From to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Compiled by the Women’s Local Government Society with support from the Local Government Association (LGA) From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Foreword Foreword

This project came about because of a This publication summarises the lives we Background conversation I had with Chris Williams, the discovered and some of the celebrations to former Chief Executive of Buckinghamshire mark their local impact. We hope these will , about Colin Cartwright’s book have inspired a new generation of campaigners, ‘Burning to Get the Vote’. This explores the councillors and volunteers to become active in Pioneers and celebrations activities of the Women’s Suffrage Movement in their communities. central Buckinghamshire. Several years previous I would like personally to thank all those who have to that conversation, I became chairperson given their time voluntarily to reach this stage. of the Women’s Local Government Society, a Anne Baldwin, WLGS Secretary and compiler Glossary cross-party organisation celebrating the work of this book, our steering committee, especially of women as local councillors. We set out to those from the Local Government Association explore the link between the two. (LGA); Colin Cartwright and Jane Robinson, who List of pioneers I was aware of the suffrage activities of Dame assisted in compiling the list of pioneers; and Frances Dove, who founded Wycombe Abbey especially those who took the time to make Girls’ School and who almost became Mayor of nominations, sharing their enthusiasm for their High Wycombe Borough Council in 1908. She was own special pioneer. Index one of many suffrage activists who were also The Women’s Local Government Society set out active in their local communities. The Women’s to highlight the contributions women make to local Local Government Society decided to explore citizenship. We hope this work will serve to inspire the extent and variety of their activities. Our aim the next generation to carry on that cause. was to identify and celebrate the lives of 100 previously hidden women and supportive men Lesley Clarke OBE who were both active in the campaign for votes, Chairperson leading to the Representation of the People Women’s Local Government Society (WLGS) Act 1918, and who used the extended rights to citizenship in a positive way locally.

2 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Foreword

Dedicated to the late Patricia Hollis, the first female leader of Norwich City Council (1983-1988), Background former Government Minister and persistent campaigner for women in the . Her academic career included the publication of ‘Ladies Elect’ charting the work of the Women’s Local Government Society, which remains an inspiration to those seeking equal representation now. As an Pioneers and celebrations active Patron of the revived Women’s Local Government Society her contributions were valuable.

Glossary Patricia Lesley Hollis, Lady Hollis of Heigham Historian and politician List of pioneers born 24 May 1941, died 13 October 2018

Index

3 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Background Foreword

In 1918, Parliament passed a law which allowed supporters worked in towns and cities throughout Background some women – women aged over 30 who the country, as illustrated by the ‘’ fulfilled basic property qualifications – and all of 1913, which started in locations as far apart men to vote in Parliamentary elections for the as Carlisle, Newcastle, Cromer, Brighton and first time. The Centenary of that legislation Plymouth, converging on and visiting Pioneers and celebrations has been marked in a variety of ways in towns many places on the way. Those two organisations and cities throughout the . worked alongside many others, with some Those celebrations have rightly focused on the individuals choosing to join more than one. activities of those who campaigned fearlessly Celebrations up and down the country have Glossary and endlessly to win that right – , highlighted the diversity of the thousands involved with their familiar purple, white and green in achieving that partial vote in 1918. They also sashes. Formed by as the showed how much more those pioneers achieved Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) in List of pioneers in their colourful lives. Women wanted the vote 1903, by 1908 they were able to inspire 60,000 so they could participate as full citizens. Some of people to campaign outside Parliament. When them were already immersed in local civic life, and they later resorted to more militant tactics, it 1918 was to open opportunities for many more. Index is estimated that 1,000 were imprisoned. The Women’s Local Government Society Suffragists have also been celebrated during the successfully campaigned for some women to be Centenary. Their leader, , has elected as county councillors in 1908, by which been commemorated with a statue in Parliament time women were already serving as Poor Law Square that includes portraits of 55 other men Guardians and as parish and district councillors. and women who supported women’s suffrage. Those opportunities expanded after 1918, with Supporters of Millicent Fawcett’s National Union more women entitled to take part in local elections of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) filled as candidates, and subsequently to become London’s Royal Albert Hall in 1908, with 13,000 Magistrates. With limited time available to find members marching from the Embankment. Their

4 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Background Foreword

candidates, just 17 women stood as Parliamentary It is a campaign that must continue. A century on, Background candidates in 1918, but local elections were more women still do not have equal representation in accessible to women. In the November 1919 local either Parliament or Local Government. As the elections, 243 women stood as candidates in Fawcett Commission recently found, around 17% London alone, with 128 elected. Every London of council leaders are women, a figure that has Pioneers and celebrations borough elected at least one , a strength hardly changed in a decade. also reflected in elections to the London County The marches, theatre and exhibitions of this Council. Equal representation in Local Government Centenary have given us a vivid display of courage is still a goal to be achieved. Glossary and determination. Let’s hope it can also inspire Full franchise eventually came in 1928 and admission the next generation, not only to continue the to the House of Lords in 1958. There were numerous demands for equality, but also to participate as full campaigns to be fought: the rights of women to citizens themselves: women who can shape the List of pioneers carry on employment after marriage, equal pay world by working in their own neighbourhood and and access to birth control, to name a few. the wider world.

The stories in this e-book explore the contribution Index that 100 individuals made, both in bringing about the partial female franchise in the 1918 Representation of the People Act and in using those extended rights of citizenship in a positive way. Those illustrated include artists, singers and actresses alongside trade union activists, teachers and shop workers. They came from all walks of life, from humble homes and the aristocracy. Their stories are but a small selection from those thousands of active campaigners.

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Pioneers and celebrations Foreword

A selection from our 100 ‘pioneers’ with information about how they have been celebrated in 2018. Background Examples include processions, plays, talks, exhibitions and guided heritage walks. There will be reminders to inspire the next generation with statues, plaques and trees planted. Pioneers and celebrations

Mary Maclagen 1874-1955

First female councillor in Rotherham.

Glossary Phyllis Lovell born 1885; died 1972

Service Corps; under of the Home Phyllis Lovell, fo at the FANY ambulance driver Merseyside policewoman; Western Front; her life was principles put into practice. background herself, in the slums of From a privileged , she was Mary Maclagen was born in Aberdeenshire, in 1874. After moving to Rotherham the battlefields of List of pioneers and on she became heavily involved in local suffrage movements, being one of the founders of the determined to show by example that women were the equals of men; in her own words, “Her Service Conquers”. Rotherham branch of the Women Citizens’ Association in 1918 and was secretary of the served with the British, French and Belgian The FANYs In 1918 Rotherham Branch of the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies. In 1924 she ran in ntry medals from all three. Armies, receiving galla the Clifton ward beating the Conservative candidate by 34 votes. As a candidate Mary spoke they were exempted from Suffrage Act property in favour of the extension of maternity and child welfare and increased educational requirements and those over 30 got the vote. provision for school children. One cause she ardently championed was the organisation of women police believing that female police officers would diminish the increasing number of Index offences against children. After her political career Mary was interested in the Rotherham Worker’s Education Association and served as a committee member for a number of years, and up to the time of her death was a member of the Rotherham Business and Professional Women’s Club.

To commemorate the life of our pioneer we are to unveil a plaque in Rotherham Town Hall in her honour. In addition we will erect a blue plaque on the site of her home on Broom Lane, Rotherham. As part of our wider celebration of the 100 years of women’s suffrage a banner was recently unveiled by the Mayor and Mayoress in the Town Hall. The piece of art was a collaboration between two local arts charities, the Button Tin and Art Works. The suffrage movement will have a central place in the Reclaim the Night event

planned for late November. Mary Maclagen 1874-1955

First female councillor in Rotherham.

St Omer Convoy 1918 th Lovell seated 4 from left

Mary Maclagen was born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland in 1874. After moving to Rotherham she became heavily involved in local suffrage movements, being one of the founders of the RMBC Chief Executive Sharon Kemp and Councillors Rotherham branch of the Women Citizens’ Association in 1918 and was secretary of the celebrating the unveiling of the suffragette banner. Rotherham Branch of the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies. In 1924 she ran in the Clifton ward beating the Conservative candidate by 34 votes. As a candidate Mary spoke in favour of the extension of maternity and child welfare and increased educational provision for school children. One cause she ardently championed was the organisation of women police believing that female police officers would diminish the increasing number of offences against children. After her political career Mary was interested in the Rotherham Worker’s Education Association and served as a committee member for a number of years, and up to the time of her death was a member of the Rotherham Business and Professional Women’s Club.

To commemorate the life of our pioneer we are to unveil a plaque in Rotherham Town Hall in her honour. In addition we will erect a blue plaque on the site of her home on Broom Lane, Rotherham. As part of our wider celebration of the 100 years of women’s suffrage a 6 suffragette banner was recently unveiled by the Mayor and Mayoress in the Town Hall. The piece of art was a collaboration between two local arts charities, the Button Tin and Art Works. The suffrage movement will have a central place in the Reclaim the Night event planned for late November.

