DOCSLIB.ORG

Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur: Babur was the founder of the Mughal Empire in India. He came from the race of Mongols which had created havoc across Asia and Europe a few centuries ago. He was also related to the family of Taimur from his mother’s side. Umar Sheikh Mirza: Umar Sheikh Mirza was a man of restless energy. He ruled the northern part of Marwara-un-Nahar (Transoxiana). He was not on good terms with his elder brother, Ahmed Mirza, the ruler of Samarqand and Bukhara and brothers-in-law Mahmud Khan and Ahmed Khan. As long as his father-in-law, Yunus Khan Mongol was alive, the rivalries were kept in control. When he died in 1487, Ahmed Khan and Mahmud Khan invaded Farghana and its capital town of Andijan. Leaving Babur incharge of capital, Umar Sheikh Mirza marched to the town of Akshi where he died on 8 June 1494. Early Life of Babur: Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur was the eldest son of Umar Sheikh Mirza. He was born in 14 February 1483 in Andijan. A few years before the birth of Babur, Umar Sheikh Mirza had transferred his capital from Andijan to Akshi. Umar Sheikh Mirza died on 8 June 1494. Babur memoir says that he fell off the roof of his house while flying pigeons and died instantly. Accession and Early Difficulties: Thus, Babur ascended the throne of Farghana at the age of 11. Soon after his accession, his small principality came under attack from all sides by his uncles: Ahmed Mirza and Sultan Mahmud Khan. Babur sent a message to his uncle Ahmed Mirza to the effect that after the conquest of Farghana, he would hand it over to someone else; why not, then entrust the work to him. But the offer was rejected and it led to war. But mainly with the support from his grandmother Aishya Daulat Begum and with the firmness of his subjects, Babur was able to ward off these attacks. Years of Struggle and quest for Samarqand: Babur invaded Samarqand in 1497 when he was just 15 years of age. He was aided in his campaign by a split in the camp of Timurid ruler Baisanghar Mirza whose brother had joined Babur. But his illness and a conspiracy in his own ranks forced him retreat. Meanwhile, his begs installed his younger brother Jahangir Mirza to the throne of Farghana. Babur was obliged to abandon the throne of Samarqand after one hundred day also. He was not left with only a tract of Khojend. When Babur was busy dealing with his internal problems, Uzbek chief Shaibani Khan was invited by the Uzbek wife of Baisanghar Mirza to invade Samarqand and giving her son land somewhere else. Shaibani Khan immediately marched and captured Bukhara and the entire region of Marwara-un-Nahar (Transoxiana). It was in this background that Babur invaded Samarqand for the second time in 1501. Babur captured Samarqand again in 1501 with the help of its citizens but could not hold it because of the lack of resources. Uzbek chief Shaibani Khan defeated Babur in the battle of Sar-i- Pul (1502). It was in this battle that Uzbeg chief used Tulghuma (wheeling military tactics) which Babur adopted and used against Ibrahim Lodhi in 1526. Babur and Shaibani Khan agreed to come to terms and though Babur has not mentioned it in his autobiography, one of the terms was the marriage of Babur’s eldest sister, Khanzada Begum to Shaibani Khan. Even this marriage alliance could not bring lasting peace between the Timurid states and the Uzbek khanate. Ultimately, the Mongol Khans decided to eliminate the Uzbek threat and marched with a large army to counter the forces of Shaibani Khan. But Shaibani Khan defeated the Mongols in the battle of Archian (1503). The defeat of the Mongols established Uzbek supremacy in Transoxiana. After Babur’s retreat from Samarqand in 1501, Shaibani Khan defeated the ruler of Qunduz, Khusrav Shah and dispersed his army. Many of his troops now joined Babur. Then, he turned his attention towards east and captured Kabul in 1504. In 1507, he annexed Heart, Kandhar and Badkshan. Babur book (Babarnama) says: “I captured Herat without using my artillery.” In 1507, he assumed the title Padshah which was to be adopted by all the Mughal Emperors from