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From Heterogeneous and Extracellular Electron Transfer to Applications in Aqueous Batteries and Biofuel Cells

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From Heterogeneous and Extracellular Electron Transfer to Applications in Aqueous Batteries and Biofuel Cells UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE QUÍMICA DE SÃO CARLOS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM QUÍMICA Graziela Cristina Sedenho Bioelectrochemical and bioinspired energy conversion systems: from heterogeneous and extracellular electron transfer to applications in aqueous batteries and biofuel cells São Carlos – SP 2021 GRAZIELA CRISTINA SEDENHO Bioelectrochemical and bioinspired energy conversion systems: from heterogeneous and extracellular electron transfer to applications in aqueous batteries and biofuel cells Thesis presented to the São Carlos Institute of Chemistry (IQSC), University of São Paulo, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science. Concentration area: Physical Chemistry Advisor: Prof. Dr. Frank Nelson Crespilho Exemplar revisado O exemplar original encontra-se em acervo reservado na Biblioteca do IQSC-USP São Carlos – SP 2021 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Assinatura: Data: 06/01/2021 Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pela Seção de Referência e Atendimento ao Usuário do SBI/IQSC Sedenho, Graziela Cristina Bioelectrochemical and bioinspired energy conversion systems: from heterogeneous and extracellular electron transfer to applications in aqueous batteries and biofuel cells / Graziela Cristina Sedenho. — São Carlos, 2021. 137 f. Tese (Doutorado em Físico-Química) — Instituto de Química de São Carlos / Universidade de São Paulo, 2021. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Frank Nelson Crespilho 1. Transformação de energia. 2. Eletrodos de carbono. 3. Imobilização enzimática. 4. Reação de redução de oxigênio. 5. Transferência extracelular de elétrons. I. Título. Wilneide do Carmo Marchi Maiorano - CRB: 3978/8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS • To my parents, Luís and Sueli, for teaching me to be strong, for always supporting and encouraging me. • To my sister Ana Flávia for being always present and supporting my dreams. • To my grandparents for being always present and praying for me. • To my husband, Diego, for always understanding my renunciations and supporting me in all moments. • To my advisor, Professor Frank N. Crespilho, for all teachings and the confidence in all these years. • To my lab colleagues, Andressa Pereira, Kamila Pagnoncelli, Lucyano Macedo, João Souza, Thiago Bertaglia, Ayaz Hassan, Natália Sanches, Iago Modenez, Giovana Rossi, Isabela Mattioli, Luana Faria, Bruno Rossi and José Eduardo Clarindo, for the collaborations, friendship, and funny moments. • To São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, USP, for the facilities and infrastructure needed to perform this work. • To Professors Michael J. Aziz and Roy G. Gordon for receiving me in their group at Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, and for all teachings. • To Dr. Diana De Porcellinis for kindly helping me during my period at Harvard University and for the fruitfully collaboration. • To Dr. Valdecir A. Paganin from Electrochemistry Group (São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, USP) for the technical support in the preparation of the gas diffusion layer of the bilirubin oxidase-based biocathode. • To Professor Daniel R. Cardoso and Dr. Sinara for the technical support in the Bradford assay and SDS-Page electrophoresis. • To São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) for the financial support provided through the scholarships (process numbers: 2015/22973-6 and 2017/15714-0). EPIGRAPH To raise new questions, new possibilities, to regard old problems from a new angle, requires creative imagination and marks real advance in science. Albert Einstein You are free to make your own choices, but you are a prisoner of the consequences. Pablo Neruda ABSTRACT If we consider that part of cellular respiration is a model of energy obtention, it is envisioned that natural bioelectrochemical systems can be mimicked for the sustainable obtaining of electricity, as in biofuel cells (BFC) and aqueous batteries. Based on that, four topics in the state-of-the-art in bioelectrochemical and bioinspired energy conversion are considered here in closely correlated chapters: the role of electrode-electrolyte interface structure in systems involving quinone derivatives and carbon-based electrodes for application in aqueous-organic redox flow batteries (Chapter I); the use of redox-active compounds incorporated into a gel for development of non-corrosive and low toxicity semi-solid aqueous battery (Chapter II); stabilization of biocatalyst, such as bilirubin oxidase (BOD), for O2 reduction to water, aiming the obtention of high-performance biocathodes (Chapter III); and