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Capítulo 3. El Estatus Moral De Los Animales Desde Una Ética De La Razón Y Una Ética Del Sentimiento

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Capítulo 3. El Estatus Moral De Los Animales Desde Una Ética De La Razón Y Una Ética Del Sentimiento View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by EPrints Complutense UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOSOFÍA Departamento de Teoría del Conocimiento, Estética e Historia del Pensamiento TESIS DOCTORAL La relación entre las dicotomías cultura-naturaleza, hombre-mujer y humano-animal en el pensamiento feminista MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Jimena Rodríguez Carreño Directores Marta Isabel González García Francisco José Ausín Díez Montserrat Galcerán Huguet Madrid, 2016 © Jimena Rodríguez Carreño , 2016 Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Filosofía Departamento de Teoría del Conocimiento, Estética e Historia del Pensamiento TESIS DOCTORAL La relación entre las dicotomías cultura-naturaleza, hombre- mujer y humano-animal en el pensamiento feminista Doctoranda: Jimena Rodríguez Carreño Directores: Marta Isabel González García, Universidad de Oviedo Francisco José Ausín Díez, Instituto de Filosofía (CSIC) Montserrat Galcerán Huguet, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, otoño de 2015 II A Rosita III IV If you wish to know why there are disasters of armies and people in the world, listen to the piteous cries from the slaughterhouse at midnight Antiguo poema chino, citado por Birke y Parisi (1999: 71) V VI Agradecimientos A los profesores Marta I. González y Txetxu Ausín, a quienes debo sus orientaciones y, sobre todo, el estímulo de su confianza. A la profesora Montserrat Galcerán, por su inestimable ayuda en los inicios de mi carrera de investigación. A la profesora Lynda Birke, por sus valiosas orientaciones y por haber puesto a mi disposición su biblioteca particular. A mi madre, por su ayuda constante y su apoyo incondicional durante todos mis años de estudio. A Óscar, por su apoyo y su paciencia. A todos ellos, mi agradecimiento. VII VIII ÍNDICE Introducción……………………………………………………………………… 1 Capítulo 1. El pensamiento dicotómico: múltiples discriminaciones y una misma lógica……………………………………………………………………… 13 1.1. El vínculo entre racismo, sexismo y especismo…………………………... 14 1.2. Colonialismo y capitalismo como contexto explicativo…………………... 26 1.3. Algunos matices a los vínculos entre las dicotomías……………………... 30 1.4. Recapitulación…………………………………………………………….. 34 Capítulo 2. Crítica a la razón masculina y a la idea de cuerpo como lo biológico………...................................................................................................... 37 2.1. Descartes y la radicalización de la dicotomía mente/cuerpo…………….... 37 2.1.1. El cuerpo como obstáculo de la objetividad……………………….. 38 2.1.2. La muerte de la Madre Naturaleza...……………………………….. 41 2.1.3. El conocimiento incorporado...…………………………………….. 43 2.1.4. La teoría cartesiana del animal-máquina y su actualidad………….. 43 2.2. Crítica a la razón cartesiana………………………………………………. 47 2.2.1. El método cartesiano: privilegio masculino………………………... 48 2.2.2. Descartes y “la huida de lo femenino”……………………………... 50 2.2.3. El aprendizaje de la razón y la separación de la madre……………. 54 2.2.4. Hombres racionales; mujeres y animales irracionales…………… 56 2.3. Cuerpo débil, mente débil: la fragilidad del cuerpo femenino como justificación de la inferioridad intelectual de las mujeres……………………. 59 2.3.1. El útero como causa de debilidad física e inferioridad intelectual… 59 2.3.2. El control del cuerpo femenino…………………………………….. 62 2.3.3. El varón como protagonista en la creación de la vida……………… 64 2.4. La crítica feminista de la ciencia y la búsqueda de un nuevo modelo de conocimiento………………………………………………………………….. 65 2.4.1. La separación sujeto-objeto como exigencia del dominio de la naturaleza………………………………………………………………… 66 2.4.2. La naturaleza desnuda ante el científico: el simbolismo de género en la ciencia………………………………………………………………. 69 2.4.3. La posibilidad de una epistemología feminista…………………….. 71 2.5. El rechazo del determinismo biológico y el reconocimiento de la complejidad de la naturaleza…………………………………………………... 75 2.5.1. El secreto está en los genes: los principios de la ociobiología……... 76 2.5.2. El hombre primitivo y el animal como modelos del 77 IX comportamiento humano………………………………………………... 2.5.3. Creer para ver: los prejuicios sexistas en la ciencia………………... 80 2.5.4. Biologismo y determinismo “feministas”………………………….. 86 2.5.5. El reconocimiento de la complejidad de la naturaleza y la biología como clave para combatir el pensamiento dicotómico…………………… 89 2.6. Recapitulación……………………………………………………...……... 92 Capítulo 3. El estatus moral de los animales desde una ética de la razón y una ética del sentimiento. El debate acerca de los derechos…………………... 