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The Representation of the Workhouse in Nineteenth-Century Culture

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The Representation of the Workhouse in Nineteenth-Century Culture The Representation of the Workhouse in Nineteenth-Century Culture Laura Foster Submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Cardiff University 2014 1 Acknowledgements I am grateful to the AHRC for providing the financial support that made this project possible. My supervisor, Julia Thomas, has been an endless source of advice and enthusiasm. I am deeply grateful for the unfailing interest she has taken in my research and for her support and encouragement at every stage. Heather Worthington has been on hand throughout the project, offering ideas, reading conference papers, and dealing with crises of confidence. I have her to thank for suggesting the idea of postgraduate study to me in the first place. Thanks are also due to Alison Harvey in SCOLAR, who unlocked the glass cabinet for me to browse at will, and who sent on fascinating primary material that I otherwise would not have found. David Skilton, too, has directed me to useful sources and shared with me his wisdom on nineteenth-century culture. Dean and Nathan have also provided valuable assistance with the practicalities of completing a thesis, taking care of numerous time-consuming IT issues for me. My friends in the department have been incredibly important. They have offered valuable feedback on ideas, emotional support, and lots of tea and cake. The PhD experience would not have been half so enjoyable without them. In particular, I am indebted to Helen Mckenzie, Rhys Tranter and Maura Dunst for their insightful comments. There are some friends outside of university who deserve mention: Amanda Milburn, Katie Fazal and Nicola Lewis have listened to me talking about workhouses for the past few years and, from time to time, managed to distract me from them. Most importantly, I would like to thank my parents for their constant support. 2 Abstract Drawing together a range of visual and textual materials, this thesis explores the multiple social, political and cultural meanings of the workhouse in the period 1834-1900. Chapter one discusses the ideas of cleanliness and dirt that were so intrinsically associated with the institution and analyses them in relation to the representation of the workhouse poor. In chapter two, I focus upon the representation of the workhouse master, a figure associated with cruelty and abuse. I suggest that satirical attacks on this Poor-Law official neutralised his threat by constructing an aura of ridicule that was impossible to shake off. Chapter three analyses the accounts of middle-class visitors who traversed the workhouse space and argues that these texts fed into the construction of a bourgeois sense of self. Finally, chapter four examines visual representations of the workhouse, exploring the ideologies embedded within these images and tracing how they shifted across the century. In its focus upon the multiple and contradictory depictions of the workhouse that circulated throughout the period, the thesis demonstrates the culturally-constructed nature of the institution and argues that analysis of these various representations sheds light upon their cultural moments of production. Overall, the thesis makes the case that workhouse representations provide an insight into the issues and anxieties of nineteenth-century society. 3 Contents List of Figures p. 4 Introduction p. 13 Chapter One: The Unclean Poor p. 30 Chapter Two: The Workhouse Master p. 89 Chapter Three: Visiting the Workhouse p. 133 Chapter Four: The Workhouse in Visual Culture p. 186 Conclusion p. 248 Appendix p. 252 Bibliography p. 319 4 Chapter One Figure 1 ‘Poor-House or Pest-House: Or, the Modern Black Hole’, Fun, 27 November 1869 Figure 2 ‘Destitution in the Metropolis’, London Journal, 26 February 1848 Figure 3 ‘Advertisement’, British Architect, 18 December 1885 Chapter Two Figure 1 Jeremy Bentham, ‘A General Idea of a Penitentiary Panopticon’ (1791), in The Works of Jeremy Bentham, ed. John Bowring (Edinburgh: Simpkin, Marshall, & Co., no date) Figure 2 ‘Abingdon workhouse’, in ‘Public Improvements’, Companion to the Almanac; or, Year- Book of General Information for 1836 (London: Baldwin and Cradock, 1836) Figure 3 Christopher Eales, untitled illustrations, in ‘Design for a Union Workhouse’, Architectural Magazine, November 1838 Figure 4 ‘Birdseye View of Scarborough New Workhouse’, Illustrated London News, 18 February 1860 Figure 5 5 A. W. Pugin, ‘Contrasted Residences for the Poor’, in Contrasts (Edinburgh: John Grant, 1898) Figure 6 ‘The Model Workhouse Master!’, printed by H. Disley, High Street, St. [Giles], [no date], Bodleian Library Broadside Ballads, University of Oxford Figure 7 ‘A Prayer for the Poor Mother’, Cleave's Penny Gazette of Variety and Amusement, 13 May 1843 Figure 8 ‘A Prayer for the Royal Mother’, Cleave's Penny Gazette of Variety and Amusement, 13 May 1843 Figure 9 ‘How the Poor are Served’, Penny Satirist, 22 February 1845 Figure 10 George Cruikshank, ‘Oliver asking for