Humayun to Bahadur Shah Zafar. Babur journeyed to Herat at the invitation of Sultan Hussain Baiqara and wanted him to join in campaign against Uzbek chief Shahbani Khan. But Hussain Baiqara died and Babur’s journey came to nothing. Shaibani Khan realized the danger and invaded the last Timurid state in the area. Babur adopted the title Padshah to raise the morale of his kinsmen in 1507. After the annexation of Khurasan and Transoxiana, the Uzbek Khanate came dangerously close to the borders of Safavid Iran. Shah Ismail Safavi marched against Shaibani Khan and defeated him in the battle of Merv in 1510. It was this defeat of Uzbek that prompted Babur to invade Samarqand for the third time in 1510. The first to adopt the title Sultan was Mahmud Ghaznavi. The first to adopt the title Sultan among the rulers of India was Shamshuddin Iltutmish. Babur invaded Samarqand with the help of a Persian army in 1510 but he left the city and retreated in 1513. He captured and lost Samarqand thrice. Soon after the death of Shaibani Khan, Babur entered into an alliance with Shah Ismail Safavi. The river Oxus had become the de facto border between the Uzbeks and the Safavids. Shah Islamil demanded from Babur that he substitute the Shah’s name in Khutba. But he was permitted to issue his own coins in Afghanistan. But Uzbeks regrouped and defeated Babur near Bukhara in the battle of Kul-i-Malik. Babur thus lost Samarqand in 1513. Babur biography (Tuzuk-i-Baburi) says: “Ever since the days I subdued Kabul, I was bent upon annexing Punjab.” Babur has written in Babarnama soon after his conquest of Kabul in 1505, he marched into India and captured the town of Jalalabad. He led five invasions into Punjab. Invasion of India: 1. First invasion in June 1519 and annexed Bajaur with the help of his artillery and Bhera on Jhelum after defeating Yusafzai tribe. 2. Second invasion in September 1519 and annexed Peshawar. He sent an ambassador to Delhi who was detained by Daulat Khan Lodhi. 3. Third invasion in 1520 and annexed Sialkot and Sayyidpur. He met Guru Nanak here. 4. His fourth invasion was against Punjab as the estranged governor Daulat Khan Lodhi invited Babur to invade India. Ibrahim Lodhi had already defeated Daulat Khan and drove him away from Punjab. Babur captured and plundered Lahore. 5. He was joined by Daulat Khan at Dipalpur but Babur kept Punjab for himself and offered Jalandhar and Sultanpur to Daulat Khan. Daulat Khan treacherously advised Babur to divide his army into two wings But his son Dilawar Khan, acting against his father’s wishes informed Babur of his hostile designs. Babur assigned Sultanpur to Dilawar Khan, Jalandhar to Daulat Khan and Dipalpur to Alam Khan. 6. As soon as Babur’s back was turned, Daulat Khan defeated Dilawar Khan and Alam Khan and seized Sultanpur and Dipalpur. Alam Khan escaped to Kabul and entered into a pact with Alam Khan whereas Babur agreed to support Alam Khan’s claim to the throne of Delhi and he would leave Punjab to Babur. 7. Babur’s financial difficulties prompted him to invade India. The main income from Kabul was from Tamgha on imports and exports. 8. Many Mongol and Timurid begs and princes had joined Babur soon after the defeat of Shah Islamil Safavi at the battle of Chaldiran (1514). Babur’s objective in the beginning was to conquer those parts of India to which he had laid hereditary claim and which had been conquered by Taimur. Babur annexed Lahore, Jalandhar and Sultanpur. Daulat Khan changed sides and made peace with Ibrahim Lodhi. He began to conspire against Babur but his son Dilawar Khan divulged his father’s intentions to Babur. In return, Babur made Dilawar Khan the governor of Sultanpur. Dilawar Khan became the first noble to be bestowed upon the greatest Mughal title Khan-i-Khana. 9. It was during his fifth invasion that the first Battle of Panipat was fought. Evolution of Babur’s military techniques: 1. From Uzbeks, he learnt the art of Tulghuma which consisted in turning the enemy’s flanks and charging him simultaneously from front and rear. 2. From the Afghans and the Mongols, he learnt the art of ambush, luring the enemy away to a place previously marked and then falling upon him. 3. From the Persians, he learnt the use of artillery. As A matter of fact, Babur made use of fire-arms, not artillery. 