RMBC Chief Executive Sharon Kemp and Councillors celebrating the unveiling of the suffragette banner. From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Mary Elizabeth Barnes OBE 1864-1942 Foreword

Mary used her position within the community life’, and nominations were sought for the Mary Background to improve the health, living and working Barnes Inspirational Woman of Farnworth Award, conditions of local people. In 1922 she became to recognise role models who make a positive the first female councillor for Farnworth, Greater impact on the community. , and was a County Magistrate Pioneers and celebrations for over 20 years. She sat on many different “I am incredibly proud that my great, great, committees, instigating and encouraging positive great-grandmother was part of the Suffragist changes to maternity, childcare, housing, movement and had such a huge impact on the Glossary pensions and education. lives of people round here.” From 1913 until her death in 1942 she represented Madeleine Didau, a descendent of Mary Barnes the needs of local women, being active in the leadership of the Farnworth and Kearsley Women List of pioneers Citizens Association, the Farnworth branch of the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies and the Bolton Women Citizens Association.

Index On 5 May 2018, local people held a ‘Celebration of Women’ event in Farnworth Park and Library. This included retelling the story of Mary Barnes and unveiling a commemorative plaque. Local women’s groups, charities and organisations were given the opportunity to showcase what they do to secure ongoing awareness and empower local people to make a difference. Prior to this, a story- writing competition was held through local schools around the theme ‘an inspirational woman in your

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Mary Elizabeth Barnes OBE 1864-1942 Foreword

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Mabel Henrietta Capper 1888-1966 Foreword

Mabel Capper gave all her time between 1907 Town Hall as ‘The Mabel Capper Room’. Background and 1913 to the Women’s Social and Political Interpretation boards featuring Mabel and other Union and was imprisoned a total of six times. Warrington women have been hung in the room She went on hunger strike and was one of the so that the stories of Warrington’s great women first Suffragettes to be force-fed. can be shared with generations to come. Pioneers and celebrations Mabel took part in various forms of acts of The volunteer who shared Mabel’s story said: sabotage including disruption of political meetings and polling stations, window breaking and an “Once I started to look into her life it was clear Glossary attempt in to target Prime Minister Asquith that Mabel Capper was a woman of courage, with a bomb. Mabel worked as the first female independence and fight. Her subsequent periods journalist for ‘The Examiner’ (a Warrington of imprisonment, subjection to forced feeding newspaper) and, in her journalism, actively and her continued militancy showed that she was List of pioneers engaged in fighting her cause for women in a woman of courage, belief and principles.” local newspapers – including the ‘Manchester Guardian’. Mabel hosted a play, ‘The Betrothal of Number 13’, at the Royal Court Theatre, London, Index the subject matter being the stigma imposed by imprisonment. She served as a nurse with the Red Cross during the First World War. Mabel was profusely politically active in fighting for the vote for women, and it is without doubt that her activities raised the profile of this cause.

Warrington has recognised the contribution made by Mabel Capper towards gaining ‘Votes for Women’ by naming a room within Warrington

Mabel Capper outside Bow Street Court taken on 1 January 1912 after her arrest (source: Wikipedia)

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Mabel Henrietta Capper 1888-1966 Foreword

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Glossary

List of pioneers Left to right: Mabel Capper and fellow Suffragettes demonstrating outside the Police Court 1911 (author: Johnny Cyprus, source: Wikipedia)

Mabel Capper’s WSPU Hunger Strike Medal with Fed by Force Bar September 1909 (Creative Commons License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) (courtesy Index of Johnny Cyprus, source: Wikipedia)

Carol our archive volunteer who first discovered Mabel’s story. She is shown here in the Mabel Capper Room at Warrington Town Hall.

Mabel Capper represented in ‘Nevertheless She Persisted’ display at Warrington Museum and Art Gallery which ran from 20 January 2018 to 12 May 2018.

Images of interpretation boards in The Mabel Capper Room, Warrington Town Hall.

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Emma Jane Catherine Cobden Fisher-Unwin Foreword (known as Jane Cobden) 1851-1947

Jane Cobden was a committed Suffragist and the Cobden archives were displayed together with Background political campaigner, campaigning for the cause the exhibition. The exhibition was then on display of women’s rights throughout her life. at the West Sussex County Council meeting on 14 A member of the National Society for Women’s December, which coincided with the day of the Suffrage in the late 1870s, she went on to join first General Election in which women voted. Pioneers and celebrations the breakaway Central National Society. She was The volunteer who shared Jane’s story said: also a founder member, along with Emmeline Pankhurst, of the Women’s Franchise League. “Jane Cobden is an inspiring woman whose She was active in the National Liberal Federation election to the Glossary and the National Reform Union and campaigned for , Irish freedom, land reform, animal represented a significant landmark in the fight rights and anti-imperialist causes. In 1889 she for women’s suffrage. She fought hard for List of pioneers was one of two women elected to the newly the causes she believed in, and she was also an formed London County Council, although she accomplished author and stateswoman. She was unable to take up her seat due to lengthy rightfully deserves a place in a list of remarkable legal challenges from male candidates. women.” Index At the start of 2018, West Sussex Record Office posted a series of blogs highlighting the work of Jane Cobden and her fellow Suffragists in West Sussex; these can be found at westsussexrecordoffice.wordpress.com. An exhibition was displayed in the reception area for International Women’s Day. In November 2018, a talk entitled ‘West Sussex Women: A Centenary of Suffrage’ explored the suffrage activities which took place in the county. Some of

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Emma Jane Catherine Cobden Fisher-Unwin Foreword (known as Jane Cobden) 1851-1947

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List of pioneers Left to right: 1907 New Year card from Jane Cobden’s scrapbook, 1890s-1920s (West Sussex Record Office, Cobden Mss 1102)

Index West Sussex Record Office exhibition on Notable West Sussex Women (boards and display cabinet) – first displayed for International Women’s Day and shown again at events in November and December 2018.

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Winifred Coombe Tennant 1874-1956 Foreword

Winifred Coombe Tennant was a leading “Within our class we would like to thank you Background figure in the campaign for women’s suffrage in for lending us the boards about ‘Votes for South Wales and became President of Neath Women’… We have learned about Suffragettes Women’s Suffrage Society. In 1914, when war such as Wilding Davidson, who threw broke out, she was appointed Deputy Chairman herself in front of the King’s horse, [and] the Pioneers and celebrations of the Women’s Agricultural Committee for Glamorgan. She became Chair of the local Women’s Freedom League within Swansea, War Pensions Commission and also served as which helped to change the lives of women Director of National Service for Wales. In 1922, in the UK forever by helping them to be Glossary she was nominated by to allowed to vote.” be a representative at the League of Nations, A letter from Years 3 and 4 of Terrace Road becoming the first British woman to do so. She Primary School, Swansea List of pioneers was the National Liberal Party candidate for the Forest of Dean constituency in the 1922 General Election, but was unsuccessful.

An exhibition celebrating local women suffrage Index pioneers toured venues throughout West Glamorgan during 2018 to complement and inaugurate other local events. Winifred Coombe Tennant was featured alongside other champions for women’s suffrage from this area. A static version of the exhibition was in Swansea Museum until the end of 2018.

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Winifred Coombe Tennant 1874-1956 Foreword

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Helen Crawfurd 1877-1954 Foreword

Helen Crawfurd worked throughout her life to Fiona studied Helen’s unrelenting crusade against Background improve the lives of women, especially in the injustice and, with friends and collaborators, made Gorbals and dockland areas of . She a series of books, banners, sculptures and ceramics joined the Women’s Social and Political Union, that respond to Helen Crawfurd’s legacy and the was imprisoned five times for her part in militant relevance of her critical perspectives today. Pioneers and celebrations action and went on hunger strike on three Helen also features in a Women’s heritage walk, occasions. Helen was a key figure in establishing which includes the area where she was born, the the Glasgow Women’s Housing Association, Gorbals. Glasgow Women’s Library has developed leading a campaign on non-payment of the rising six guided walks, which take place fortnightly from Glossary costs of rents. Her work became international April to October, all of which include references to when she became Secretary of the Workers suffrage campaigners. International Relief organisation and raised funds List of pioneers for famine and disaster victims both at home and abroad. She remained active in local politics throughout her life and was elected the first woman councillor on Dunoon Council.

Index In January 2018, Glasgow Women’s Library hosted its first solo exhibition by an international artist, Fiona Jack, which introduced a new series of works made in response to Fiona’s great grand- aunt, Suffragette Helen Crawfurd. This collection was exhibited at the library less than a mile from where Helen campaigned on Glasgow Green in the early 1900s.

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Helen Crawfurd 1877-1954 Foreword

Background “I was most inspired by Helen Crawfurd’s lifelong commitment to expanding her outlook Pioneers and celebrations through her acute social awareness, involvement in politics at a grassroots level and passion for the written word. It is an approach that remains Glossary pertinent today. The ‘Our Red Aunt’ exhibition introduced me to this important campaigner and compelled me to question conventional historical narratives and seek those figures (often List of pioneers female) who were forgotten or written out.” Gabrielle Macbeth, Volunteer Coordinator Index

Photo credit: Spartacus Educational

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Helen Crawfurd 1877-1954 Foreword

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Index Helen Crawfurd autobiography (from the Our Red Aunt exhibition)

Ceramics (from the Our Red Aunt exhibition, credit: Alan Dimmick)

Stones (from the Our Red Aunt exhibition, credit: Alan Dimmick)

Textiles (from the Our Red Aunt exhibition, credit: Fiona Jack)

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Phoebe Cusden 1887–1981 Foreword

Pheobe Cusden worked in the Post Office In 1977, Phoebe was awarded the Background before getting involved in local politics and Verdienstplakette, the City of Dusseldorf’s highest was a Labour Party Parliamentary candidate honour. There is no permanent memorial to her in in Berkshire in 1923. She remained active until Reading, although a new council-supported living the 1970s, including being elected to Reading scheme has just been named after her. Pioneers and celebrations Council and serving twice as Mayor. Pheobe is often overlooked as a working-class Phoebe was a pioneer of early years education, woman who was more interested in the cause than author of ’The English Nursery School’ and, from in fame. She was of humble background and had Glossary 1933, Organising Secretary of the Nursery Schools’ no important connections, yet stood for Parliament Association. only a few years after the vote was won.

