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Effects of Grazing and Climate on Greene's Mariposa Lily in the Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument

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Effects of Grazing and Climate on Greene's Mariposa Lily in the Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument Effects of Grazing and Climate on Greene’s Mariposa Lily in the Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument Final Report to the Bureau of Land 2012 Management Medford District Report prepared by Carolyn Menke, Ian Pfingsten and Thomas N Kaye Institute for Applied Ecology Effects of Grazing and Climate on Greene’s Mariposa Lily in the Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument PREFACE This project is coordinated by the Institute for Applied Ecology (IAE) and is funded by the Bureau of Land Management. IAE is a non-profit organization whose mission is conservation of native ecosystems through restoration, research and education. IAE provides services to public and private agencies and individuals through development and communication of information on ecosystems, species, and effective management strategies. Restoration of habitats, with a concentration on rare and invasive species, is a primary focus. IAE conducts its work through partnerships with a diverse group of agencies, organizations and the private sector. IAE aims to link its community with native habitats through education and outreach. Questions regarding this report or IAE should be directed to: Thomas Kaye (Executive Director) Institute for Applied Ecology PO Box 2855 Corvallis, Oregon 97339-2855 phone: 541-753-3099 fax: 541-753-3098 email: [email protected] 1 Effects of Grazing and Climate on Greene’s Mariposa Lily in the Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project has been funded through the Bureau of Land Management cost share program and a National Landscape Conservation System Grant, administered by the Bureau of Land Management, Medford District. The following individuals have contributed their valuable time and expertise toward planning or field work during this project: Rob Massatti, Rachel Newton, Andrea Thorpe, Lori Wisehart, Geoff Gardner, (IAE Staff), Michelle Allen, Shell Whittington (IAE Office Staff), Armand Rebischke, Bob Hartwein, and Mark Mousseaux (Medford BLM). We acknowledge the modeling groups, the Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) and the WCRP's Working Group on Coupled Modelling (WGCM) for their roles in making available the WCRP CMIP3 multi-model dataset. Support of this dataset is provided by the Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy. Cover photograph: Greene’s mariposa lily (Calochortus greenei) on the Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument. Photo by R. Massatti. SUGGESTED CITATION Menke, C., I. Pfingsten and T.N. Kaye. 2013. Effects of grazing and climate on Calochortus greenei in the Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument. Final report to the Bureau of Land Management. Institute for Applied Ecology, Corvallis, OR. 2 Effects of Grazing and Climate on Greene’s Mariposa Lily in the Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ......................................................................................................................... 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................... 2 SUGGESTED CITATION ................................................................................................... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... 3 LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 6 OBJECTIVES .................................................................................................................... 7 METHODS ....................................................................................................................... 7 Study Areas ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Sampling Design ............................................................................................................................... 8 Plant Measurements and Mapping ................................................................................................ 9 Plant Community Sampling ........................................................................................................... 11 All-Mammal Exclosure Establishment .......................................................................................... 12 Data Analysis .................................................................................................................................. 13 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................ 16 Plant Abundance ............................................................................................................................ 16 Herbivory ........................................................................................................................................ 16 Plant Size and Reproductive Effort ............................................................................................ 18 Plant Community ............................................................................................................................. 20 Population Viability Analyses ...................................................................................................... 21 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................. 25 Herbivory ........................................................................................................................................ 25 Climate-driven Population Dynamics .......................................................................................... 26 Life History ...................................................................................................................................... 27 IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT ....................................... 28 LITERATURE CITED ....................................................................................................... 28 APPENDIX 1: MAPS ...................................................................................................... 30 APPENDIX 2: PLOT DIRECTIONS .................................................................................. 37 3 Effects of Grazing and Climate on Greene’s Mariposa Lily in the Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Cascade-Siskiyou National Monument in southern Oregon. ................................................... 6 Figure 2. Mature Calochortus greenei capsules. .......................................................................................... 7 Figure 3. 2 m x 2 m Calochortus greenei large-mammal exclosure, marked with rebar at the four corner posts, and fenced by a 3m x 3m exclosure (Oregon Gulch Walk in, Plot 13). ......... 8 Figure 4. Unfenced (control) 2 m x 2 m C. greenei plot, marked with rebar and the four corner posts. ...................................................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 5. C. greenei demographic and plant community data collection in Oregon Gulch study area exclosures. ................................................................................................................................ 10 Figure 6. 1m x 1m all-mammal exclosure at Agate Flat. ....................................................................... 12 Figure 7. Total number C. greenei plants in large-mammal exclosures, all mammal exclosures and unfenced controls in 2003-2012. .................................................................................................. 16 Figure 8. Frequency + SE (%) of leaf herbivory (from 2003 through 2012) and August floral herbivory (from 2004 through 2012) in control and large-mammal exlcosures. Columns of points below a star are statistically different (P< 0.05) in single year ANOVA comparisons. ....................................................................................................................................... 17 Figure 9. Frequency +SE bars (%) of leaf herbivory and August floral herbivory (from 2008 through 2012) in control, large-mammal exlcosures and all-mammal exclosures. Data include Agate Flat and Colestine. Points within a year with different letters are statistically different (P< 0.05) in single year ANOVA comparisons. .................................... 18 Figure 10. Plant size and reproductive output (means + SE) in controls and large-mammal exclosures from 2003 to 2012 (fruit set data 2004-2012), including all study areas. Points in columns below a star are significantly different (P< 0.05) in single year ANOVA comparisons. ....................................................................................................................................... 19 Figure 11. Plant size and reproductive output (means + SE) in controls, large-mammal and all- mammal exclosures from 2008 to 2012, including Agate Flat and Colestine study areas. Points within a year with different letters are significantly different from each other (P< 0.05) in single year ANOVA comparisons. .................................................................................
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