS.ORG/indePendenTLens/DAisY-BATes DAISY BATES FROM THE FILMMAKER: Dear Viewer, Fifteen years ago I stumbled upon the story of a woman who had lost I hope that when audiences watch the film they will be inspired to her parents to violence, but rather than give in to a burning hatred become leaders in their own communities, educate themselves on inside of her, she became the leader of a movement to desegregate women from the civil rights movement (Daisy Bates is only one of the white schools in Arkansas in 1957. I had studied history all my life hundreds of unsung heroines from that time period), and use the film and considered myself quite knowledgeable, but nowhere in my his- as an inspirational tool to discuss education in American schools tory books did the name Daisy Bates appear. I felt compelled to find today. For young adults, I want the film to be a reminder that where out who this woman was and share her story in the hopes of resur- your life begins doesn’t have to be where it ends, and I want those recting her memory in the American consciousness.
    [Show full text]
  • 鋢茚t茜 U苌闱 Ia U蓆躻 by Xw鈜t鄚汕
    The Ipet-Isut Historical Preservation Foundation Presents à{ VÉÅÅxÅÉÜtà|Çz à{x HC TÇÇ|äxÜátÜç UÜÉãÇ iA UÉtÜw by Xwâvtà|ÉÇ ATTORNEY CHARLES HAMILTON HOUSTON THURGOOD MARSHALL, SUPREME COURT JUSTICE ATTORNEY WILLIAM MEREDITH HOLLAND You have a large number of people who never heard of Charlie Houston. But you're going to hear about him. That man was the engineer of all of it... if you do it legally, Charlie Houston made it possible.... -- Thurgood Marshall Historical Timeline of Black Education in Palm Beach County Florida Researched and Edited by Kimela I. Edwards Ineria E. Hudnell Margaret S. Newton Debbye G. R. Raing Copyright © 2004 The Ipet-Isut Historical Preservation Foundation All Rights Reserved “Discrimination in education is symbolic of all the more drastic discrimination in which Negroes suffer. In the American life, the equal protection clause in the 14th Amendment furnishes the key to ending separate schools.” Charles Hamilton Houston Brown itself is made up of five cases. This collection of cases was the culmination of years of legal groundwork laid by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in its work to end segregation. None of the cases would have been possible without individuals who were courageous enough to take a stand against the segregated system. Briggs v. Elliot The Briggs case was named for Harry Briggs, one of twenty parents who brought suit against R.W. Elliot, the president of the school board for Clarendon County, South Carolina. Initially, parents had only asked the county to provide school buses for the Black students as they did for Whites.
    [Show full text]
  • Dlp431* 03-15-2007 13:55 Dlp431 Sr21
    1 State of Arkansas 2 86th General Assembly 3 Regular Session, 2007 SR 21 4 5 By: Senators Steele, Brown, Crumbly, Wilkins, Argue 6 7 8 SENATE RESOLUTION 9 COMMEMORATING THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE 10 HISTORIC INTEGRATION OF CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL. 11 12 Subtitle 13 COMMEMORATING THE 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF 14 THE HISTORIC INTEGRATION OF CENTRAL HIGH 15 SCHOOL. 16 17 18 WHEREAS, September 25, 2007, will mark the 50th anniversary of the 19 integration of Little Rock's historic Central High School; and 20 21 WHEREAS, numerous local and national events are planned through late 22 September 2007, including a festival and a series of educational and judicial 23 forums, culminating with a ceremony on the front lawn of Central High School 24 on September 25, 2007; and 25 26 WHEREAS, dozens of organizations and institutions, including the 27 National Park Service Central High National Historic Site, Arkansas Repertory 28 Theatre, Central Arkansas Library System, UALR William H. Bowen School of 29 Law, the Clinton School of Public Service, and the William J. Clinton 30 Presidential Center and Park will be participating in the commemoration 31 through their own events; and 32 33 WHEREAS, on the morning of September 23, 1957, nine African-American 34 teenagers now commonly and affectionately known as the "Little Rock Nine" 35 held the line against an angry mob protesting integration in front of Little 36 Rock's Central High School; and *DLP431* 03-15-2007 13:55 DLP431 SR21 1 2 WHEREAS, as the students met their new classmates for the first time 3 inside the school, violence escalated outside, and the Little Rock police 4 removed the Little Rock Nine from the school for their safety.
    [Show full text]
  • Little Rock Nine
    National Park Service Little Rock Central U.S. Department of the Interior Little Rock Central High School High School National Historic Site The Little Rock Nine The Little Rock Nine in front of Central High School, September 25, 1997. The Nine are l to r: Thelma Mothershed Wair, Minnijean Brown Trickey, Jefferson Thomas, Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls LaNier, Gloria Ray Karlmark, Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, and Melba Pattillo Beals. Behind the Nine are, l to r: Little Rock Mayor Jim Dailey, Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee, and President William Jefferson Clinton. Photo by Isaiah Trickey. Who Are The Little Rock In 1957, nine ordinary teenagers walked out of their homes and stepped up to the front Nine? lines in the battle for civil rights for all Americans. The media coined the name “Little Rock Nine,” to identify the first African-American students to desegregate Little Rock Central High School. The End of Legal In 1954, the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka “[Blossom said] you’re not going to be able to go Segregation Supreme Court decision outlawed segregation in to the football games or basketball games. You’re public education. Little Rock School District not going to be able to participate in the choir or Superintendent Virgil Blossom devised a plan of drama club, or be on the track team. You can’t go gradual integration that would begin at Central to the prom. There were more cannots…” High School in 1957. The school board called for Carlotta Walls LaNier volunteers from all-black Dunbar Junior High and Horace Mann High School to attend Central.
    [Show full text]