She founded and later chaired the Reading- Dusseldorf Association, actively developing List of pioneers links, especially in her Mayoral year. She was a member of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom from around 1949 onwards Index and campaigned for CND (the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament) from 1958. She was also an Alderman of Reading and a Magistrate.

Phoebe remains an inspiration to many in Reading for her combination of international campaigning, a grassroots approach and willingness to make a difference. She is fondly remembered by Reading and Dusseldorf as having been instrumental in tackling poverty, as well as in the peace movement.

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Phoebe Cusden 1887–1981 Foreword

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Charlotte Despard 1844-1939 Foreword

Charlotte Despard was an Anglo-Irish socialist, Both events included the reading of the poem Background Suffragette and supporter of Irish independence. ‘What has Mrs Despard ever done for us?’ by When widowed she movedto , London, Hilaire. There was also a processions’ banner providing welfare facilities including a clinic inspired by Charlotte and the unveiling of a and a soup kitchen during World War One. She commemorative plaque to Charlotte on the Pioneers and celebrations became a Poor Law Guardian, was a founder headquarters of Battersea Labour Party at 177 and President of the Women’s Freedom League, Lavender Hill, the building of which was funded by was the Editor of ‘The Vote’, stood as a Labour her. candidate in 1918, joined Sinn Fein in Dublin, was There is an ongoing campaign to have a statue of Glossary involved with the Women’s Prisoners Defence Charlotte in Nine Elms, Battersea. League, returned from Russia in 1930 to found Friends of Russia and died in aged 95. List of pioneers Her funeral was held in the Republican cemetery in Dublin.

During 2018, Charlotte was highlighted on Wandsworth Radio with a documentary, ‘Finding Index Charlotte’ by Lesley Strachan, their Arts Editor. The documentary is available at soundcloud.com/ wandsworthradio/finding-charlotte There was also a birthday event at the US Embassy, which happens to be on the site of the demolished Despard House, and an ‘EqualiTea’ on 23 June hosted by Wandsworth Radio.

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Charlotte Despard 1844-1939 Foreword

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Dame Frances Dove 1847–1942 Foreword

Frances Dove was a British Suffragist who in the 2018 march were able to see the stained- Background championed women’s rights. After being glass window which Frances Dove donated to the Headmistress of other girls’ schools, she founded local parish church. The window commemorates Wycombe Abbey School in 1896. As a Suffragist, famous women in history, a fitting tribute to female she sought to provide a good education for agency. Pioneers and celebrations girls and she inspired the girls to become good citizens. She believed that women could exert “I have been inspired by the work of Frances the same amount of influence as men, and Dove due to her dedication and loyalty to the Glossary therefore in 1907 stood for election to the High suffrage cause, and her ability to provide many Wycombe Town Council. She was committed girls with an excellent education.” to charitable works and, in 1906, she set up the Anya, a pupil at Wycombe Abbey School Central Aid Society in High Wycombe. She was a List of pioneers staunch supporter of civic-mindedness and her values continue to be upheld by the institutions that she founded.

In 2018, after creating a banner, some 60 Index marchers set out to commemorate 100 years of

some women attaining the vote. Walkers took in various locations associated with local suffrage activity and learnt about leading individuals, culminating in the planting of a ‘Dove Tree’ in memory of Dame Frances Dove. There was none more determined than Frances Dove, Head of Wycombe Abbey School, who made it her life’s ambition to show that women were the equal of men and deserved recognition. Those taking part

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Dame Frances Dove 1847–1942 Foreword

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Elisabeth Freeman 1876–1942 Foreword

Elisabeth, who was born in Chesterfield in In 2018, local people in Chesterfield celebrated Background Derbyshire, was an active Suffragette in the UK Elisabeth’s life with an exhibition, a suffrage (for the Women’s Social and Political Union from banner-making workshop and by having a 1905 to 1911) and in the USA. In the USA she co- discussion about her life. organised the famous ‘Suffrage Hike’ in 1913 and Pioneers and celebrations the ‘Woman’s Train’ in 1916. She campaigned for unionisation and against war, and led an anti- lynching campaign for the National Association Glossary for the Advancement of Colored People. On becoming a Suffragette, Elisabeth wrote:

“I saw a big burly policeman beating up on List of pioneers a woman. I ran to help her, and we were both arrested. I found out in jail what cause we were fighting for.” Index

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Elisabeth Freeman 1876–1942 Foreword

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Ethel Haslam 1881-1961 Foreword

Born in 1881, Ethel Haslam came from a achievements of local Suffragettes including Ethel Background middle-class family in suburban Ilford, on the Haslam, designed replica Suffragette banners and borders of east London and Essex. As a young re-enacted a dramatic Suffragette rally. woman, Ethel took up the cause of women’s Ethel’s story and work from the project features in suffrage and was Secretary of the Ilford Women’s Redbridge Museum’s exhibition ‘Wonder Women: Pioneers and celebrations Social and Political Union from 1909. She was 100 Years of Women’s Lives in Redbridge’ (13 arrested three times and went on hunger strike in November 2018 to 27 April 2019). This major Holloway Prison, eventually being force-fed. exhibition celebrates the lives of ordinary women Glossary After serving as a volunteer nurse during the First in the London Borough of Redbridge and tells their World War, Ethel stood as the Women’s Party stories though objects, photographs and films. Pupils candidate for Ilford Urban District Council in 1919. from Woodford County High School commented: Although unsuccessful, she paved the way for two List of pioneers other women who were elected to Ilford Council “I think I blended in with the campaigners when in 1921. Ethel continued her public life during the I was acting as Ethel Haslam. I am proud to be 1920s, serving on the local Poor Law Board of a woman.” Guardians where she helped administer welfare Index payments to those on low incomes. Described “It shows us how much women went through by the ‘Ilford Recorder’ newspaper as “a witty, to improve our lives in the future.” vivacious and courageous woman”, Ethel died in 1961, but leaves behind a stirring legacy.

Ethel’s story was a focal point for a collaborative project in 2018, called ‘Wonder Women’, between Redbridge Museum and Woodford County High School, thanks to a Heritage Lottery Fund award. An entire Year 9 group of 180 pupils researched the

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Ethel Haslam 1881-1961 Foreword

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List of pioneers Pupils from Woodford County High School

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Alice Hawkins 1863–1946 Foreword

Alice Hawkins was a mother of six and a shoe machinist by trade, who campaigned for equal Background “This is one of the most interesting history pay for women in the factories of . lessons EVER! I wish you could come to our Arrested with other Suffragettes in 1907 outside Parliament, Alice formed her local branch of the school again because I want to learn more Pioneers and celebrations Women’s Social and Political Union and was about Alice Hawkins.” imprisoned five times in her campaign for the Faheem, aged eight vote. Much of Alice’s suffrage memorabilia is still with the family to this day, and is one of the most Glossary complete collections in the UK.

In the Centenary year of 2018, Alice was commemorated through the unveiling of a bronze List of pioneers statue of her in her home town of Leicester. In addition, Alice’s own suffrage memorabilia was loaned to Parliament as a star feature in the summer ‘Voice and Vote’ exhibition in Westminster Index Hall. Numerous Centenary activities in Leicester have included visits to local schools by her great- grandson, Peter Barratt, and a one-woman play, ‘Alice in Her Shoes’.

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Alice Hawkins 1863–1946 Foreword

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Victoria Lidiard (née Simmons) 1889-1992 Foreword

Victoria Simmons was 23 when she was sent At their first meeting Mrs Lidiard asked Amanda Background to Holloway Prison for two months for breaking an important question: windows at the War Office as part of the Suffragette window-smashing raids of “What we did, was it worth it?”. 4 March 1912. Amanda replied: “Yes, because if you hadn’t Pioneers and celebrations done it, I and my generation wouldn’t have She believed in ‘Votes for Women’ and remained a campaigner all her life. A vegetarian since the age the freedoms we do. Thank you.” of 10, she campaigned to improve the conditions Glossary under which animals are transported. She also fought for the ordination of women priests, seeing a distinct parallel between the fight List of pioneers for the vote and that cause. In 1918 she married Major Alexander Lidiard and trained as an optician, becoming the first woman Index ophthalmic optician in the country. Together they ran practices in Maidenhead and High Wycombe.

When a teenage Amanda Rayner met Mrs Lidiard in 1978, Victoria was delighted that a young

person of a following generation still felt that what she had fought for mattered.