4. From Turkish kinsmen, he learnt the use of mobile cavalry. 5. In 1514, Babur employed master gunner Ustad Ali and Mustafa. Factors that led to the Battle: One day when Babur was a guest of the head of the village of Dikhkat during his days of wandering, he heard the story of Taimur’s invasion of India from 111 years old mother of the village headman. It was there that he formed the resolution of repeating the exploits of Taimur. 1. Several estranged Indian rulers like Daulat Khan Lodhi, Rana Sanga and Alam Khan Lodhi invited Babur to invade India with the hope that he would return to Kabul like his predecessors. 2. Both political divisions and disunity captivated Babur. 3. Babur had no hope in Central Asia.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Panipat Institute of Engineering & Technology
    www.piet.co.in PANIPAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY APPROVED BY AICTE, NEW DELHI & AFFILIATED TO KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY, KURUKSHETRA KNOW YOUR CITY - PANIPAT Panipat is a city of ancient and historic importance in the state of Haryana, India. It is located on NH-1 (Now NH-44) and comes under the National Capital Region of Delhi. Panipat was one of the five cities (prasthas) founded by the Pandava brothers during the times of the Mahabharata, its historic name thus being Panduprastha. Panipat was the scene of three pivotal battles which were the turning points of the Indian history. The First Kabuli Bagh Mosque Battle of Panipat was fought in 1526 between Ibrahim Lodhi and Babur which led to the establishment of Mughal empire in India. The Kabuli Bagh Mosque and the adjacent majestic garden with an imposing tank is a symbol of the victory of Babur over Ibrahim Lodhi. More than a religious shrine, the place is better known as a historical monument. The Second Battle of Panipat was fought in 1556 between the thirteen years old Emperor, Akbar and Hemu, in which Akbar was led to victory by his general Bairam Khan. The Third Battle of Panipat was fought in 1761 between the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Marathas in which Ahmad Shah won decisively. ‘Kala Amb' is a memorial built in memory of the soldiers who died in the battlefield of Panipat. It is said that blood of the dead soldiers was mixed with the soil and the fruit of a mango tree became black in color and hence the name "Kala Amb," meaning "Black Mango." Salar Gunj Gate Panipat is also the proud nativity of famous Urdu shayar Maulana Hali.
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Chapter Iv
    il CHAPTER IV maharana sangram sinch ALIAS SANGA (1509 A.D. - 1523 A.D.) Sangraa Singh alias Sanga, born to Jaivanta Bai on Tuesday» April 14* 14^ A.B.^ » was the third son of Hana Raiiaal* Nothing is known about his childhood though i t is safe to presume that normal martial training, a necessair equipaient of a prince-royal in the mediaeval times, v/ould not hare been denied to him; and that martial k skill which ch^terised all the sons 2 of Raimal , would have adorned the personality of young Sanga as well. We first hear of him when Prithviraj and Jaimal challenged the(^verdicts )or the astrologer and the priestess-oracle of Bhimal about the future succession of Sanga to the throne of Ghittor after the death of Raimal through their attempts on the life of Sanga. The War of Succession (150$-6 A .D .) and the period following:, the return of Sanga to Mewar to administer the state on behalf of his father schooled him in the ytays of the world and statecraft. The period preceeding the death o f Raimal proved further fateful to him by manoeinrring events to bless the beginning of the reign of Sanga with a victory over the forces of Sikandar Lodi. Battle of Bakrol:- The Vanshavalis evidence for a battle between Sher 3 4 Khan Pathan of Narwar and Maharana Sanga on the 19th day since his succession to the throne of Mewar ( i .e ., Monday, June 11,1509 A .D ,), However, no reason for this clash is giren.
