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Study of Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide (FTO) Thin Films for Photovoltaics Applications Shanting Zhang

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Study of Fluorine-Doped Tin Oxide (FTO) Thin Films for Photovoltaics Applications Shanting Zhang Study of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) thin films for photovoltaics applications Shanting Zhang To cite this version: Shanting Zhang. Study of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) thin films for photovoltaics applications. Materials. Technische Universität (Darmstadt, Allemagne), 2017. English. NNT : 2017GREAI021. tel-01689976 HAL Id: tel-01689976 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01689976 Submitted on 22 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Doctoral Thesis To obtain the academic doctoral double-degree joint by Communauté Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA) and Technische Universität Darmstadt (TU Darmstadt) Under the framework of International Doctoral School in Functional Materials (IDS-FunMat) Prepared by Shanting Zhang Supervised by Daniel Bellet and Andreas Klein, co-supervised by David Muñoz-Rojas in Laboratoire des Matériaux et du Génie Physique (LMGP, UGA) and Surface Science division (TU Darmstadt) Study of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) thin films for photovoltaics applications Public oral defense on March 23, 2017 with jury members: Prof. Dr. Patricia Segonds Professor of Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel (President) Prof. Dr. Bruno Masenelli Professor of institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon (Reporter) Prof. Dr. Alain Billard Professor of Université de technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard (Reporter) Prof. Dr. Ulrike Kramm Professor of Technische Universität Darmstadt (Co-referee) Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Ensinger Professor of Technische Universität Darmstadt (Examiner) Prof. Dr. Daniel Bellet Professor of Université Grenoble Alpes, LMGP (Supervisor) Prof. Dr. Andreas Klein Professor of Technische Universität Darmstadt (Co-supervisor/referee) Dr. David Muñoz-Rojas Researcher in CNRS, LMGP (Co-supervisor) THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE LA COMMUNAUTE UNIVERSITE GRENOBLE ALPES préparée dans le cadre d’une cotutelle entre la Communauté Université Grenoble Alpes et Technische Universität Darmstadt Spécialité : Matériaux, Mécanique, Génie civil, Electrochimie Arrêté ministériel : le 6 janvier 2005 - 7 août 2006 Présentée par Shanting Zhang (张姗婷) Thèse dirigée par Daniel Bellet et Andreas Klein codirigée par David Muñoz-Rojas préparée au sein des Laboratoire des Matériaux et du Génie Physique (LMGP) et Surface Science division (TU Darmstadt) dans l’Ecole Doctorale Ingénierie – Matériaux, Mécanique, Environnement, Energétique, Procédés, Production (I-MEP2) Study of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) thin films for photovoltaics applications Thèse soutenue publiquement le 23/Mars/2017, devant le jury composé de : Mme. Patricia Segonds Professeur à Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut Néel (Président) M. Bruno Masenelli Professeur à institut national des sciences appliquées de Lyon (Rapporteur) M. Alain Billard Professeur à Université de technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard (Rapporteur) Mme. Ulrike Kramm Professeur à Technische Universität Darmstadt (Invitée) M. Wolfgang Ensinger Professeur à Technische Universität Darmstadt (Invité) M. Daniel Bellet Professeur à Université Grenoble Alpes, LMGP (Directeur de thèse) M. Andreas Klein Professeur à Technische Universität Darmstadt (Co-directeur de thèse) M. David Muñoz-Rojas Charge de Recherche au CNRS, LMGP (Co-encadrant) Study of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) thin films for photovoltaics applications Dissertation approved by the department of Materials and Geoscience Technische Universität Darmstadt Requirements to obtain the academic degree of “Doctor rerum naturalium” (“Dr. rer. nat.”) Approved dissertation by Shanting Zhang, M. Sc. from Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China Primary referee: Prof. Dr. Andreas Klein Secondary referee: Prof. Dr. Ulrike Kramm Date of Submission: January 16, 2017 Date of oral defense: March 23, 2017 Darmstadt 2017 D17 Study of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) thin films for photovoltaics applications Doctoral dissertation by Shanting Zhang (张姗婷), M. Sc. This is a double-degree doctoral thesis joint by Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA, France) and Technische Universität Darmstadt (TU Darmstadt, Germany) under the framework of International Doctoral School in Functional Materials (IDS-FunMat) Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Daniel Bellet (Université Grenoble Alpes) Co-supervisor: Prof. Dr. Andreas Klein (Technische Universität Darmstadt) Co-supervisor: Dr. David Muñoz-Rojas (CNRS researcher) Please cite this document as: urn:nbn:de:tuda-tuprints-61265 http://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/id/eprint/6126 The publication is licensed under the following Creative Commons license: Attribution – No commercial use – No derivatives 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Erklärung zur Dissertation Hiermit versichere ich, die vorliegende Dissertation ohne Hilfe Dritter nur mit den angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmitteln angefertigt zu haben. Alle Stellen, die aus Quellen entnommen wurden, sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Diese Arbeit hat in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch keiner Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegen. Grenoble, den Januar 19, 2017 (Shanting Zhang) Author Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis is my own work and effort. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final versions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. Grenoble, January 19, 2017 (Shanting Zhang) To my family To Wenbo Acknowledgement First of all, I’d like to thank my family who have supported me all the way along. The summer when I traveled Spain and Italy with my mom and my sister was really the best summer ever! I sincerely thank my supervisors Daniel Bellet and Andreas Klein, as well as David Muñoz- Rojas for their help and support to overcome all the difficulties and put together all the pieces to make this project finally work. I spent most of my time in LMGP where I completed the majority of the work in this thesis. Everyone in LMGP has supported me in a way or two during the past three years. I thank Franz Bruckert, Michèle San Martin, Josiane Viboud, Virginie Charrière, and Arnaud Robin for their help concerning the administrative and technical issues; I thank Carmen Jiménez, Jean-Luc Deschanvres, Matthieu Jouvert, Hervé Roussel, Laetitia Rapenne, Etienne Pernot, Odette Chaix, Michel Langley, and Vincent Consonni for their help on the experimental setup, sample characterizations as well as the many fruitful scientific discussions. Their time and efforts are indispensable for my thesis to proceed smoothlyν I’m also thankful for all the other members of LMGP who have contributed to my work/living via different manners. According to the IDS-FunMat project, I also have the chance to stay in the surface science group where I not only enriched my scientific understanding, but also get to know nice people. I thank Marga Lang and Leslie Frotscher for taking care of the paper work and making my life easier. I thank Erich Golusda and Joachim Brötz for their experimental help. Many thanks to all the people from the oxide group for the valuable advices and discussions: Mirko Weidner, Hans Wardenga, Jan Morasch, Stephan Hillmann, and Christian Lohaus. Additionally, this thesis has involved collaborations with many different people/labs. I thank Guy Vitran from IMEP-LaHC for his contribution on the optical simulation as well as the many useful discussions; I thank Martin Foldyna from LPICM for welcoming and helping me with various optical experiments including ellipsometry, ARTA and ARMMP measurements; I also thank Jean-Luc Rouvière from CEA for the STEM measurement and the innovative N-PED technique as well as the results analyses. I thank professor Lukas Schmidt-Mende from University of Konstanz for providing us the S:TiO2 nanoparticles and the help in integrating the FTO nanocomposites in organic solar cells. I thank Yann Pellegrin and Daniel Langley for their help on fabricating DSSCs on FTO nanocomposites. I thank Giray Kartopu from Glyndŵr University for the various trials of making CdTe solar cells on the FTO nanocomposites. Finally, I’d like to thank all the IDS-FunMaters that I have met during the international school who have shared their stories and encouraged me all the way along. I wish the best for all of you! Last but not least, thank all my friends who I bear their names with all the good memories in my heart. Abstract With the increasing demand for energy that human beings are faced with, the photovoltaics (PV) technology which converts solar radiation into electricity has undergone increasingly development. Although the current PV market is mainly dominated by the crystalline Si based technologies, thin film PV still bears the hope to become the solution to the energy crisis in the future due to its much lower cost and reasonable efficiency. Transparent conductive materials (TCMs), mostly transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), are an essential component in most types of thin film solar cells as the current-collecting electrode on the sun-facing side of the cell. In order to improve the optical absorption (which is restricted by the limited absorber
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