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Victoria Lidiard (née Simmons) 1889-1992 Foreword

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Glossary Victoria Lidiard age 102

An original ‘Votes for Women’ sash with the Representation of List of pioneers the Peoples Act, passed 6 February 1918.

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Phyllis Mary Lovell 1885–1972 Foreword

Phyllis Lovell was the founder of the Home Background Service Corps, a Merseyside policewoman and a First Aid Nursing Yeomanry Corps (FANY) ambulance driver at the Western Front in World War One. Her life demonstrated principles put Pioneers and celebrations into practice.

From a privileged background, when in the slums of Liverpool and on the battlefields of France, Glossary she was determined to show by example that women were the equals of men; in her own words: “Her service conquers”. The FANYs served with the British, French and Belgian armies, receiving List of pioneers gallantry medals from all three. In 1918 they were exempted from Suffrage Act property requirements and those aged over 30 received Index the vote.

32 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Phyllis Mary Lovell 1885–1972 Foreword

Background

Pioneers and celebrations

Glossary

List of pioneers

Index

33 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Constance Lytton 1869-1923 Foreword

Joining the Women’s Social and Political Union Young volunteers co-curated exhibitions across Background (WSPU) in 1909, Constance was involved in the the partner sites, helped to edit a book and group’s militant action, which included the large worked with an artist to devise a film installation. marches in London. During her time as a member They also ran a series of events to highlight strong of the WSPU she was arrested four times, once local participation in such a significant national Pioneers and celebrations as Jane Warton. She disguised herself as Jane movement. Warton in order to expose the differences in treatment of the Suffragettes based on their “It has been a pleasure to be involved in such class backgrounds. In her autobiography an interesting project. Constance Lytton has Glossary ‘Prisons and Prisoners’, she details the horrors had a huge impact, not just on women’s rights, of force-feeding and the traumas she went but on me, too.” through in prison, like so many other women Jessica, a Project Volunteer List of pioneers fighting for suffrage. Lytton also exposed the treatment of prisoners in an interview with ‘’ newspaper in 1910.

Stevenage Museum, in partnership with North Index Hertfordshire’s Museum, Knebworth House and the First Garden Heritage Collection in

Letchworth, organised a Heritage Lottery Fund project with young people to celebrate the work of local women, including Constance Lytton, in campaigning for women’s right to vote.

34 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Professor Millicent Mackenzie 1869-1923 Foreword

Born Hester Millicent Hughes, Millicent Millicent Mackenzie has been celebrated in very Background Mackenzie was co-founder of the Cardiff and recent years. She figured in a 2017-18 exhibition in District Women’s Suffrage Society in 1908, by Abergavenny Museum, ‘Monmouthshire Women 1914 the largest outside London. A teacher in Making Change’ (which won an award), and she the Normal School of the University College was one of five candidates voted on for a statue Pioneers and celebrations of South Wales and Monmouthshire, she was of a woman at the National Eisteddfod in Cardiff promoted to Associate Professor in 1904 and in ‘Women in Marble’, an event organised by the to full Professor in 1910, the first such woman in Women’s Archive of Wales. In August 2018 her Wales. She also became the first female member biography, written by Dr Beth Jenkins, was posted Glossary of the University Senate and campaigned for in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. a Welsh Universities Parliamentary seat. In the 1918 election she stood for this seat, for Labour, List of pioneers unsuccessfully, “to emphasise the importance of the part that should be played by women in national affairs.”

She had strong links with the university settlement Index at Splott in Cardiff. She and her husband, a philosophy Professor, retired from the university and travelled extensively, supporting and developing child-centred learning methods, particularly Steiner methods.

35 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Professor Millicent Mackenzie 1869-1923 Foreword

Background

Pioneers and celebrations

Glossary

List of pioneers

Index

Left to right: Women’s Archive of Wales

Monmouthshire museums

36 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Mary Maclagen 1874-1955 Foreword

Mary Maclagen was born in Aberdeenshire, To commemorate the life of this pioneer, local Background Scotland in 1874. After moving to Rotherham, people unveiled a plaque in Rotherham Town Hall she became heavily involved in local suffrage in her honour. In addition, they erected a blue movements, being one of the founders of the plaque on the site of her home on Broom Lane, Rotherham branch of the Women Citizens Rotherham. As part of wider celebrations of the Pioneers and celebrations Association in 1918, and was Secretary of the 100 years of women’s suffrage, a Suffragette Rotherham branch of the National Union of banner was unveiled by the Mayor and Mayoress Women’s Suffrage Societies. In 1924 she ran in the Town Hall. The piece of art was a for Rotherham Council in the Clifton ward, collaboration between two local arts charities, the Glossary beating the Conservative candidate by 34 votes. Button Tin and Art Works. The suffrage movement also had a central place in the ‘Reclaim the Night’ As a candidate, Mary spoke in favour of the event in November. extension of maternity and child welfare and List of pioneers increased educational provision for schoolchildren. One cause she ardently championed was

the organisation of women police, believing that female police officers would diminish the Index increasing number of offences against children. After her political career, Mary was interested in the Rotherham Worker’s Education Association and served as a committee member, and up to the time of her death was a member of the Rotherham Business and Professional Women’s Club.

37 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Mary Maclagen 1874-1955 Foreword

Background

Pioneers and celebrations

Glossary

Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council Chief Executive Sharon Kemp and councillors celebrating the unveiling of the suffragette banner List of pioneers

Index

38 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Muriel Lilah Matters Foreword

Muriel Lilah Matters was born in the working- been named ‘ House’. In , Background class suburb of Bowden, Adelaide, Australia. the town of her birth, there is a walk named in She pursued an acting career in Australia, and her honour and a sign marking the site of a future then in London after moving there in 1905. She statue. There is also a reading room in the South later became actively involved in the Women’s Australian Parliament House named after her. Pioneers and celebrations Freedom League (WFL) and agitated for Muriel devoted her life to creating a system free women’s suffrage in ‘militant but not violent’ of injustice and worked towards a future that ways, as was WFL policy. would embrace equality as the norm. Her story is Glossary While a WFL member, Muriel was a leading unique in that she travelled from a Commonwealth figure. In the summer of 1908, for example, she country that had already granted women the right established new WFL branches on a caravan tour to vote. She wasted no time in helping her British of South East counties and Wales. In October ‘sisters’ achieve the same democratic status that List of pioneers 1908, she chained herself to the Ladies Gallery she had previously held. grille and made the first ‘speech’ by a woman Muriel remained active in public life until the 1950s in the House of Commons. In 1908, after a brief and died in 1969. spell of imprisonment in Holloway, she became an Index advocate for prison reform. In 1909, she dropped suffrage handbills from an airship onto the royal procession at the opening of Parliament – the first aeronautical protest.

In 1924, Muriel ran unsuccessfully as the Labour parliamentary candidate for . There is a blue plaque dedicated to her at her old home in the town. After recent refurbishment of the offices of Hastings Borough Council, the building has

39 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Muriel Lilah Matters Foreword

Background

Pioneers and celebrations

Glossary

List of pioneers

Index

40 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Edith Bessie New 1877-1951 Foreword

Edith New was born in Swindon, Wiltshire, and In partnership with Eastcott Community Background was an Assistant Mistress at Queenstown Infant Organisation and with support from the Women’s School. In 1901 she moved to London and, after Vote Centenary Grant Scheme, local people hearing Emmeline Pankhurst speak, she joined held a series of free events in June 2018. This the Women’s Social and Political Union. In March included a guided walk, a talk about , Pioneers and celebrations 1907, Edith was arrested for the first time for and an ‘EqualiTea’ day of theatre and musical her role in the campaign. In January 1908, Edith performances, art and craft activities. The was among the first Suffragettes to chain herself events combined information about the suffrage to the railings at . Later that campaign and Edith New’s contribution with Glossary year, Edith and Mary Leigh broke windows at encouraging ‘craftivism’ and gentle activism on 10 Downing Street, the first time this tactic had current equalities issues. been used by the Suffragettes. For both these The organisers hope that people who attended protests she served time in Holloway. List of pioneers the events now know more about Edith New’s Edith then resigned from teaching and travelled valuable contribution and feel inspired to the country organising support for Parliamentary campaign for their own issues. candidates sympathetic to women’s suffrage, Index and was a marshal and speaker at the June 1908 rally in Hyde Park. In 1909, she was among the first Suffragettes in Scotland to go on hunger strike while in prison. Edith returned to teaching in 1911 and joined the Church League for Women’s Suffrage. As a member of the National Union of Teachers, she campaigned for equal pay and greater equality within the teaching profession.