    [Show full text]
  • Warsi 4171.Pdf
    Warsi, Sahil K. (2015) Being and belonging in Delhi: Afghan individuals and communities in a global city. PhD thesis. SOAS University of London. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/22782/ Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination. Being and Belonging in Delhi: Afghan Individuals and Communities in a Global City Sahil K. Warsi Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD 2015 Department of Anthropology and Sociology SOAS, University of London 1 Declaration for SOAS PhD thesis I have read and understood regulation 17.9 of the Regulations for students of the SOAS, University of London concerning plagiarism. I undertake that all the material presented for examination is my own work and has not been written for me, in whole or in part, by any other person. I also undertake that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of another person has been duly acknowledged in the work which I present for examination.
    [Show full text]
  • India Before Europe Catherine B
    Cambridge University Press 0521005396 - India Before Europe Catherine B. Asher and Cynthia Talbot Frontmatter More information India Before Europe India is a land of enormous diversity. Cross-cultural influences are every- where in evidence, in the food people eat, the clothes they wear, and in the places they worship. This was ever the case, and at no time more so than in the India that existed from 1200 to 1750, before the European intervention. In this absorbing and richly illustrated book, the authors take the reader on a journey across the political, economic, religious, and cultural landscapes of medieval India from the Ghurid conquests and the Delhi Sultanate, through the rise and fall of the southern kingdom of Vijayanagara, to the peripheries of empire and, finally, to the great court of the Mughals. This was a time of conquest and consolidation, when Muslims and Hindus came together to create a culture, an architecture, and a tradition which was uniquely their own and which still resonates in today’s India. As the first survey of its kind in over a decade, the book is a tour de force. It is fluently composed, with a cast of characters which will educate and entertain students and general readers alike. catherine b. asher is Associate Professor in the Department of Art History at the University of Minnesota. Her previous publications include Architecture of Mughal India (1992) and, as editor with Thomas R. Metcalf, Perceptions of South Asia’s Visual Past (1994). cynthia talbot is Associate Professor of History and Asian Studies at the University of Texas at Austin.
    [Show full text]
  • Time, Place and People 1. Joseph Fletcher
    Notes 1 World History and Central Asia - Time, Place and People 1. Joseph Fletcher, 'A Bibliography ofthe Publications ofJoseph Fletcher', Haruardfoumal oj Asiatic Studies, Vol. 46, no. 2,June 1986, pp . 7-10. 2. Robert Delort, Le Commerce desFourrures en Occident aLa fin du Moyen Age, 2 Vols., Ecole Francaise de Rome, Rome, 1978. 3. Sylvain Bensidoun, Samarcandeet La valliedu Zerafshan, Anthropos, Paris, 1979. 4. Arminius Vambery, Sketches oj Central Asia, Allen, London, 1868. 5. Eden Naby, 'The Uzbeks in Afghanistan', Central Asian Survey, Vol. 3, no. 1, 1984, pp. 1-21. 6. Martha Brill Olcott, The Kazakhs, Hoover, Stanford, California, 1987. 7. Joseph Fletcher, 'Ch'ing Inner Asia c.1800', in John K. Fairbank (ed.), The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 10, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1978, pp. 33-106, especially pp. 62-9. 8. L. N. Gumilev, Searches Jor an Imaginary Kingdom: The Legend oj the Kingdom oj PresterJohn, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987. 9. Sechin Jagchid, Paul Hyer, Mongolia's Culture and Society, Westview, Boulder, Colorado, 1979; Elizabeth E. Bacon, Central Asians under Russian Rule, Cornell, Ithaca, New York, 1966. 10. John Masson Smith, 'Mongol and Nomadic Taxation', Haroard joumal oj Asiatic Studies, Vol. 30, 1970, pp. 46-85. II. Joseph Fletcher, 'Blood Tanistry: Authority and Succession in the Ottoman, Indian Muslim and later Chinese Empires', The Conference for the Theory ofDemocracy and Popular Participation, Bellagio , 1978. 12. Ludwig W. Adamec (ed .) , Historical and Political Gazetteer ojAJghanistan, Vol. 3, Herat and Northwestern AJghanistan, Akademische Druck-u Verlagsanstalt, Graz, 1975. 13. Firdausi, Thelipicofthe Kings, Shah-Nama, Reuben Levy (trns.), Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1965.
