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Development of alphabetic letterforms 800 B.C.–Present Decree 426 B.C. detail Trajan’s Column 114 A.D. page from the Ramsey Psalter 974–986 A.D. book pages 1200’s A.D. pages from the Gutenberg Bible 1450–55 A.D. Gutenberg Press Replica pages from the Gutenberg Bible 1450–55 A.D. Hypernotomachia Poliphili 1499 Aldus Manutius De humani corporis fabrica 1543 Andreas Vesalius The Intelligencer London 1664 The Crying Mother Newsbook 1664 Romain du Roi 1695 Louis Simonneau 1654–1727 Romain du Roi 1695 Louis Simonneau 1654–1727 Romain du Roi 1695 Louis Simonneau 1654–1727 Specimen Page, 1768 Pierre Simon Fournier le Jeune 1712–1768 Mode of Music Title Page, 1756 Pierre Simon Fournier le Jeune 1712–1768 Rococo 1720–1770 The Holy Spirit 1750 Corrado Giaquinto 1703–1765 Madame de Pompadour 1759 Francois Boucher 1703–1770 The Swing 1766 Jean-Honore Fragonard 1732–1806 The Ballroom of the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoye Selo The Wies Church, Bavaria Mode of Music Title Page, 1756 Pierre Simon Fournier le Jeune 1712–1768 The Wies Church, Bavaria The Amalienburg Palace Bavaria Ornaments Page, 1771 Louis René Luce 1692–1766 Manuel Typographique 1764 & 1768 Pierre Simon Fournier le Jeune 1712–1768 A Poem On the Universal Penman 1740 George Bickham 1706–1771 Roman & Italic Specimens 1734 William Caslon 1692–1766 Title Pages for Bucolica, Georgica, et Aeneis & Paradise Regained 1757 & 1788 John Baskerville 1706–1775 A B C A. Sagio Tipografic 1771 B. Virgil Maronis 1793 C. Manuale Tipografico 1818 Giambattista Bodoni 1740–1813 Giambattista Bodoni 1740–1813 The French Revolution & Neoclassicism 1770–1830 Oath of the Horatii 1784 Jacques-Louis David 1744–1825 Death of Marat 1793 Jacques-Louis David 1744–1825 Marius at Minturnae 1786 Jean Germain Drouais 1763–1788 Regent's Park, London The Grand Palace: la maison des ducs de brabant Somewhere in the U.K. Information Design Commercial and Political Atlas 1786 William Playfair, 1759–1823 The Statistical Account of the United States 1805 William Playfair, 1759–1823 Liberation of Jerusalem 1784 Fancoise Ambroise Didot 1689–1757 pages from Bucolica, Georgica, et Aeneis 1798 Pierre Didot 1761–1853 Graphic Design & The Industrial Revolution 1760–1840 This huge workforce of men, women, and children often suffered from shutdowns caused by overproduction, depressions, economic panics, business and bank failures, and the loss of jobs to newer technological improvements. Philip B. Meggs on the Industrial Revolution 1760–1840 Greenware 1750’s Josiah Wedgewood Greenware 1750’s Josiah Wedgewood Creamware 1760’s Josiah Wedgewood Creamware 1760’s Josiah Wedgewood Creamware 1760’s Josiah Wedgewood Queensware 1770’s Josiah Wedgewood Queensware 1770’s Josiah Wedgewood Gutenberg Press Replica Early Pre Steam Press Late Pre Steam Press Industrial Steam Engine, 1788 James Watt (1736–1819) First Steam Press, 1814 Friedrich Koenig (1774–1833) Industrial Steam Press Date Unknown Fourdrinier Machine 1803 Patent by John Gamble , 1801 rights purchased by Henry & Sealy Fourdrinier Romain du Roi 1695 Louis Simonneau 1654–1727 Title Pages for Bucolica, Georgica, et Aeneis & Paradise Regained 1757 & 1788 John Baskerville 1706–1775 The Pencil of Nature 1844 The Swedish Song Quartett Co. John H. Bufford’s Sons 1867 Presidential Campaign Flyer John H. Bufford’s Sons 1884 Clarendon 1845 Robert Besley Egyptian Type 1821 Robert Thorne Two Lines Pica, Antique 1815 Vincent Figgins Ionic 1840’s Henry Caslon Two-Line English Egyptian 1816 William Caslon IV Pantograph Twelve Lines Pica (2.25”), 1765 Thomas Cotterell Fat-Face Types, 1821 Robert Thorne Tuscan & Antique Tuscan 1815 Vincent Figgins Reversed Egyptian, 1828 William Thorowgood In Shade 1833 Vincent Figgins Two-Line Great Primer Sans-serif 1832 Vincent Figgins Woods and Sharwoods 1838–42 Line O’ Type Machine July 3rd, 1886 Ottmar Mergenthaler, 1854–1899 The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations 1851 • A commodity culture. • The origin of Industrial Design. • Middle-class culture. • The advent of modernity. • The branding of a nation. • The value of Design vs. Labor. The Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London, England 1851 Designed by Joseph Paxton 1851 feet long, interior height 108 feet Fire 1866 & 1936 The Fetishism of the Commodity and its Secret 1867 A commodity appears at first sight an extremely obvious, trivial thing. But its analysis brings out that it is a very strange thing, abounding in metaphysical subtleties and theological niceties. So far as it is a use-value, there is nothing mysterious about it, whether we consider it from the point of view that by its properties it satisfies human needs, or that it first takes on these properties as the product of human labour. It is absolutely clear that, by his activity, man changes the forms of the materials of nature in such a way as to make them useful to him. The form of wood, for instance, is altered if a table is made out of it. Nevertheless the table continues to be wood, an ordinary, sensuous thing. But as soon as it emerges as a commodity, it changes into a thing which transcends sensuousness. It not only stands with its feet on the ground, but, in relation to all other commodities, it stands on its head, and evolves out of its wooden brain grotesque ideas, far more wonderful than if it were to begin dancing of its own free will. Karl Marx 1818–1883 Apple iPhone 4GS 2011 Apple iPad 2 2011 Harrods London 1834 Over 1 Million Square Feet & 330 Departments and more shoes than Imelda Marcos Alexanderplatz Berlin 1871 Selfridges London 1908 The Arcade, Cleveland 1890 Marshall Field's, Chicago 1887 Marshall Field's, Chicago 1887 Macy’s 1902 Herald Square at 34th Street and Broadway, New York In 1853, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke. The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880..
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