41 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Edith Bessie New 1877-1951 Foreword

One participant said: Background “My daughter was so inspired by the recent walk in Old Town for Edith New, I thought you might like to see the book, ‘Suffragette: Pioneers and celebrations The Battle for Equality’ by David Roberts, she has just received for her birthday, and note from the author.” Glossary

List of pioneers

Index

42 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence 1867–1954 Foreword Frederick Pethick-Lawrence 1871–1961

Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence is credited as the Women’s International League of Great Britain, Background originator of the Women’s Social and Political founded to play a part in negotiating stable Union (WSPU) campaign colours which she peace in Europe. From 1926-35, Emmeline was described as “purple for dignity, white for purity president of the Women’s Freedom League. She and green for hope”. was, for many years, a member of the executive Pioneers and celebrations committee of the Open Door Council and a Emmeline was influenced by her father, a devout member of the Six Point Group. She was a patron Methodist with socialist views. In 1890 she joined of the Suffragette Record Room and of the the Methodist West London Mission and later Suffragette Fellowship. Glossary met Frederick Lawrence. ‘Em and Fred’ married in 1901 and each changed their surname to Frederick was first elected to Parliament in 1923 Pethick-Lawrence. Emmeline was introduced to and was Financial Secretary to the Treasury Mrs Pankhurst by . Their apartment from 1929-31. After losing his seat in 1931, he was List of pioneers in Clement’s Inn became the headquarters of elected MP for East in 1935 and, from the WSPU, and Emmeline became Treasurer 1942, acted as Leader of the Opposition to the and Fundraiser. Emmeline was imprisoned six Coalition Government. In 1945, Frederick was times and Frederick represented Suffragettes in appointed Secretary of State for and Burma, Index court. Later, both were expelled from the WSPU, with a seat in Clement Attlee’s Cabinet. unhappy about the increasingly violent political Emmeline died in 1954, followed by Frederick in 1961. activism. However, both continued to edit and publish ‘Votes for Women’. Considering the political stature and national significance of them as a couple, the existing In 1918 Emmeline unsuccessfully stood for memorials are slight. The ‘Citizens 800’ project Parliament in Manchester. She contrived to at Royal Holloway, University of London, beat the Government blockade to attend the commissioned a film for Dorking Museum. 1915 Women’s International Peace Congress at The Hague. She became Treasurer of the new

43 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Emily Frost Phipps 1865-1943 Foreword

Born in Devonport, Devon, Emily Phipps entitled ‘No Persons, Only Women’, written by Background gained a first-class honours degree from Sam O’Roarke. West Glamorgan Archives included London University. In 1895 she was appointed a panel about her in its 2018 suffrage exhibition, Headteacher of Swansea’s Central Higher Grade which has travelled widely to schools and other School for Girls, which she transformed into venues, and Terrace Road Primary School Pioneers and celebrations an excellent secondary school. She became a presented the campaigns of the WFL at the committed campaigner for women’s suffrage Women’s Archive Wales international conference and founded the Swansea branch of the in Swansea in October 2018. Women’s Freedom League (WFL) in 1908 Glossary “We are so happy to be involved in the project. She participated in the 1911 census boycott by We have really enjoyed learning about Emily spending the night with friends in a Gower sea- Phipps and Clara Neal. We learned that they cave. In the 1918 election she stood unsuccessfully List of pioneers for Parliament for the Chelsea constituency. were both headteachers 100 years ago and She was a prominent member of the National lifelong friends. They set up the Women’s Federation of Women Teachers and Editor of its Freedom League in Swansea and decided to Index journal. Emily Phipps studied to become a barrister boycott the census by hiding in a cave on Gower! and in 1925 was called to the Bar. She moved to They were so brave.” London and died there in 1943. Abi-Jayne and Lexi, aged eight, pupils at Emily’s achievements have been celebrated Terrace Road Primary School, Swansea extensively in Swansea. A plaque was unveiled on the site of the former Swansea Central Higher Grade School for Girls by Swansea Council and

Women’s Archive Wales. Swansea Women’s Institute (WI) commissioned actress Julia Quayle to give a series of outdoor theatre performances

44 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Emily Frost Phipps 1865-1943 Foreword

Background

Pioneers and celebrations

Glossary

Opposite, left to right: List of pioneers Julia Quayle as Emily Phipps in ‘No Persons, Only Women’

Women’s Freedom League banner Index Panel on Emily Phipps in West Glamorgan Archives 2018 Suffrage exhibition

Avril Rolph (Women’s Archive Wales) unveiling plaque to Emily Phipps in Swansea

Terrace Road Primary School’s presentation on Women’s Freedom League, October 2018

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The 2nd Viscountess Rhondda – Foreword Margaret Haig Thomas/Mackworth 1883-1958

The 2nd Viscountess Rhondda (Margaret Haig Angela John’s new book, ‘Rocking the Boat’ Background Mackworth, neé Thomas) was Secretary of (Parthian: 2018) includes an essay on Lady the Newport, Monmouthshire branch of the Rhondda. Angela has spoken to numerous Women’s Social and Political Union for more groups and participated in the BBC’s television than five years. She went to Usk Prison – and documentary ‘Rhondda Rebel’. The gate book Pioneers and celebrations on hunger strike – after setting a Newport post recording Margaret’s admittance to Usk Prison box alight. She founded and edited the weekly in 1913 has been discovered. Lady Rhondda has ‘Time and Tide’ newspaper and also founded the been long-listed as one of the historical women Six Point Group. She was a leading industrialist, of Wales to be the subject of a statue in Cardiff. Glossary campaigned for women to sit in the House of In September 2018, 300 Gwent Girl Guides and Lords, became a Magistrate and was President Brownies celebrated 1918 and Margaret’s life with of the National Women Citizens Association. workshops.

List of pioneers In 2018, Welsh National Opera’s ‘Rhondda Rips It Up!’ has toured Wales and England with her suffrage story. A community choir, singing suffrage songs, accompanied most performances. Index Outreach events included school visits and a digital experience of Margaret in jail. Professor Angela V John led post-performance discussions. More about this can be seen at youtu.be/tam1Jp1__5Q

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The 2nd Viscountess Rhondda – Foreword Margaret Haig Thomas/Mackworth 1883-1958

Background “Margaret and her female cousins were all strong, independent women who were not brought up in a typical Victorian way. They Pioneers and celebrations spent their summers together at Pen Ithon (Radnorshire) when they were young. [Later] her kindness and generosity were a huge help Glossary to my mother during a very difficult period. We, as a family, are extremely proud that Margaret’s incredible achievements are finally List of pioneers being recognised by others.” Annie Cottington, descendant.

“I already knew about Lady Rhondda, because Index we went to see the blue plaque last term, so I said her name when we were asked if we knew any Suffragettes. On the march we were shouting ‘Votes for Women’ and carrying the big banner we made, like Lady Rhondda did.” Chloe, aged nine, Brownie

Left to right: Annie Cottington with presenter Carolyn Hitt (credit: Siân Roderick) Placing a suffrage wreath on the Rhondda Memorial Stone at Llanwern Churchyard, July 2018 (credit: Julie Nicholas) Gwent Brownies with Emma Jenkins, librettist of ‘Rhondda Rips it Up!’ in , Cardiff (credit: Julie Nicholas)

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Thorley Smith 1873–1940 Foreword

The first person to stand for Parliament in to set such an example to the whole country that Background support of women’s suffrage, Thorley Smith when their grandchildren look back at the time when stood in the 1906 General Election in Wigan, women were not enfranchised, the men of Wigan Lancashire. The Wigan Weavers, Winders, would feel proud of what their fathers had done’. Reelers and Beamers Association, led by Pioneers and celebrations its President, Helen Silcock, organised and “I am sure that all their grandsons, and promoted Thorley’s campaign. They waited at particularly granddaughters, wholeheartedly factory gates, on street corners and at tram concur with her sentiment.” sheds to appeal to male voters. On election Tom Walsh, Wigan Glossary day, Thorley was accompanied by six political ‘Amazons’, including Mrs Pankhurst. Even though Thorley lost, the results astounded many, with “Without Thorley Smith’s candidature, the List of pioneers the ‘Wigan Examiner’ pronouncing: “We cannot contribution Wigan’s working women made to believe there are 2,205 Suffragists among voters winning the vote would not have such a high in Wigan.” In 2018, a blue plaque for Thorley was public profile.” unveiled on Wigan Town Hall. Eckersley, Wigan Index “Thorley Smith was a man of great courage and principle. Wigan is justifiably proud of his achievements. His family chose for his epitaph: ‘He served his generation faithfully’.

