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PROTOZOA PARASITIC in FISH by E.A. NEEDHAM, B

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PROTOZOA PARASITIC in FISH by E.A. NEEDHAM, B • PROTOZOA PARASITIC IN FISH by E.A. NEEDHAM, B.Sc. (Loud.), A.R.C.S. A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Science of the University of London. Dept. of Zoology and Applied Entomology, Imperial College Field Station, Ashurst Lodge, Sunninghill, Ascot, Berkshire. October, 1959 2 ABSTRACT Trypanosomes have been reported from 195 of approximately 25,000 species of fish. It is emphasised that some behavioural feature must have effected contact with the leech intermediate host for a fish to be infected. Lack of such associations accounts for the rarity of trypanosomes, particularly in marine fish. The morphology of bloodstream Trypanosoma tincae from the tench, Trypanosomayercae from the perch, and Trypanosbma granulosum from the eel is redescribed in detail, using mensural methods. The moriahology of bloodstream Trypanosoma leucisci from the roach, and Cryptobia sp. from the tench, is described in part. It is concluded that they are f-ettg_hcIA all separate and discrete species exhibiting a strong host pi-eke-it-7. Passaging T. tincae between tench in the laboratory showed that the course of infection varied considerably with temperature. Also fish showed greater incidences and parasitemia levels in the summer than in the winter in the Berkshire pond studied. The incidences per fish species also varied. Dividing T. tincae are described from the tench. The life cycle in the leech, Hemiclepsis marginata, is also described. The life cycle of Cryptobia sp. from the tench is discussed briefly, Both parasites were transmitted between tench by this leech, which was cultured in the laboratory. H. marginata was found to have an annual life cycle, with a habitat restricted to marginal reeds. The behaviour of the leech and tench is described in relation to the transmission of T. tincae in the Berkshire pond. It is 3 proposed that transmission occurred when mature tench entered shallow water in warm weather, especially when spawning. At this time the numbers of E. marginata and their feeding activities were at a maximum. The leeches then infected the majority of 1 year old tench. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am very grateful to Dr E.U. Canning, my supervisor. I will particularly remember her high standards coupled with her willingness to give even my most trivial problems her deepest consideration. Dr M. Anwar has also been vital to this work throughout. His sharp but kindly criticism was always constructive, and his experimental method near faultless. Mr R. Killick during the latter stages has been kind enough to discuss many of the theoretical aspects of the work. Without the patient and often unsolicited assistance of these three, this work would not have been completed. I must also formally thank Professors O.W. Richards and T.R.E. Southwood, and the late Professor B.G. Peters, for allowing me to work in this department. Dr G. Murdie has been particularly helpful with the statistical problems. Messrs. Shillcock, Anderson, and Wootten have helped me with the ecological approach to fish parasitology. I am grateful to them, as I am to the many other members of the department, staff, students, and technicians who have advised and assisted me. I must also thank all those mentioned in the text who supplied fish and leeches. I am also grateful to the many anglers and naturalists, whose anecdotal information has not been worthless. However, I must make special mention of Colin and Sue Homewood of Trilakes Ltd., without whose kindness and cooperation in all weathers 5 tbis pro; oot would lint have been peasible. My thanks are due to the Natural Environment Research Council who sponsored the studentship with which this work was financed. Finally, I am grateful to Miss Jane Williams for typing this thesis. She worked with speed and efficiency on my often unreadable manuscript, and kept her good humour at all times. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION .. 000 .. .. a. 00 a. 00 9 10 HISTORICAL REVIEW .0 00 00 00 .. .. .. 0 0 I General review of trypanosomes and cryptobias of fish .. 10 II Hibtorical review of the haemoflagellates of the tench, Tinca tinca .. .. • • 00 00 00 00 • • • • 40 III Historical review of the haemoflagellates of the crucian carp, Carassius carassius 00 0 0 00 0 0 43 IV Historical review of the trypanosomes of the perch, Perca fluviatilis .. 0 0 0 • 00 ID • 00 00 44 V Historical review of the haemoflagellates of the roach, Rutilus rutilus .. 0 • ID • 00 00 00 45 VI Historical review of the trypanosomes of the eel, Anguilla anguilla DO • 0 •. 00 .. .. .. 46 MATERIALS AND METHODS a • 0 0 00 CO 00 00 49 1. Collection of fish .. 00 00 00 00 • 0 0 • 49 2...Collection of leeches .. .. 00 00 .. 00 00 52 3.Maintenance of fish 00 0 • 00 00 00 CO 00 52 4.Maintenance of leeches 00 00 00 .. 