    [Show full text]
  • Socio-Political Condition of Gujarat Daring the Fifteenth Century
    Socio-Political Condition of Gujarat Daring the Fifteenth Century Thesis submitted for the dc^ee fif DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY By AJAZ BANG Under the supervision of PROF. IQTIDAR ALAM KHAN Department of History Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarb- 1983 T388S 3 0 JAH 1392 ?'0A/ CHE':l!r,D-2002 CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY TELEPHONE SS46 DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH-202002 TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN This is to certify that the thesis entitled 'Soci•-Political Condition Ml VB Wtmmimt of Gujarat / during the fifteenth Century' is an original research work carried out by Aijaz Bano under my Supervision, I permit its submission for the award of the Degree of the Doctor of Philosophy.. /-'/'-ji^'-^- (Proi . Jrqiaao;r: Al«fAXamn Khan) tc ?;- . '^^•^\ Contents Chapters Page No. I Introduction 1-13 II The Population of Gujarat Dxiring the Sixteenth Century 14 - 22 III Gujarat's External Trade 1407-1572 23 - 46 IV The Trading Cotnmxinities and their Role in the Sultanate of Gujarat 47 - 75 V The Zamindars in the Sultanate of Gujarat, 1407-1572 76 - 91 VI Composition of the Nobility Under the Sultans of Gujarat 92 - 111 VII Institutional Featvires of the Gujarati Nobility 112 - 134 VIII Conclusion 135 - 140 IX Appendix 141 - 225 X Bibliography 226 - 238 The abljreviations used in the foot notes are f ollov.'ing;- Ain Ain-i-Akbarl JiFiG Arabic History of Gujarat ARIE Annual Reports of Indian Epigraphy SIAPS Epiqraphia Indica •r'g-acic and Persian Supplement EIM Epigraphia Indo i^oslemica FS Futuh-^ffi^Salatin lESHR The Indian Economy and Social History Review JRAS Journal of Asiatic Society ot Bengal MA Mi'rat-i-Ahmadi MS Mirat~i-Sikandari hlRG Merchants and Rulers in Giijarat MF Microfilm.
    [Show full text]
  • UZB-KYR Along the Silk Road to Kashgar
    The fascinating trip along two Asian Republics – Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, and also along Chinese Xinjiang to Kashgar is waiting for you. The ancient cities of the East: Samarkand, Bukhara, Osh, and also picturesque Fergana Valley, high mountainous Alay Valley, hot deserts and eternally snowed Pamir summits will appear in their entire splendor in the face of you. You will travel along that real ancient road, where numerous caravans ran along the Great Silk several ages ago. Also you will visit exotic Sunday Bazaar in Kashgar, from where you will undoubtedly take a lot of unforgettable impressions. The itinerary: Tashkent – Samarkand – Sarmysh – Nurata – “Aydar” Yurt Camp – Aydarkul lake – Bukhara – Tashkent – Kokand – Margilan – Fergana – Osh – Kashgar – Naryn – Issyk-Kul lake – Bishkek – Tashkent Duration: 15 days Number of tourists in group: minimum - 4, maximum - 16 Language: English / Russian PROGRAM OF THE TOUR Day 1 Arrival in Tashkent. Rest. Day 2 Transfer to Samarkand (300 km, ~ 5 hrs). Excursion: Registan square - the "heart" of Samarkand - ensemble of 3 majestic madrassahs (XIV-XVI c.c.) – Sherdor, Ulugbek and Tillya Qory, Bibi-Khanum the gigantic cathedral Mosque (XV c.), Gur-Emir Mausoleum of Timur (Tamerlan), his sons and grandson Ulugbek (XV c.), Tamerlan’s grandson Ulugbek’s the well-known ruler and astronomer-scientist observatory (1420 y.) - the remains of an immense (30 m. tall) astrolabe for observing stars position, Shakhi-Zinda – “The Living King” (XI-XVIII c.c.) Necropolis ofSamarkand rulers and noblemen, consisting of set of superb decorated mausoleums, exotic Siab bazaar. Day 3 Transfer to Aydar yurt camp in Kyzyl-Kum Desert (300 km, ~ 6 hrs).