“This emotion, in so few words, summed up his life definitively; he was truly altruistic in outlook and in deed. I count myself among the grandchildren of whom Mrs Pankhurst spoke when she said [on 27 January 1904 at Wigan]: ‘I want the men of Wigan

48 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Thorley Smith 1873–1940 Foreword

Background

Pioneers and celebrations

Glossary

International Women’s Day – Yvonne Eckersley’s talk List of pioneers Blue plaque unveiling

Index

49 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Jessie Stephen MBE 1893-1979 Foreword

Jessie, a bright girl, was forced to leave school biographies of Jessie held by family members and Background early and work as a maid in Glasgow. Appalled elsewhere are being collated and will be made by the treatment of domestic servants, she freely available on a website for the use of future helped to form the Scottish Domestic Workers’ generations, especially young people. Union. In 1908, aged 15, she was the youngest Pioneers and celebrations of a deputation which attempted to lobby “I feel very proud to be related to Jessie, whose Parliament on ‘Votes for Women’. She was an company I greatly enjoyed. I am in such awe of active member of both the Women’s Social and the fact that a teenager had enough confidence Glossary Political Union and the Women’s League for to head for Parliament to confront the Prime Peace and Freedom before moving to London. Minister about issues she felt passionate about. Immersing herself in politics, she became a Poor Through the trade union movement, Jessie was Law Guardian and a borough councillor and prominent in establishing equal opportunities. List of pioneers stood for Parliament five times. With a lifelong This is how she lived her life, standing up and passion for the welfare of women, she lectured fighting for what she believed in, and trying to on socialism and trade unionism in the UK and make the world a better place.” in North America. Jessie was awarded the TUC Index Gold Medal in 1955. In 2018, Jessie’s great-niece, Sheana Stephen Sheana, created a celebratory banner, which was proudly carried on the commemorative processions march in Edinburgh. This will be housed in Glasgow Women’s Library. The televised march included an interview with Sheana. There was a local ‘EqualiTea’ party, with a display of Jessie memorabilia. Several local people have been giving talks in various locations, including guided walking tours in , Glasgow. The

50 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Jessie Stephen MBE 1893-1979 Foreword

Background

Pioneers and celebrations

Glossary

List of pioneers

Index

51 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Kate Fowler Tutt 1868-1954 Foreword

Kate Fowler Tutt advocated women’s suffrage A report will be publicly available in 2019. See the Background and women’s involvement in civic affairs. She websites at www.vote100Lewes.com and www. was driven by a belief in the value of education reevesarchive.co.uk for further information. and a commitment to improving the welfare of women and children. She was one of the “She was a real heavy-weight who broke down Pioneers and celebrations first female councillors in Lewes, East Sussex, a lot of barriers for women.” where she served on the health and education Geoffrey Fowler Tutt, great-nephew, in committees and promoted affordable housing. ‘The Independent’, 3 June 1999 She was also a Headmistress at two schools and Glossary the leader of the local teachers’ association. She contributed to the domestic effort in both World Wars and campaigned for refugees and List of pioneers the League of Nations. Kate featured in the photographic exhibition ‘Stories Through A Glass Plate: The Women’s Suffrage Campaign in Lewes’, at Lewes Town Index Hall from 15 December 2018 to 4 January 2019. The suffrage campaign was also due to be the subject of a talk at Lewes History Group on 10 December. The project was supported by Lewes History Group, Lewes Town Council and the London College of Communications.

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Florence Underwood 1874–1942 Foreword

Florence Underwood was an active Suffragette Background and a member of the Woman’s Freedom League (WFL), where she was Secretary. She refused to pay taxes and was an equality campaigner. She was Editor of the WFL newspaper, ‘Vote’, for Pioneers and celebrations many years. She was a foreign correspondent for Josiah Wedgwood and apparently could speak six foreign languages fluently, including Russian, Glossary which she said was the most difficult to learn. Florence was nominated by her first cousin twice removed, who shares a family story that she painted ‘Votes for Women’ on John Burns List of pioneers MP’s garden wall and a policeman caught her. As it happens, the policeman’s surname was also Underwood, so she was told to leave, in no Index uncertain terms, and escaped a charge. Her surviving relative likes to keep Florence’s memory alive by sharing the family tree and relating her stories, but also by carrying on her legacy, supporting women in many ways and especially as a breast-feeding coordinator.

(Credit: London News Agency Photos, Public Domain)

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Charlotte Price White 1873-1932 Foreword

Charlotte graduated in science from the opportunity to collaborate with the Lloyd George Background University College of North Wales, Bangor, and Museum, where exhibitions were provided. was a schoolteacher in London until she returned They also offered an opportunity for women to Bangor to marry on 12 August 1902. Her to take part in a re-enactment of the suffrage husband, Price Foulkes White, was the engineer disturbances at Llanystumdwy Bridge in 1912, and Pioneers and celebrations of the Bangor Electrical Company. the subsequent unrest at Criccieth station.

Charlotte was the Secretary of the Bangor branch of the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Glossary Societies (NUWSS) and made the whole journey of the ‘Great Pilgrimage’ of 1913. She was the first woman to be elected to Caernarvonshire County Council, was a central figure in the North List of pioneers Wales Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, and was prominent in the ‘Peace Pilgrimage’ of 1926. She was active in many community causes. When she died suddenly and

Index prematurely in 1932, her family’s wish for a private funeral was over-ridden by public demand.

Women’s Archive Wales held an event in June 2018 with the aim of engaging with women of the Criccieth, Eifionydd, Arfon and Meirionnydd areas to enrich awareness of the role of women in twentieth century politics, particularly with regard to the suffrage movement. Locating the event at Neuadd Llanystumdwy provided a unique

54 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Charlotte Price White 1873-1932 Foreword

Background

Pioneers and celebrations

Glossary

List of pioneers

Index

55 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Ethel May Williams Foreword

Ethel May Williams studied at Cambridge and achievement for other women to follow. the London School of Medicine for Women, then Background A Newcastle City Council plaque was placed at the set up a general medical practice with Ethel house at which Dr Williams practised from 1910 to Bentham in Newcastle. Her medical work with 1924 in July 2018. This had good media coverage the disadvantaged of Newcastle and Gateshead and brought awareness of Dr Williams to the Pioneers and celebrations fuelled her motivation for social reform and attention of many people who had never heard women’s suffrage. of her before. Thirty-five people attended a talk Ethel was President of the Newcastle and District about Dr Williams at Jesmond Community Library, Glossary branch of the National Union of Women’s Suffrage the area in whichDr Williams had her practice. and active in local campaigns. She took part in the The life of Dr Williams has also been part of a 1907 London ‘’ with over 3,000 fellow highly successful local WEA project, ‘Turbulent Suffragists. Around the outbreak of the First World Times’. More on this can be seen at: List of pioneers War she joined the Women’s International League weaturbulenttimes.wordpress.com/2018/07/27/ for Peace and Freedom, becoming Newcastle commemorating-dr-ethel-williams-medical- Branch Secretary in 1934. During the war, Ethel pioneer-suffragist-pacifist-educationalist/ Index joined the Workers Educational Association (WEA) as a tutor, setting up women’s health courses all over the North East of England. After the war her activism centred on issues of health, social welfare, education and international relations. She co-founded the Northern Women’s Hospital in Jesmond, Newcastle in 1917 and helped set up mental health residential care in the Tyneside area.

Ethel retired to Stocksfield, Northumberland, became a Magistrate and died in 1948, just as the NHS was created. She has left quite a legacy of

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Annie Barnes c1887-1982 Foreword

Annie joined the East London Federation of Background Suffragettes formed by Pankhurst. The oldest of 12 children, she joined whilst still living at home and helping to care for the family. She joined the and in 1919 Pioneers and celebrations the Labour Party, at around the same time as her marriage.

She talked fondly of campaigning for Clement Glossary Atlee in Stepney with skills she had developed through her suffrage campaigning. She was also active in establishing the Women’s Cooperative Guild in Stepney. Her election as a councillor in List of pioneers 1934 was part of a significant Labour success, with Herbert Morrison as chief organiser.

As a Stepney councillor her first choice was the Index housing committee, working on slum clearance. For her, housing and public health were the most important issues in the neighbourhood.

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Dr Ethel Bentham 1861-1931 Foreword

Ethel Bentham trained for a career in medicine Background after childhood visits with her mother to the slums of Dublin. She first worked in London hospitals and then as a GP in Newcastle-upon- Tyne, where she worked alongside Dr Ethel Pioneers and celebrations Williams, the first female doctor in the city. Both women were active Suffragists, with Ethel Bentham becoming a member of the Newcastle executive of the National Union of Women Glossary Suffrage Societies (NUWSS).

She also joined the Labour Party and in 1909 moved to Holland Park in London, where she List of pioneers shared a house with Labour organiser Marion Philips. Alongside her work running a baby clinic, she was elected to Kensington Borough Council in 1912, having failed on her first attempt. She later Index served as a Magistrate and, in 1929, was elected to Parliament after two previous attempts.

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Theresa Billington-Greig 1877-1964 Foreword

The many campaigns of Theresa Billington Background (who became Billington-Grieg on her marriage) focused on wide issues of women’s equality, of which gaining the vote was a part. Her early acquaintance with Emmeline Pankhurst Pioneers and celebrations led to her appointment as organiser of the Independent Labour Party in Manchester, alongside being organiser of the Manchester Equal Pay Committee. By 1907 she was working Glossary alongside as a full-time worker for the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU). Along with other London activists, she List of pioneers was soon arrested and sent to Holloway prison. Questioning the way WSPU was organised, she soon joined the new Women’s Freedom League (WFL).

Index Her work included publications on feminist issues. Later in life she was to devote her time to two causes – increasing the number of women MPs as Director of ‘Women for Westminster’, and working to involve underprivileged girls in athletics.

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Ada Broughton Foreword

Ada Broughton started her activism as chief Background organiser of the County of Northumberland British Women’s Temperance Association. Like many women at the time, she combined her campaign against the alcohol trade with Pioneers and celebrations campaigning for the vote.

By 1919 she had moved to London, and was one of five Labour women elected to Bermondsey Glossary Council that year. Although her time as an elected member of Bermondsey was short, Ada Broughton was a valuable member of the Labour team and was chosen as an Alderman after her List of pioneers defeat in 1922. She was then appointed Chairman of the maternity and child welfare committee. She had previously acted as the Labour group whip and was known as a forceful speaker. At Index one stage she was local women’s organiser of the Independent Labour Party, going on to join the Labour Party’s women’s advisory committee and becoming Secretary of the local women’s section. She believed firmly in the political opportunities that women gained through citizenship, and in the role of women’s sections in training women to understand power.