more’, in Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist, ed. Kathleen Tillotson (1838; Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008) Figure 11 J. Mahoney, untitled illustration, in The Adventures of Oliver Twist, in The Works of Charles Dickens: Household Edition (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1872) Figure 12 George Cruikshank, ‘Mr Bumble degraded in the eyes of the Paupers’, in Charles Dickens, Oliver Twist, ed. Kathleen Tillotson (1838; Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008) Figure 13 6 John Leech, untitled illustration, in Mrs Fanny Trollope, Jessie Phillips: A Tale of the Present Day (1843; Stroud: Nonsuch Publishing Ltd, 2006) Figure 14 John Leech, untitled illustration, in Mrs Fanny Trollope, Jessie Phillips: A Tale of the Present Day (1843; Stroud: Nonsuch Publishing Ltd, 2006) Figure 15 ‘Assault by a Pauper’, Illustrated Police News, 7 October 1882 Figure 16 Untiled illustration, Illustrated London News, 26 November 1842 Figure 17 ‘The Conspirators’ Chorus: – A Wail from the Workhouse’, Funny Folks, 12 November 1887 Figure 18 ‘Guy Fawkes in the Workhouse’, Fun, 16 November 1887 Chapter Three Figure 1 ‘At the Workhouse’, in ‘Gertrude’, Leisure Hour, January 1883 Figure 2 ‘Christmas Dinner in the Workhouse’, in ‘Notes of a Union Chaplain. Chapter X. Christmas Day in the Workhouse’, Sunday at Home, 22 December 1859 Figure 3 ‘Sending Toys to the Workhouse and Hospital Children’, Children's Friend, 1 December 1869 Figure 4 7 ‘An Afternoon in the Workhouse’, Chatterbox, 16 November 1870 Figure 5 Hubert Von Herkomer, ‘Christmas in a Workhouse’, Graphic Christmas Number, 25 December 1876 Figure 6 ‘Returning Home with the Spoils’, Graphic Christmas Number, 25 December 1876 Figure 7 ‘Christmas Entertainment to the Inmates of the Greenwich Union-House’, Illustrated London News, 16 January 1864 Figure 8 ‘Christmas Entertainment to the Poor of the City of London Union’, Illustrated London News, 21 January 1865 Figure 9 ‘New-Year’s Eve at St Giles’s Workhouse’, Illustrated London News, 12 January 1884 Figure 10 John Henry Buckingham, The Workhouse Treat [no date], St Albans Museum, St Albans Figure 11 ‘Who raised their grey heads from the pillows with exclamations of delight’, in ‘A Workhouse Episode’, Quiver, January 1892 Figure 12 ‘I don’t want it, and I won’t have it’, in ‘A Workhouse Episode’, Quiver, January 1892 8 Chapter Four Figure 1 ‘Couleur de Rose! Or, Fancy and Fact’, Tomahawk: A Saturday Journal of Satire, 23 November 1867 Figure 2 C. J. Grant, ‘Interior of an English Workhouse* under the New Poor Law Act’ (1833-36), from C. J. Grant’s series The Political Drama, held at British Museum, London Figure 3 C. J. Grant, ‘Effects of the New Bastardy Law’ (c1833), from C. J. Grant’s series The Political Drama, held at British Museum, London Figure 4 ‘Poor Laws in England’ (1836), Lloyd’s Political Jokes, held at British Museum, London Figure 5 ‘A Retired Chancellor’s Meal’, London Dispatch and People's Political and Social Reformer, 23 April 1837 Figure 6 ‘The New Poor Laws’, Figaro, 20 February 1836 Figure 7 ‘The Poor Law Murderers’, Figaro, 12 November 1836 Figure 8 ‘State Paupers and Parish Paupers’, Figaro, 15 April 1837 Figure 9 ‘The Royal Nuptials’, Penny Satirist, 15 February 1840 Figure 10 9 ‘A Scene at Seven-Oaks’ and ‘A Scene at Windsor’, Penny Satirist, 18 December 1841 Figure 11 Untitled illustration, in ‘The New Poor Law’, Spectator: A Rochdale Miscellany, 1 November 1844 Figure 12 ‘The Fruits of the New Poor Law Bill’, Figaro, 10 September 1836 Figure 13 ‘Poor-Law Union Scenes’, Penny Satirist, 30 March 1839 Figure 14 [Kenny Meadows], ‘The “Milk” of Poor-Law “Kindness”’, Punch, 4 January 1843 Figure 15 ‘The Andover Bastile’, Penny Satirist, 6 September 1845 Figure 16 ‘The Three Kings of Somerset-House, Disease, Cruelty and Death, Holding their Court, and Commanding a Feast for their Serfs, the Andover Paupers’, Penny Satirist, 4 October 1845 Figure 17 ‘The Poor Man’s Friend’, Punch, 22 February 1845 Figure 18 ‘Sketch of the Bridge Union New Poor-Law Workhouse, near Canterbury’, Champion and Weekly Herald, 20 November 1836 Figure 19 ‘The Two Windows’, Illuminated Magazine, vol III., [no date] Figure 20 ‘New Poor-Law Workhouses’, Illustrated London News, 7 November 1846 Figure 21 10 ‘Workhouse for the United Parishes of Fulham and Hammersmith’, Illustrated London News, 4 August 1849 Figure 22 Richard Tress (architect), The City of London Union Workhouse (1849), held at British Museum, London Figure 23 ‘City of London Union House, Bow-Road’, Lady’s Newspaper, 13 April 1850 Figure 24 ‘Metropolitan Views – Workhouse of the City of London Union, Bow’, Reynolds’s Miscellany of Romance, General Literature, Science, and Art, 14 October 1865 Figure 25 ‘The New Risbridge Union Workhouse’, Illustrated London News, 2 April 1859 Figure 26 ‘Scarborough New Workhouse’, Illustrated London News, 18 February 1860 Figure 27 ‘The King's Lynn Union Workhouse’, Illustrated London News, 2 September 1854 Figure 28 ‘Birmingham New Workhouse’, Builder, 31 January 1852 Figure 29 ‘Infirm Wards and Administrative Offices of St.
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