    [Show full text]
  • 7 Battles of Mughal Army
    Battles of Mughal Army Module - II Military History of Medieval India 7 BATTLES OF MUGHAL ARMY Note In the previous lesson, you studied the factors that encouraged Babur to invade India, composition of the Mughal Army and their war equipment and weapons. You also learnt that the Mughal artillery was a new weapon of war and terrifying to the enemies. The gunpowder played a vital role in winning battles and in the establishment and expansion of the Mughal empire. In this lesson, you will study the three important battles fought by Babur which laid a solid foundation of the Mughal rule in India. Panipat (a town in Haryana) has been described as the pivot of Indian history for 300 years. And its story begins in the first great battle that took place in 1526. The victory at Panipat, significant as it was, did not allow Babur the luxury to sit back and savour the moment for long. For there were other enemies such as that of Rana Sanga, the powerful ruler of Mewar to be subdued in land called Hindustan. After capturing Delhi, Babur lived for only four more years. His son Humayun and grandson Akbar continued the consolidation of Mughal power after his death. Although Mughal influence reached its political peak during Akbar's time, the foundation was laid by Akbar's grandfather. Objectives After studing this lesson you will be able to: explain the first battle of Panipat and battle field tactics of the Mughals and discuss the power-struggle that existed during the early years of the Mughal Dynasty.
    [Show full text]
  • Indian Archaeology 1959-60 a Review
    INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1959-60 —A REVIEW EDITED BY A. GHOSH Director General of Archaeology in India PUBLISHED BY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL ARCHAEOLOGY SURVEY OF INDIA JANPATH, NEW DELHI 1996 First edition 1960 Reprint 1996 1996 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Price :Rs. 320.00 PRINTED AT BENGAL OFFSET WORKS, 335, KHAJOOR RAOD, NEW DELHI – 110005 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present number of Indian Archaeology—A Review incorporates, as did the previous numbers, all the available information on the varied activities in the field of archaeology in the country during the preceding official year. My grateful thanks are due to all—heads of the archaeological organizations in States and Universities, of Museums and of Research Institutes, my colleagues in the Union Department of Archaeology and a few individuals—who supplied the material embodied in the following pages. I also thank those colleagues of mine who helped me in editing the Review and in seeing it through the press. Considerations of space and others factors do not always permit the printing of the reports in the form in which they are received. All care has been taken to see that the essential facts and views contained in these reports are not affected in the process of abridging, and in some cases rewriting, them; this ensures that the responsibility for the facts and their interpretation remains with those who supplied them. Nevertheless, editorial slips may have crept in here and there in spite of my endeavours to avoid them. For such slips I express my regret. New Delhi : The 11th October 1960 A.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Persians at the Mughal Court: a Historical
    ROLE OF PERSIANS AT THE MUGHAL COURT: A HISTORICAL STUDY, DURING 1526 A.D. TO 1707 A.D. PH.D THESIS SUBMITTED BY, MUHAMMAD ZIAUDDIN SUPERVISOR: PROF. DR. MUNIR AHMED BALOCH IN THE AREA STUDY CENTRE FOR MIDDLE EAST & ARAB COUNTRIES UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN QUETTA, PAKISTAN. FOR THE FULFILMENT OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY 2005 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE I, Muhammad Ziauddin, do solemnly declare that the Research Work Titled “Role of Persians at the Mughal Court: A Historical Study During 1526 A.D to 1707 A.D” is hereby submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy and it has not been submitted elsewhere for any Degree. The said research work was carried out by the undersigned under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Munir Ahmed Baloch, Director, Area Study Centre for Middle East & Arab Countries, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. Muhammad Ziauddin CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Muhammad Ziauddin has worked under my supervision for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. His research work is original. He fulfills all the requirements to submit the accompanying thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Munir Ahmed Research Supervisor & Director Area Study Centre For Middle East & Arab Countries University of Balochistan Quetta, Pakistan. Prof. Dr. Mansur Akbar Kundi Dean Faculty of State Sciences University of Balochistan Quetta, Pakistan. d DEDICATED TO THE UNFORGETABLE MEMORIES OF LATE PROF. MUHAMMAD ASLAM BALOCH OF HISTORY DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA PAKISTAN e ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all I must thank to Almighty Allah, who is so merciful and beneficent to all of us, and without His will we can not do anything; it is He who guide us to the right path, and give us sufficient knowledge and strength to perform our assigned duties.