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Thelma Cazalet-Keir CBE 1899-1989 Foreword

Thelma Cazalet was strongly influenced by Background her mother, who counted Emmeline Pankhurst amongst her friends. Thelma was introduced to Emmeline at a young age and also worked with , the Women’s Social and Pioneers and celebrations Political Union organiser. In 1925 she was elected to the London County Council as a Conservative, where she took a special interest in education. She was to follow through this issue, and that Glossary of women’s equality, when elected to Parliament in 1931.

She was elected to Islington East constituency, List of pioneers a seat previously held briefly by Labour’s Leah Manning and, prior to that, by Ethel Bentham. Thelma was to hold the seat until 1945. Amongst her achievements in Parliament was to amend Index the 1944 Education Act to end the bar on women teachers working after marriage. She continued campaigning for equality, and especially for equal pay, after leaving Parliament, including work as President of the Fawcett Society.

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Nellie Cressall 1882-1973 Foreword

Laundry worker Nellie Cressall was a founder Background member of the East London Federation of Suffragettes, where she worked alongside . Like Sylvia, her views on suffrage were part of a socialist belief that also led her Pioneers and celebrations to join the Independent Labour Party in 1907. Her activities also meant she worked alongside and, in 1919, she was one of 39 Labour councillors elected to Poplar Council, led Glossary by Lansbury.

Poplar was a poor borough, and in 1921 Lansbury declared that the borough would no longer collect List of pioneers rates for London-wide bodies, part of a campaign to share the burden of unemployment throughout London. The resulting illegal budget led to Poplar councillors being imprisoned. The five women Index councillors who were imprisoned included Nellie Cressall, at that time six months pregnant. She refused early release without her colleagues. Nellie had eight children in total and continued as a Poplar councillor for many years, until 1965. She served as Mayor in 1943 and was made a Freeman of the Borough in 1959.

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Agnes Dawson 1873-1953 Foreword

The battle for equal pay and equal terms and Background conditions for all women workers still goes on. Between the wars, many employers insisted that women gave up employment when they married. That was especially so for women teachers, and Pioneers and celebrations the London County Council was no exception.

Agnes had trained as a teacher and, by 1917, was the Headteacher of Crawford Street Infant School Glossary in Peckham. An active member of the National Union of Teachers (NUT), she ensured they campaigned for women’s suffrage. She was an active non-militant Suffragist. She helped establish List of pioneers the National Federation of Women Teachers within the NUT, which later became the NUWT. The union supported her financially in 1925 when she resigned her teaching post to be elected to Index the London County Council. Labour took control of the London County Council in 1934, but it took Agnes until 1935 to persuade Herbert Morrison to implement their promise and end the marriage bar on women teachers.

63 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Hugh Franklin 1889-1962 Foreword

Hugh Franklin belonged to a wealthy banking Background family and owned homes in London and Buckinghamshire. He initially studied engineering at Cambridge before giving up his studies in preference for campaigning for ‘Votes for Pioneers and celebrations Women’. He joined several organisations, including the Men’s Political Union for Women’s Enfranchisement. Glossary Hugh was imprisoned three times for different forms of militant action, including attacking . Hugh was among the most force-fed of all the Suffragette prisoners, and was List of pioneers among the first to be released from prison early under the ‘Cat and Mouse Act’.

Hugh joined the Labour Party in 1931 and Index attempted to become an MP, standing in Hornsey in 1931 and St Albans in 1935. He was prolific in local politics, elected to Middlesex County Council, and a member of the Labour Party’s National Executive Committee.

64 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Margaret Hills 1882-1967 Foreword

Margaret Hills was an organiser for the National Background Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) in the Manchester area from around 1909 to 1914, and a national speaker. She featured prominently in NUWSS activities. For example, Pioneers and celebrations she joined the delegation from NUWSS that was seen, grudgingly, by Asquith in August 1913. She also assisted in developing local NUWSS branches. She was active in campaigning for Glossary improved maternity services and was one of the so-called ‘Dangerous Women’ who tried to stop the Great War. Margaret ran the Stroud United List of pioneers Nations Association and the previous League of Nations Association.

Shortly after going to live in Stroud, she appears to have formed a branch of the Women Citizens Index Association and, from 1928 to her death, was first an urban district councillor then a county councillor. In 1928, she was the first woman to be elected to Stroud Urban District Council, and during her eight years on the council served as Chairman of Housing as well as Vice-Chairman. Newspapers of the time record Margaret intervening to raise issues to try and create a better community for all, whether it was libraries, child welfare, education, employment or her long- standing interest in the avoidance of war.

65 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Margaret Wintringham 1879-1955 Foreword

Background Margaret Wintringham served as Member of Parliament for Louth from 1921-24. After her husband, Thomas, died suddenly, she stood in Pioneers and celebrations the by-election and won the seat. She was the first English-born and first rural woman MP, and only the second woman MP to take her seat. Glossary Dubbed ‘Our Institute MP’, Margaret was supported by the National Federation of Women’s Institutes (NFWI). She lost her seat in 1924 and failed to return to Parliament, despite standing in List of pioneers two further General Elections. She also served on Lindsey County Council in the 1930s.

In 1922 she was elected to the NFWI executive Index committee, where she would gather issues and take them to Parliament. Margaret was very active in Parliament, speaking or raising questions 157 times, very often on social issues. Her last written question called for pensions for nursery school teachers. Margaret campaigned for the for women to be reduced from 30 to 21, for women to be allowed to sit in the House of Lords and for equal pay.

66 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

Glossary Foreword

FPA: Family Planning Association Background ILP: Independent Labour Party NFWI: National Federation of Women’s Institutes Pioneers and celebrations NUWSS: National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies WCA: Women Citizens Association WFL: Women’s Freedom League Glossary WLGS: Women’s Local Government Society WILPF: Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom List of pioneers WSPU: Women’s Social and Political Union The original Women’s Local Government Society (WLGS) was a cross-party and politically independent organisation that campaigned to enable women to stand as local councillors. This succeeded in 1907. The WLGS was revived in 2006 and developed the Suffrage Pioneer project Index to mark the centenary of the Representation of the People Act 1918. Acknowledgements The Women’s Local Government Society would like • History of Parliament to thank the following for their support, many since • National Association of Civic Officers the project began in 2014: • Vote 100 • Buckinghamshire County Council • City Council • Local Government Association (LGA) • The Speaker of the House of Commons • Jane Robinson, author on suffrage history • Members of the Steering Group • Colin Cartwright, author on a local suffrage campaign We would also like to thank those who nominated a Suffrage Pioneer and all local projects across the UK. • Councillor Direct Community Interest Company

67 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

All 100 pioneers are listed here Foreword

Alice Abadam London and President of Feminist League, prolific writer Background Carmarthen and speaker. Bertha Agnew Bolton Suffrage worker, housing campaigner, councillor. Catharine Buchanan Alderton Colchester Liberal Suffragist who became the town’s first Pioneers and celebrations Lady Mayor. Glasgow Suffragette, socialist, Women’s Watch Committee Chair. Elizabeth Ann Anderson Bolton Suffragist and specialist in education for children with disabilities. Glossary Margaret Ashton Manchester Committed Suffragist, councillor, peace campaigner. Mary ‘Ma’ Bamber Liverpool Renowned Suffragist speaker who fought for the poor. List of pioneers Annie Barnes Stepney East London Federation of Suffragettes, Stepney councillor. Mary Barnes Farnworth, Bolton, Local NUWSS President, Board of Guardians, councillor, magistrate. Index Margaret Beavan Liverpool Campaigned for maternity services, became a magistrate and mayor. Ethel Bentham Newcastle and Newcastle GP, NUWSS and ILP, Kensington London councillor, MP. Theresa Billington-Greig Manchester and WFL founder member, activist, Director of London Women for Westminster. Florence Blincoe Bolton 1911 Census Suffragette, campaigned on housing and for peace. Margaret Bondfield Hove, London, Adult Suffrage Society, trade unionist, first Wallsend and woman Cabinet Minister. Northampton

68 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

All 100 pioneers are listed here Foreword

Sarah Bonwick London Suffrage speaker, temperance campaigner, Background Free Church activist. Ada Broughton Northumberland and Suffrage and temperance worker, Bermondsey, London Bermonsdey councillor, alderman. Nannie Brown Edinburgh WFL, ‘Brown Women’ march, established the Pioneers and celebrations Scottish Women’s Rural Institutes.. Etheldred Browning London Suffragist who set up the first housing association for women. Mabel Henrietta Capper Dublin, Manchester, Suffragette, Voluntary Aid Detachment nurse, London, Birmingham journalist, playwright. Glossary and Bath Thelma Cazalet-Keir London and WSPU supporter, London County Council member and Conservative MP. Hannah Clark Doncaster Suffragist, Quaker, first woman councillor in List of pioneers Doncaster. Marion Coates-Hansen Middlesbrough WSPU activist, census boycott, councillor, public health campaigner. Jane Cobden West Sussex and Suffragist, Liberal activist, elected to London Index London County Council, internationalist. Alice Collinge Bolton Socialist, Suffragist, council candidate, organist, poet. Winifred Coombe Tennant Neath, Glamorgan Suffrage supporter, magistrate, delegate to the League of Nations. Selina Cooper Nelson Mill worker, pacifist, campaigner who presented the case to Asquith. Catherine Courtauld London and Essex Artist of the Suffrage Atelier collective, radical campaigner. Katherine Mina Courtauld Braintree, Essex NUWSS local secretary, parish councillor and county councillor.