the understanding of how microorganisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, convert energy from organic substrates into electrical energy, as well as, the exploitation of this process and the O2 reduction to water for the electricity generation in BFCs (Chapter IV). It was concluded that edge-like defects and oxygenated functional groups, such as C−O and C=O, are crucial for obtaining high- performance carbon electrodes for energy conversion systems. In fact, when flexible carbon fibers-based electrodes with these properties are used in aqueous semi-solid microbatteries, with organic and organometallic redox molecules in agarose hydrogel, a capacity of 0.79 mA h was obtained, which is able to meet the needs of small biomedical devices. In the case of biocatalysis to reduce O2 to water, the results indicate that the incorporation of BOD into a biogel matrix in a gas diffusion electrode can generate currents of 1.52 mA cm-2 and unprecedented operational stability, contributing to overcome critical issues for the practical application of BFCs. At last, a proposal for an extracellular electron transfer mechanism for Saccharomyces cerevisiae applied in microbiological BFC is shown. It was verified, for the first time, that the film of extracellular polymeric substances secreted by the yeast is able to confine flavoproteins that exchange charge with the electrode. Therefore, the results presented here cooperate to the advance in the field of bioelectrochemical and bioinspired energy conversion systems, as they contribute overcoming their critical issues and elucidating fundamental aspects in this area. Keywords: Energy transformation. Carbon electrodes. Enzyme immobilization. Oxygen reduction reaction. Extracellular electron transfer. RESUMO Se ponderarmos que parte da respiração celular é um modelo de obtenção de energia, vislumbra-se que os sistemas bioeletroquímicos naturais podem ser mimetizados para a obtenção sustentável de eletricidade, como em biocélulas a combustível (BCCs) e baterias aquosas. Baseado nisso, quatro tópicos inseridos no estado-da-arte em conversão eletroquímica de energia são considerados aqui em capítulos intimamente correlacionados: o papel da estrutura da interface eletrodo-eletrólito em sistemas envolvendo derivados de quinonas e eletrodos baseados em carbono para aplicação em baterias de fluxo redox orgânico-aquosas (Capítulo I); o uso de compostos redox incorporados em gel para desenvolvimento de bateria semi-sólida aquosa, não corrosiva e de baixa toxicidade (Capítulo II); estabilização de um biocatalisador, tal como bilirrubina oxidase (BOD), para redução de O2 a água, visando a obtenção de biocátodos de alto desempenho (Capítulo III); e o entendimento de como microorganismos, tal como Saccharomyces cerevisiae, convertem a energia contida nos substratos orgânicos em energia elétrica, bem como, a exploração desse processo e da redução de O2 a água para geração de eletricidade em BCCs. Concluiu-se que defeitos do tipo borda e grupos funcionais oxigenados, como C−O e C=O, são cruciais para obtenção de eletrodos de carbono de alto desempenho em sistemas de conversão de energia. De fato, quando eletrodos de fibras flexíveis de carbono com estas propriedades são empregados em microbaterias aquosas semi-sólidas, com moléculas redox orgânicas e organometálicas em hidrogel de agarose, obteve-se uma capacidade de 0,79 mA h, capaz de atender às necessidades de pequenos dispositivos biomédicos. No caso da biocatálise para redução de O2 à água, os resultados mostram que a incorporação da BOD em matriz de biogel em eletrodo de difusão de gás pode gerar correntes de 1,52 mA cm-2 e estabilidade operacional sem precedentes, contribuindo na superação de pontos críticos para a aplicação prática de BCCs. Por fim, apresenta-se uma proposta de mecanismo de transferência extracelular de elétrons da Saccharomyces cerevisiae aplicada em BCC microbiológica. Verificou-se, pela primeira vez, que o filme de substâncias poliméricas extracelulares secretado pela levedura confina flavoproteínas que trocam carga com o eletrodo. Portanto, os resultados apresentados cooperam para o avanço na área de sistemas bioeletroquímicos e bioinspirados de conversão de energia, contribuindo na superação de pontos críticos e elucidando questões fundamentais dessa área. Palavras-chave: Transformação de energia. Eletrodos de carbono. Imobilização enzimática. Reação de redução de oxigênio. Transferência extracelular de elétrons. LIST OF FIGURES Introduction Figure 1 – Cellular respiration. (a) The first two stages: catabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. (b) The third stage: respiratory chain and ATP synthesis in the mitochondria. .................................................................................................................................................. 15 Chapter I -1 Figure 1. CVs (third cycle) of GC, HOPG, and HEDGE in 1.0 mol L H2SO4 containing
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