    [Show full text]
  • Government of India Ministry of Culture Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No
    1 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF CULTURE LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO. 97 TO BE ANSWERED ON 25.4.2016 VAISAKHA 5, 1938 (SAKA) NATIONAL HERITAGE STATUS 97. SHRI B.V.NAIK; SHRI ARJUN LAL MEENA; SHRI P. KUMAR: Will the Minister of CULTURE be pleased to state: (a) whether the Government has finalized its proposal for sending its entry for world heritage status long with the criteria to select entry for world heritage site status; (b) if so, the details thereof along with the names of temples, churches, mosques and monuments 2Iected and declared as national heritage in various States of the country, State-wise; (c) whether the Government has ignored Delhi as its official entry to UNESCO and if so, the details thereof and the reasons therefor; (d) whether, some sites selected for UNESCO entry are under repair and renovation; (e) if so, the details thereof and the funds sanctioned by the Government in this regard so far, ate-wise; and (f) the action plan of the Government to attract more tourists to these sites. ANSWER MINISTER OF STATE, CULTURE AND TOURISM (INDEPENDENT CHARGE) AND MINISTER OF STATE, CIVIL AVIATION (DR. MAHESH SHARMA) (a) Yes madam. Government has finalized and submitted the proposal for “Historic City of Ahmedabad” as the entry in the cultural category of the World Heritage List for calendar year 2016-17. The proposal was submitted under cultural category under criteria II, V and VI (list of criteria in Annexure I) (b) For the proposal submitted related to Historic City of Ahmedabad submitted this year, list of nationally important monuments and those listed by Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation are given in Annexure II.
    [Show full text]
  • Ghtei- to R.^Na Iiatansi Was Made by Kaja Frithviraj
    This offended Ratansl, However, Vanshavali tind 177 Vanshavali ^7^ hold that an offer to marry his dau- -ghtei- to r.^na iiatansi was made by Kaja Frithviraj Kachliawaha* The Rana sent his svard as his proxy for mair^rir^ the girl. Incensed, Prithviraj returned the sword and gave the girl in laarria^e to Surajmal. Rana Ratansi I'elt offended and decided to pit ai end to the lii'e of his competitor. iUl these ajBojunts are incorrect, Surajmal did not liarry any fiancee of Ratansi. iiatansi 17B had Raj Kumi'{d/o Prithvircij ii-ac hhawalia) far his wife. The Vansha-bhaskar says that Ratansi £nd Surajmal Hada were both married to tFie different daughters of Sar*angadas of Srinagar. Unce Ratansi and Surajraal happened to go to tlieir father-in-law. Ratansi suspected illicit relations Let ween his wife and Surajmal on .tJie occcsion of i tiger- 179 -hunt arranged by their mother.^in-law. As r^ards the c ircuffistances leading to the open reptisre bet vie en Ratansi and Surajmal, the Vansha-bhai^ar blames Furaniaal t'urbia, the priiueHrcinister of Mewar. Rao Narayandas, the father of Siirajmal, hid killed Dikku, the father of i^uranmal, ©n account of his frivolously putting a straw piece in the beard of the Rao while he was dozir^g under t!ie influence of opiusa. So an inveterate enmity existed between these two fanilies. It was at t^ e instance of Puraninal th it the Rana sent very ineagre gifts at the tii.ie of the accession of Surajmal, which the latter had reluntantly accepted at the instance of his mother.
    [Show full text]