69 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

All 100 pioneers are listed here Foreword

Helen Crawfurd Glasgow Militant Suffragette, leading campaigner on Background housing and rents. Nellie Cressall Poplar Suffragette, socialist, councillor, mayor. Phoebe Cusden Reading Councillor, mayor, socialist, developed town twinning. Pioneers and celebrations Agnes Dawson London Suffragist, trade unionist, London County Councillor, campaigned for women teachers. Gertrude Denman Balcombe, Sussex Liberal suffrage lobbyist, first President of NFWI and FPA. Charlotte Despard Battersea Suffragette, pacifist, internationalist, Glossary Parliamentary candidate. Frances Dove High Wycombe NUWSS member, councillor, magistrate, promoted women’s education. Beatrice Drapper Deptford Socialist, Suffragist, Poor Law Guardian, List of pioneers magistrate, councillor and mayor. Kate Edmunds Portsmouth WCA, first woman councillor elected in 1918. Florence Eliza Feek Wanstead and West Suffragette, became a Quaker, developed Ham settlement and holiday home. Index Leeds Socialist, NUWSS, campaigned on pay and for peace. Hugh Franklin Harrow, London and Imprisoned for suffrage work, became county Buckinghamshire councillor. Glasgow and London Suffragist, legal expert, Kensington councillor, Parliamentary candidate. Elizabeth Freeman London and Texas, WSPU militant, pacifist, welfare worker. USA Grace Hadow Cirencester, Oxford Set up local NUWSS branch, Vice-Chairman and nationwide of WI. Florence Harrison-Bell Newcastle and ILP, co-operator, NUWSS, Parliamentary London candidate.

70 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

All 100 pioneers are listed here Foreword

Ethel Haslam Ilford WSPU activist, wartime nurse, Women’s Party Background candidate. Mary Haslam Bolton President of local Suffragists, Poor Law Guardian, welfare activist. Alice Hawkins Leicester Working class Suffragette, trade unionist for Pioneers and celebrations shoe workers. Eleanor Beatrice Higginson Preston WSPU militant, magistrate and town councillor. Margaret Hills Manchester and Suffrage speaker, maternity campaigner, Stroud councillor. Glossary Cornwall, London, Adult Suffrage Society, internationalist, brilliant USA and South speaker. Africa Dame Catherine Hunt Colchester Suffragist, wartime organiser, town councillor, List of pioneers mayor. Margaret Irwin Glasgow Trade unionist and Suffragist, influential housing activist. Dorothy Jewson Norwich and London MP in 1923, councillor, campaigned for votes Index for young women. Violet Key-Jones Doncaster Suffragette campaigner and speaker. Rose Lamartine-Yates Wimbledon Imprisoned for suffrage work, became county councillor. Minnie Lansbury Poplar Suffrage worker, teacher, Poplar councillor. Marjory Lees Oldham Part of suffrage pilgrimage, established Council of Social Service. Sarah Lees Oldham NUWSS activist, mayor, Freeman of borough. Constance Lewcock County Durham and Suffrage supporter from age of 14, WSPU Newcastle worker, Newcastle councillor. Victoria Simmons Lidiard and High WSPU militant, campaigned for Wycombe and for women priests.

71 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

All 100 pioneers are listed here Foreword

Phyllis Mary Lovell Lancashire, Liverpool WSPU, founded Home Service Corps, Background and overseas journalist. Constance Lytton London and WSPU, prison reformer, birth control Liverpool campaigner. Hesther Millicent MacKenzie Monmouthshire and Co-founded local suffrage society, first Pioneers and celebrations Cardiff University woman professor, Parliamentary candidate. Mary Maclagen Rotherham WSPU campaigner, first woman member of Rotherham Council. Leah Manning Cambridge NUT president, anti-fascist, education and welfare campaigner, magistrate and MP. Glossary London and Dublin Revolutionary Irish nationalist, Suffragette, held cabinet post in Dail Eirann in Ireland. Catherine Marshall Keswick,Cumberland NUWSS leading member, local campaigner and peace worker. List of pioneers Muriel Matters London and Hastings WFL activist, peace campaigner, Parliamentary candidate. Manchester WSPU and WFL prolific activist, Manchester councillor. Index Sarojini Naidu London and India Suffrage campaigner in London and India, Provincial Governor, Edith Bessie New Swindon Suffragette, campaign organiser, fought for teachers’ equality, Helena Florence Normanton London WFL Editor, NWCA President, first woman to be admitted as a student to the Bar. Emmeline Pethick -Lawrence London Key member of WSPU leadership. Later worked for equality and peace. Frederick Petwick -Lawrence London Key member of WSPU leadership. Became a Labour MP. Juanita Maxwell Philips Honiton, Devon WSPU, WFL, councillor campaigning on women’s employment.

72 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

All 100 pioneers are listed here Foreword

Emily Phipps Swansea and London WFL activist, Parliamentary candidate, Background teacher, trade unionist. Susan Power Tunbridge Wells Suffragist, Poor Law Guardian, town councillor. Gertrude Powicke Bar le Duc, France Local suffrage activist, wartime refugee and Zawiercie, worker. Pioneers and celebrations Poland Cambridge Local NUWSS President, city councillor, Poor Law Guardian. Clydebank Factory campaigner, co-operator, Glossary Suffragette, councillor. Dr Mabel Ramsay Plymouth Suffragist who took part in the ‘Great Pilgrimage’ Fellow of Royal College of Surgeons. List of pioneers Liverpool Suffrage campaigner, councillor, MP. Fought for family allowances. Sarah Reddish Bolton Trade unionist, suffrage worker, Poor Law Guardian, Co-operative Guild. Margaret Viscountess Newport, Wales WSPU activist, equality campaigner, fought to Index Rhondda sit in House of Lords. Maude Royden Rutland and London NUWSS and Church League for Women’s Suffrage. Peace worker. Bermondsey Settlement worker, ILP activist, Suffragist, councillor and mayor. Alice Schofield-Coates Middlesbrough WSPU activist, census boycott, councillor, public health campaigner. Amelia Scott Tunbridge Wells NUWSS local vice-president, NCW advocate, councillor. Julia Scurr Poplar East London Federation of Suffragettes, Poplar councillor.

73 From SUFFRAGE to CITIZENSHIP Celebrating 100 Pioneers

All 100 pioneers are listed here Foreword

Lucy Edith Sewell Norwich Norwich Suffrage Society treasurer, anti- Background and animal rights campaigner. Thorley Smith Wigan First Women’s suffrage Parliamentary candidate, Labour activist and trade unionist. Emma Sproson Wolverhampton Socialist, WSPU, WFL, councillor, prolific life- Pioneers and celebrations long campaigner. Jessie Stephen Glasgow and Bristol Working class trade unionist, WSPU, pacifist, councillor. Mabel Tothill Bristol ILP, settlement worker, NUWSS, pacifist, Glossary councillor. Kate Fowler Tutt Lewes, East Sussex Suffrage speaker, councillor, housing committee chair. Florence Underwood London WFL activist, tax resister, equality campaigner. Madge Watt Llanfair Founded first WIs, encouraging women’s List of pioneers leadership. Charlotte Price White Bangor, NUWSS, took part in the ‘Great Pilgrimage’, Caernarfonshire. county councillor, peace worker. (Gwynedd) Index Ethel Williams Newcastle-upon- NUWSS local president, doctor, health and Tyne social reform campaigner, magistrate. Margaret Wintringham NFWI campaigner, magistrate, MP.

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Index Foreword

Links to individual listings by first name 60 50 Ada Broughton Jessie Stephen MBE Background 63 52 Agnes Dawson Kate Fowler Tutt 28 9 Alice Hawkins Mabel Henrietta Capper 57 Pioneers and celebrations Annie Barnes Margaret Hills 65 20 Charlotte Despard Margaret Wintringham 66 54 Charlotte Price White Mary Elizabeth Barnes OBE 7 34 Glossary Constance Lytton Mary Maclagen 37 58 Dr Ethel Bentham Muriel Lilah Matters 39 41 Edith Bessie New Nellie Cressall 62 24 List of pioneers Elisabeth Freeman Phoebe Cusden 18 44 Emily Frost Phipps Phyllis Mary Lovell 32 11 Emma Jane Catherine Cobden Fisher-Unwin Professor Millicent Mackenzie 35 43 Index Emmeline &Frank Pethick-Lawrence The 2nd Viscountess Rhondda – 46 26 Margaret Haig Thomas/Mackworth Ethel Haslam 56 Thelma Cazalet-Keir CBE Ethel May Williams 61 53 Theresa Billington-Greig 59 Florence Underwood 22 Thorley Smith 48 Dame Frances Dove 15 Victoria Lidiard (née Simmons) 30 Helen Crawfurd 64 Winifred Coombe Tennant 13 Hugh Franklin

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