97 3.1. El desprecio de las emociones: la ética kantiana y la razón como auténtico fundamento de la moral………………………………………………………... 97 3.2. Críticas a la dicotomía razón/emoción………………………...………….. 100 3.2.1. La defensa de las emociones como base de la moral………………. 101 3.2.2. Razón incontrolada y control social………………………………... 104 3.3. La discusión sobre los derechos…………………………………………... 109 3.3.1. Jerarquía, competencia, individualismo y derechos………………... 110 3.3.2. Los derechos como instrumento necesario para la protección de los animales.............................................................................................. 115 3.4. En busca de una nueva ética: las virtudes de la “ética femenina”……….... 119 3.4.1. Educadas en la empatía…………………………………………….. 119 3.4.2. La ética del cuidado………………………………………………... 124 3.4.2.1. La necesidad de “escuchar” a los animales........................... 124 3.4.2.2. La importancia de la dimensión política…………………… 129 3.4.2.3. Críticas a la ética del cuidado desde el utilitarismo y la teoría de los derechos………………………………………………... 133 3.4.2.4. La ética del cuidado en el mundo animal…………………… 136 3.4.3. La naturaleza como cuerpo sagrado………………………………... 139 3.5. La tradición ética “masculina” basada en las emociones…………………. 142 3.5.1. La razón sometida a las emociones………………………………… 142 3.5.2. Las emociones como forma de conocimiento y como fundamento de los derechos………………………………………….……………….. 149 3.6. Más allá de la compasión: la incansable búsqueda de la justicia…………. 152 3.7. Recapitulación…………………………………………………………….. 157 X Capítulo 4. Conciencia feminista y conciencia animalista: antecedentes históricos y actualidad…………………………………………………………. 162 4.1. La antivivisección como causa “femenina” a finales del siglo XIX en Inglaterra y Estados Unidos…………………………………………………… 162 4.1.1. Antiviviseccionistas y feministas: una alianza compleja…………... 163 4.1.2. Las ideas antiviviseccionistas de Frances Power Cobbe: entre la tradición y la modernidad………………………………….……………. 171 4.1.2.1. Salud del alma y salud del cuerpo…………………………... 172 4.1.2.2. La tiranía de la ciencia y sus expertos……………………… 175 4.1.2.3. Perros con inteligencia, sentimientos y carácter…………… 178 4.1.3. Del laboratorio a la cocina: breve referencia al vínculo entre sufragismo y vegetarianismo……………………………………………. 179 4.1.4. Antiviviseccionistas, cristianas y madres…….…………………….. 181 4.1.5. De Victoria Street a la ONU……………………………………….. 186 4.2. Conciencia feminista y conciencia animalista en la actualidad…………… 189 4.2.1. La implicación de las mujeres en la lucha por la liberación animal: algunas justificaciones sociológicas………………………………………. 190 4.2.2. La unión de los excluidos…………………………………………... 194 4.2.2.1. La necesidad de una estrategia común……………………... 195 4.2.2.2. El dualismo cultura/naturaleza como condición suficiente pero no necesaria…………………………………………….…….. 201 4.2.2.3. Solidaridad frente al determinismo…………………………. 203 4.2.2.4. Mujer, naturaleza y animales como objetos de dominio y violencia…………………………………………………………….. 206 4.2.3. Feminismo y dieta vegetariana: el vínculo entre el consumo de carne y la subordinación de las mujeres………………………………… 211 4.2.3.1. La carne como alimento de las “virtudes masculinas”…….. 212 4.2.3.2. Carol J. Adams y “la política sexual de la carne”…………. 213 4.2.3.3. Críticas al feminismo no vegetariano……………………….. 218 4.2.3.4. Salud femenina, etnocentrismo, degradación del medio ambiente y dieta vegetariana……………………………………….. 223 4.2.3.5. Vegetarianismo contextual frente a vegetarianismo ontológico…………………………………………………………… 227 4.2.3.6. Nacionalsocialismo y dieta vegetariana……………………. 230 4.3. Recapitulación…………………………………………………………….. 232 XI Capítulo 5. Desmontando las dicotomías………………………………………. 239 5.1. Los conceptos de híbrido y performatividad como claves para desafiar el dualismo cultura/naturaleza…………………………………………………… 239 5.1.1. La omnipresencia de los híbridos en la cultura humana…………… 241 5.1.1.1. El centauro………………………………………………….. 242 5.1.1.2. Otras quimeras……………………………………………… 244 5.1.2. Performatividad, humanos y animales……………………………... 246 5.1.2.1. Género, identidad sexual y performatividad………………... 247 5.1.2.2. Performatividad más allá de la especie humana…………… 248 5.1.2.3. Las relaciones entre seres humanos y animales como un caso particular de las interacciones entre organismo y ambiente…... 252 5.1.3. La “contaminación” de la ciencia………………………………….. 253 5.1.3.1. La paradoja de los modernos……………………………….. 254 5.1.3.2. El vínculo inevitable………………………………………… 258 5.1.3.2.a) Interacciones dentro del laboratorio………………… 260 5.1.3.2.b) Interacciones fuera de la estrechez del laboratorio….. 263 5.1.3.3. Hans y las ratas de Rosenthal………………………………. 267 5.1.4. Algunas consecuencias éticas de la hibridación…………………… 270 5.2. La etología cognitiva como desafío a la dicotomía humano/animal……… 275 5.2.1. La evolución de la etología: del naturalismo a la etología cognitiva………………………………………………………………….
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