FUTURE of the MARA LANGUAGE - PROBLEMS & PROSPECTS Hiphei, Ex
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FUTURE OF THE MARA LANGUAGE - PROBLEMS & PROSPECTS Hiphei, Ex. M.P Dr. K. Robin, Co-ordinator nata General Secretary, Maraland Research Foundation ta he a chô liata Biepipa (Subject) a tlychakapata Mara reih sie laih nawpa liata rairuna nata rainaona â kaw tyh laih awpazy ei hmô pachhipachhapa ro awpata na hnaw thlahha hra ta, ei ly kaw tarawpata ei ngiarohna a lai via syulyu. A Biepipa dâhdei chhao he Mara reih ta a do kawpata so thaipa a ru kawpata ei pahno. A naosia viapata “ Mara reih ta Rairuna nata Rainaona â kaw tyh laih awpa” tahpata ei soh thlah ha. Vâtlah nahtlapa nata theithai dah chhao châ lei thei ta, chahnaochakhipâ pata ei tao thlah ha. Maraland Research Foundation paduapa a cha thlahhapa he palôhrupa ta ei patuapalua pha beih leipa a châ. A paduatuhpazy he reithai ei na ta, ama chô liata ei ly hmeihseih. Marapazy châta ryusôhpa a pachôpakhytuhpa ama châpata pahno ei na ta, ei thlah na palôh ei ta ama chô liata hnabeiseihna chhao ei hnei hluh kaw. Hmiala ama sie laih lyma n’awpa liata hmahsiena nata hlaotlohna ama hnei laih lymapa ei khokhei hmeihseih ei. Mara reih chhichâ laih nawpa eima laichadai hlâta khizaw liata reih nanopazy vaw y pathaona nata chhichâ laihna a tlâhpipata, a chyu thei chaina hawhta eimâ laichadai tua aw: Sir George Grierson (ICS) patohpatiahna ry liata “Language Handbook on Mother Tongues in Census” taopa châ ta, a rohtuhpa R.C. Nigam, Assistant Secretary General, Indian Census ta khizaw liata reihzy he aphu lai kawpa (family) 20 hlâta hluh via ta a pachhaih: 1. INDO-EUROPEAN : German, English, Russian, Welsh, Polish, Greek, Persian etc. 2. CAUCASIAN : Chechian, Kabardin, Georgian etc. 3. BASQUE : Basque 4. SINO-TIBETAN : Chinese, Wu, Thai, Burmese, Lao, Shan, Tibetan etc. 5. AFRO-ASIATIC : Semitic, Egyptian, Cushitic etc. 6. CONGO-KORDO : Fanian, West Atlantic, Mande Adamawa, Tumtum, Tegali etc. 7. NILO-SAHARAN : Sanghai, Saharan, Sudanic, Kunama etc. 8. KHOSIAN : Khosian, Sandawe, Hatsa etc. 9. JAPANESE : Japanese 10. UROLIC-ALTIC : Finnish, Hungarian, Turkish, Khalkha etc. 11. AUSTRO-ASIATIC : Combodian, Mon, Vietnamese, etc. 12. KOREAN : Korean 13. PALEO-SIBERIAN : Chukchee 14. AINU : Ainu 15. MALAYOPOLY-NESIAN: Sudanese, Malay, Indonesia, Tagolo, Malayasy, etc. 16. PAPUAN : Bentoeni, Ono 17. AUSTRALIAN : Worora 18. AMERINDIAN(North) : Eskimo, Navaho, Apache, Cherukee etc. 19. AMERINDIAN(South) : Que chua, Aymara, Maya etc. ( India rah khôtho lâta reih phulaipa thokha cha pachiahpa hluhpi hnei ei ta, thokha cha pachiahpa hnei hluh hlitha leip’ei ta, thokha chhochhi cha pachiahpa a hnei leipazy ama cha) India liata phu laipa 4 y via heih ta, chazy cha: 1 1. AUSTRO-ASIATIC : Khasi, Nicobarese, Santali, Kherwari, Mundari, Agaria etc. 2. TIBETO-CHINESE : Khamte, Tibetan, Ladakhi, Bhutani, Sikkim, Jad, Bhatia, etc. 3. DRAVIDIAN : Tamil, Malayalam, Kanada, Telugu, etc. 4. INDO-EUROPEAN :Kashmiri, Sindhi, Marathi, Konkani, Orya, Bengali, Assamese,Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Nepali, Garhwali, etc. MARA REIH THYUTÔNA He aphulaipa (family) pachiahpa a chô liata ropazy he a hluhpi hryta a chyhta saita thao-papuapa a châ. A zydua ta ro khai a ru vata thokha ngahlah palâsapa ama châ. Pamosana ta: Korean, Ainu, Japanese zy he cha pachiahpa a hnei hluh leipazy ama châ. Tibeto-Chinese heta pachiahpa hnei hluh via chai ta, cha liata Tibeto-Burman â hlao., Tibeto-Burman ry liata Kuki-Chin y heih ta, Paite, Ralte, Hmar, Hrangkhawl, Anal, Gangte, Khumi, Chin, Sinte, Mizo, Pawi(Lai), Lakher(Mara) etc. zy cha Kuki-Chin tawhta a puapa pachiah-pachhuahpazy ama châ. (Language Handbook on Mother Tongues in Census) Reih a laichadaituhpazy ta reih rai rai he aparosana (sound) a hnai nata a sâh zie â lyu nata lyu lei rei ta aphu ta ama pachhaih. Pamosana ta Nuby sakha(1)pa he Hindi ta ‘Ek’ châ ta, English ta ‘One’ ama tah. “Ek” nata “One” cha a paro zie â hnai nata â sâhna a lyupa a châ. Chavata Sanskrit tawhta a puapa ama châ raih-ripata ama reih. He sahlao alaichadaina he apy tlah a châ khiatacha Mara reih he Tibeto-Chinese pachiahpa, Tibeto-Burman pachiahpachhuahpa Kuki Chin group liatapa a châ tlai aw. Hiakha-Thatlah reihzy, Chin, Hmar, Paite, Kuki, Mizo, Pawi, Lakher(Mara) reihzy parosana zie he a hnai nata a sâh zie âlyu rô khai. Khataih tawhta ma, khatita ma amâ vaw pachhaih hôlô tahpa deikua a laichadai hmâ aw mapi. A laichadai hr’ei sila a do chaipa pahno a ru kaw thlyu ba aw. Puhpa Haokô ta Mara History a ropa liata cha Mara reih he Marapazy Burma bypi(valley) liata ama pahrâ no tawhta a y hapa, Burma reihzy tlu rô ta a uhthei hrapa hawhta a reih. CHI NATA REIH PACHHAIH THAI HMEIHSEIHPA CHÂ VEI History he cha hlâ nota hmo a tlôpa nata a ypazy thatih rona châ ta, a chu ta pahno cheingeipa a byuh kaw tarawpata tanoh ta a hmeihseihpata hmâ thai khao leipa hluhpi a y. Reihzy he a thyutôna alyu hrasala reih khapa châ thai khao hra v’ei. Hindi nata Englishzy Sanskrit tawhta a puapa cha hr’eisala reih miakhapa châ thai khao v’ei.Hiakha reih, Ralte, Paite, Hmar, Mizo, Mara, etc. zy he Kuki Chin liatapa châ hr’eisala reih miakhapa châ thai khao beih v’ei. Ama reih thei leipa pita eima reih thei hra v’ei. Chi nata reih he pachhaih thai hmeihseihpa cha v’ei. Ei reih cheih na ta na thei thlahhapa, a reih cheih ta ei thei thai thlahha hrapa cha ei chi-heih a châ. 1987 liana khata Mizoram Legislative Assembly ahmôpakhyna(session) liata MLA pakha ta Chakma Autonomous District Council parao n’awpa Resolution pangia ta, repahmaohna hneipa a châ. Keima ta, “Autonomous District Council he Mizo a châ leipa chi chyh viapazy aboh n’awpata taopa châ ta, parao-pakei a chhuahpa cha India sawhkha kho leipa a châ zie ei duakhei. Chief Minister a châ haipa Pu Laldenga(L) khata a kaw duah ta, “Pu Hiphei, nang leh kei leh zelin ‘Mizo kan ni lo’ kan tiin tu hi nge Mizo ni ang, lo kawk teh,” eina tah. Keima ta, “ Kawh kher a ngai lovang a, kan finfiah zawk tur a ni. Tunah hian ka pianpui Mara tawngin he House ah hian thu ka sawi ang a, kan