0.0 00 .. 57 . Recovery of flagellates from fish .. OD 00 00 • .. 57 a) Anaesthetics .. 00 00 00 CO 00 04. 50 57 b) Collection of blood .. 00 00 .. 00 00 .. 57 c) Estimation of flagellate numbers •. 00 00 .. 58 d) Concentration techniques - centrifugation .. .. 59 e) Concentration techniques - anion exchange 00 •• 59 6. Recovery of flagellates from leeches .. .. .. .. 60 7. Experimental infections of fish .. ON 00 00 .. 61 8. Fixation and staining of flagellates 00 00 00 .. 61 9. Drawing and measurement of flagellates .. .. .. 00 63 10. Photography .. .. 00 00 00 .. 00 00 00 65 11. Morphometric techniques .. .. 00 00 00 00 00 65 a) Frequency histograms .. .. 00 00 00 00 00 65 b) Dice-Leraas diagrams .. .. 00 00 00 00 00 66 12. Deep freeze preservation of flagellates .. 00 .. 66 RESULTS °' S.0 00 00 0* 00 .. 00 00 .. 68 Blood flagellates from the tench, Tinca tinca .. .. 68 J.. Wild tench .. .. .. 00 00 00 .. 68 2. Wild leeches 00 00 .. 0 0 • • • • 00 70 a) Piscicola geometra 00 00 • • • 0 • • • • 70 b) Hemiclepsis marginata DO 00 00 OS 00 00 71 Page 3. Maintenance of tench .. .. .. .. 00 .. .. 73 4. Maintenance and breeding of leeches .. 00 .. .. 73 a) Piscicola geomatra .. .. .. .. .. .. 00 73 b) Hemiclepsis marginata .. .. .. .. .. .. 74 5. Recovery of flagellates from tench .. .. .. .. 78 a) Incidence in Trilakes OD 00 .. .. .. .. 78 b) Seasonal variation .. .. .. .. 00 00 OS 79 6. Flagellates from wild leeches .. .. 00 .. .. 86 a)Piscicola 9eometra .. 00 .. .. .. .. .. 86 b) Hemiclepsis marginata .. .. 00 00 00 .. 86 7. Flagellates from experimentally bred H. marginata .. 90 a) Cryptobia sp. .. .. .. 00 .. .. .. .. 90 *b) Trypanosoma tincae .. .. .. .. .. .. SO 93 8. Leech induced flagellate infections in experimental 105 tench. .. 00 00 00 00 WO 00 00 00 106 a) Cryptobia sp. .. .. .. .. .. .• .. .. 109 b) Trypanosoma tincae 00 00 00 .. 00 .. .. 111 9. Leeches feeding on fry .. .e .. .. .. .. .. 112 10. Leeches feeding on dead fish .. .. .. .. .. 112 11. Blood passage experiments .. ... •• .. .. .. 112 a)Frequency of blood readings .. .. .. .. .. 115 b) Effect of different sized inocula .. .. .. .. 115 c)Temperature variations .. .. .. .. .. •. 120 12. Pathology of flagellate infections .. .. 00 .. 121 13. Deep freeze preservation of flagellates 00 00 SO 122 14. Morphology of Cryptobia sp. from the tench .. .. .. 126 15. Morphology of Trypanosoma tincae from the tench .0 .. 126 a)Movement .. .. DO 00 00 00 00 00 00 128 .. 00 00 00 0. 00 b) Cytology .. .. .. 130 00 oo .• .. so .0 c)Division stages .. 136 d) Dimensions .. 00 00 00 00 011 0. 0. II Blood flagellates from the crucian carp, Carassius 00 OS 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 carassius 140 1. T. tincae 00 00 00 Om so 00 00 00 00 140 2. Cryptobia sp. •. •• .• .. DO 00 O• OW 141 3. Trypanosoma carassii .. .. 00 OW 00 00 OD 141 . Division stages .. 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 4 146 . Host specificity .. 00 .. .. 00 OD 00 00 5 146 III Blood fl.gellates from the perch, Perca fluviatilis .. 147 1. Cryptobia .. .. .. .. 00 00 00 00 00 147 00 00 .0 00 00 oo 00 2. Trypanosoma percae 147 3. Division stages .. e. oe .0 00 00 00 0. 152 4. Host specificity .. 0. OP 00 00 00 00 00 152 8 Page IV Blood flagellates from the roach, Rutilus rutilus .. 154 1.Cryptobia .. 00 00 De .0 OD aD Oe 00 154 2.Trypanosoma leucisci .. 60 a• 00 .. 00 .. 154 3. Host specificity 0. .. D0 00 .. ea 00 0 0 155 V Blood flagellates from the eel, Anguilla anguilla •• 155 1. Cryptobia • .• • . .. .• 00 ep• 155 2.Trypanosoma granulosum 0 0 00 .0 00 00 ea •• 155 3.Division stages 00 0 0 00 00 00 00 00 00 163 4.Host specificity OD Oa 06 00 ea De 00 163 VI Summary of the morphological differences between the five trypanosome species in their vertebrate hosts 167 DISCUSSION 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 171 1. The characteristics of fish haemofiagellates in the vertebrate .. 00 00 00 00 00 .. 00 .. 171 a) Characterisation of species .. .. .. 00 .. 171 b) Comparison with previous descriptions .. .. 175 Cryptobia sp. from the tench 0. .. .. .. .. 175 . tincae .. .. .0 P 0 ee 00 00 00 Oe 176 ....T ................ carassii OD 00 00 .0 00 00 DO 00 •••••T 176 T. percae .. 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 177 T. leucisci .. 00 00 00 00 as 00 00 178 , granulosum 00 00 06 00 DO 00 ee 00 179 ....T c) The kinetoplast vacuole .. 00 ea 00 00 .. 180 d) Host specificity of trypanosomes of fish .. .. 180 e) Division stages .. .. .. .. .. 00 00 .. 182 f) Course of infection .. .. .. .. 00 .. .. 183 g) Incidence of haemoflagellates .. .. 00 00 185 h) Experimental haemoflagellate :inoculations .. .. 186 2. The characteristics of fish haemoflagellates in the invertabrate 00 DO 00 60 00 a. 00 041 191 a) The invertebrate host of Cryptobia .0 00 Oe .. 1.91 b) Cycle of development of Cryptobia 00 00 a, 00 192 c) The invertebrate host of trypanosomes .
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