Chief Minister zahawm tak hian lehlin ngai lovin a hre vek tur a ni. A hriat silo chuan tu emaw zawk chu Mizo kan ni lo a ni ang,” ei tah. Na chhy khao hlei vei. Chi nata reih he pachhaih hmeihseih thaipa châ vei tahpa a sia kaw. REIH HE PAHLEI THEIPA A CHÂ 2 Khizaw hmo he cha a lei thei, a rao theipa sai a châ vata reih hluhpi chhao a lei haw tahpa German Language Society ta March, 1986 liata Magazine “Mutterspreache”(Mother Tongues) a papuapa liata eima hmô. He Magazine rei zie ta cha: Kô 10000 (thykha) rachhôh a khô hapa liata khizaw chyhsa maluh 1000000 (thy zakha) rachhôh châ ei ta, reih chi 6000 tawhta 7000 rachhôh a ypata a reih. Ko 100 a sie heih awpa liata cha khizaw liata reih 100 liata 90 rô he cha a lei theipa hawhta a reih. Alaska University Professor Michael Krausa rei zie ta cha, tanoh ta reih a y haipa 300 tawhta 600 he hmâ khao leipata a lei thei awpa hawhta a reih hra. Australia liata reih 200 hryta reih 135 rachhôh cha hmâ khao leipa, a leipathla hawpata reipa a châ hra. Pu C. Chawngkunga chhaota India Independent tawhta tanoh taihta India râh liata reih 48 a lei hapata a reih hra. He ama reipazy he a zydua ta a do khai lei thei ta, reih hluhpi cha lei haw ta hmapa châ khao vei tahpa he cha ei thei rimapa châ vei. REIHZY A LEI THEINA CHHÂPA Reih hluhpi a lei theina chhâpa he a siapata pahno thei vei hr’ei sila pangiasapata reipa eima hnei hôlô na ta ei pangiasa. 1. Hmo to he a hneituhpa liata a pahnieh kaw. A hneituhpa cha chyhsa dyutlai leipa, thathipa, heih alyu leipa, a hmo hneipazy a khâsia leipa, a pasô thai leipa a châ khiahtacha a hmohneipazy cha pualei kaw ta hmâtlâh châ leipata raopathao ta arei via nata cha a leidia thlahha tyh. Chysia phapa mâ ru kawpa chhao he a hneituhpa ta mohôh thai leipata pualei kaw sa, thy chakhyh thlahha sa, a hraina heihlâzy y tlâ khao kha sa a tah khiahcha a tao tlâh châ leip’aw ta zakhei tlao a chhih tyh. Reih chhao he a hneituhpa ta pasô thai leipa sala reih hropazy nata a pahlao-pahli thlahha khiahtacha daihti reipi tawhta cha padâh via lyma aw ta, a chhana liata cha a leipathla thlahha thei hra. 2. Chyhsa maluh chyh tupa, su kha liata hmaohkha ta y leipata chi lai viapa hryta a hiepatlâhpa chi-pho cha ama chheipâh liata chi lai viapa nata maluh hluh viapazy reih amâ hly lymana vata ama reih ama pahlei tyh. Ama reih chei awpata maluh chyh via tlôh ei ta, maluh hluh viapa chi lai viapazy reih ama hly lymana tawhta ama pikheipa reih hmahchhah cha my ei ta reih hropa ahly/hmapata ama reih cha disaopata a y thei hra. 3. Chi thokha cha ama pikheipa reih zakhei ei ta reih hropa ama pasâhsa via. He hawhpa chizy he chi lai viapazy reih chei thaipa tlai cha a palaikhei ei ta, amo reih hmahchhah ama zakhei tyh. A hneituhpazy hmâhta ama pasô leipa cha ahy hmâhta pasô ta a pabohsa khohpa y khao v’ei. Pasotuhpa, khasiatuhpa a hnei khao leipa reih cha a lei thlyupa a châ. 4. Reih thokha cha charopa(Written) ta sopa y leipata pakah ta a chhopachhuahpa(Oral) ngâhlâh a châpa vata daihti reipi a sie tawhta padâh via lyma ta a leipathla thlahha thei.